Article published In:
FORUMVol. 1:1 (2003) ► pp.139–168
Words and Sense
Revisiting Lexical Processes in Interpreting
L’opposition entre traduction ‘libre’ et traduction littérale traverse la traductologie depuis ses débuts; l’école du sens fait de la traduction par le sens son cheval de bataille. La séparation imparfaite des langues dans le lexique multilingue et les conditions difficiles de l’interprétation simultanée supposent à la fois des dangers (l’interférence) et des voies à exploiter grâce à la multiplication des possibilités de formulation autorisées par l’apport cognitif du contexte. Les contraintes de capacité de traitement rendent probable un recours plus ou moins intensif de l’interprète à des correspondences lexicales apprises, allant bien au-delà des seuls termes techniques, pouvant être insérées de façon quasi automatique. La métaphore connexioniste permet de modéliser le choix de modes parallèles de traitement (construction logique, recherche conceptuelle ou recours direct à une correspondance lexicale) qui s’offrent à chaque détour de la chaîne parlée, tandis que les spécificités des glossaires préparés et utilisés par les interprètes révèlent leur fonction d’amorçage ou d’aiguillage ponctuel de réseaux lexicaux et conceptuels déjà orientées vers les besoins particuliers de cette tâche par la formation et l’expérience professionnelle.
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