Article published In:
FORUMVol. 8:1 (2010) ► pp.73–101
Domesticating Pragmatics and Culture in Translation
La relation qui existe entre le Texte Source (TS) et le Texte Cible (TC) en traduction retient depuis longtemps l’attention des théoriciens de la traduction. Certains spécialistes, comme Nida (1964), Catford (1965), Newmark (1988), et De Waard et Nida (1986), perçoivent le TS comme un “original sacré” dans sa forme, dans sa fonction, ou dans les deux. D’autres théoriciens, tels que Vermeer (1989), Venuti (1995), Behl (2002), et Muhawi (2007), soutiennent, au contraire, que le traducteur doit devenir un participant actif dans la communication interlinguale s’il vise à offrir un TC naturel. Le présent article montre qu’il est essentiel de maîtriser le TC aux niveaux pragmatiques et culturels lorsque l’on traduit entre l’arabe et l’anglais. Il est proposé que le traducteur doit être sensible aux différences de force illocutoire, de normes de politesse, et des implicatures conversationnelles entre les deux langues. Cet article documente certains difficultés provenant des domaines sociaux, politiques ou religieux. L’authenticité des exemples cités est assurée par une sélection faîte, dans la plupart des cas, à partir de traductions publiées.
Keywords: foreignization, domestication, Translation, pragmatics, culture
References (49)
Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. Oxford: Clarendon.
Aziz, Yowell Y. (1999). Cross-Cultural Translation and Ideological Shifts. International Journal of Translation, 2(1–2), 29–84.
Hatim, B. & I. Mason. (1990). Discourse and the translator. London and New York: Longman.
Behl, A. (2002). Premodern Negotiations: Translating between Persian and Hindavi. In Rukmini, B.N. (ed.), Translation, Text and theory: The paradigm of India.New Delhi: Sage Publications, pp. 89–100.
Berofsky, B. (1971). Determinism. Princeton: Princeton University.
Brown, P. & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University. 
Casagrande, J. (1954). The Ends of Translation. International Journal of American Linguistics, 201, 335–340.
Catford, J. C. (1965). A linguistic theory of translation. London: Oxford University.
Elyas, A. E. (1987). The Thief and the Dogs (An English Translation of Najeeb Mahfouz’s al-liSSu wa al-kilaab, 1973, Beirut Dar Al-qalam).Jeddah: Dar Al-Shorouq.
Farghal, M. (1992). Colloquial Jordanian Arabic Tautologies. Journal of Pragmatics 17(1), 223–240.
(1993). Arab Fatalism and Translation from Arabic into English. Target, 51, 43–53.
(1994). Ideational Equivalence in Translation. In Beaugrande, Robert de, Shunnaq, A. and Heliel, M. (eds.) Language, Discourse and Translation in the West and Middle East. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 55–63.
(1995). The Pragmatics of 'inšaallah in Jordanian Arabic. Multilingua, 14 (3), 253–270.
(2002). Situational and Discoursal Social Honorifics in Jordan: An Empirical Study. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 1581, 163–181.
(2003). Schemata and Lexis in Translation. (2003). Perspectives: Studies in Translatolgy, 11(2), 125–133.
Farghal, M. & Borini, A. (1996). Pragmalinguistic Failure and the Translatability of Arabic Politeness Formulas into English: A Case Study of Mahfouz’s ’awlaadu ħaaratinaa. INTERFACE:Journal of Applied Linguistics, 11(1), 3–23.
(1997). Pragmareligious Failure in Translating Arabic Politeness Formulas into English: Evidence from ’awlaadu ħaaratinaa. Multilingua, 16(1), 77–99.
Farghal, M. & Shakir, A. (1994). Kin Terms and Titles of Address as Relational Social Honorifics in Jordanian Arabic. Anthropological Linguistics 36(2):240–378.
Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and Conversation. InCole, P. and J. L. Morgan, Syntax and Semantics: Speech Acts, 41–58. New York: New York Academic.
Gutt, E. (1991). Translation and relevance: Cognition and context. Oxford: Blackwell.
Halliday, M. A. K. Language as Social Semiotic. London and New York: Arnold.
Hickey, Leo (ed.). (1998). The pragmatics of translation. GB: Multilingual Matters.
House, J. (1977). A model for translation quality assessment. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
(1997). Translation quality assessment: A model revisited. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
Jacobson, R. (1960). Closing Statement: Linguistics and poetics. In T. Seboek (ed.), Style in Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Presspp. 350–377.
Jäger, G. (1975). Translation and Translationslinguistik. Halle: Niemeyer
Kachru, Y. (1982). "Toward Defining the Notion ‘Equivalence’ in Contrastive Analysis". TESL, 51, 82–98.
Krazeszowki, T. (1971). Equivalence, Congruence and Deep Structure. In G. Nickel (ed.), Papers in Contrastive Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 37–48.
Lacey, A. R. (1986). A dictionary of philosophy (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman.
Le Gassick, T. (1975). Midaq Alley (An English translation of Najib Mahfouz’s novel ziqaaqu al-madaqqi, 1947). London: Educational International.
Levinson, S. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mahfouz, N. (1959). Awlad Haritna. Beirut: Dar Al-Adab.
Muhawi, I. (2007). Toward a Folkloristic Theory of Translation. In Theo Hermans (ed.), Translating Others. Manchester: St Jerome.
Munday, J. (2001). Introducing translation studies: Theories and applications. Londan and New York: Routledge.
Munif, A. (1992). mudin-il-malh: taqaasiim-il-layl wan-n-nahaar (Cities of Salt; Variations on Day and Night). Beirut: Arab Corporation for Studies and Publishing.
Newmark, P. (1988). A textbook of translation. London: Prentice Hall.
Nida, E. (1964). Toward a science of translating. Leiden: Brill.
Nida, E. & Reyburn, W. D. (1981). Meaning across Culture. New York: Orbis Books.
Sperber, D. and Wilson, D. (1986). Relevance: Communication and cognition. Oxford: Blackwell.
Stewart, P. (1981). Children of Gebelawi (translation of Mahfouz’s Awlad Haritna). London: Heineman.
Strawson, G. (1986). Freedom and belief. Oxford: Clarendon.
Theroux, P. (1993). Cities of salt Variations on night and day (trans.). Beirut: Cape Cod Scriveners.
Thomas, J. (1995). Meaning in interaction. London: Longman.
Venuti, L. (1995). The translator’s invisibility: A history of translation. London and New York: Routledge.
Vinay, J. & Darbelnet, J. (1958). Stylistique comparée du français et de l’anglais: Methode de traduction. Paris: Didier.
Vermeer, H. J. (1989). Skopos and Commission in Translational Action. In L. Venuti (ed.), The Translation Studies Reader, 2000, pp. 221–231, London and New York: Routledge.
de Waard, J. & Nida, E. (1986). From one language to another: Functional equivalence in Bible translating. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers.
Wierzbicka, A. (1987). Boys Will Be Boys: ‘Radical Semantics’ vs. ‘Radical Pragmatics’. Language, 63(1), 95–114.