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Article published In:
Gesture
Vol. 21:2/3 (2022) ► pp.320–364

Automatic tool to annotate smile intensities in conversational face-to-face interactions

ORCID logo | Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Parole et Langage UMR 7309
| Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Parole et Langage UMR 7309
This study presents an automatic tool that allows to trace smile intensities along a video record of conversational face-to-face interactions. The processed output proposes a sequence of adjusted time intervals labeled following the Smiling Intensity Scale (Gironzetti, Attardo, and Pickering, 2016), a 5 levels scale varying from neutral facial expression to laughing smile. The underlying statistical model of this tool is trained on a manually annotated corpus of conversations featuring spontaneous facial expressions. This model will be detailed in this study. This tool can be used with benefits for annotating smile in interactions. The results are twofold. First, the evaluation reveals an observed agreement of 68% between manual and automatic annotations. Second, manually correcting the labels and interval boundaries of the automatic outputs reduces by a factor 10 the annotation time as compared with the time spent for manually annotating smile intensities without pretreatment. Our annotation engine makes use of the state-of-the-art toolbox OpenFace for tracking the face and for measuring the intensities of the facial Action Units of interest all along the video. The documentation and the scripts of our tool, the SMAD software, are available to download at the HMAD open source project URL page https://​github​.com​/srauzy​/HMAD (last access 31 July 2023).
Keywords: Smiling Intensity Scale, automatic annotation, OpenFace software, machine learning, Facial Action Coding System
Article outline
  • Introduction
  • The OpenFace software
    • Action Unit detection
    • In-the-wild videos
  • Manual annotations of smiles
    • The Smiling Intensity Scale (SIS) of Gironzetti et al. (2006)
    • Adaptation of the scale
    • The CHEESE! corpus
    • The gold standard
  • Automatic detection of smile activity
    • Link between the OpenFace AUs intensities and the SIS manual annotations
    • Specification of the model
    • The training stage
      • Definition of the AUs composite function
      • Estimation of the conditional probability
      • Estimation of the transition probability
      • Estimation of the α parameter
      • The states probability of transition
    • The best solution
    • The reliability of the automatic annotation
  • Evaluation of the tool
    • Precision, recall, f-measure and κ coefficient
    • The gain in annotation time
  • The HMAD and SMAD softwares
  • Conclusions and perspectives
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 1 September 2023
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/gest.22012.rau
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