Index

• A-movement176–177, 211

• ablative subject(s)204, 208

• “aboutness” (relation)6

• abstract setting116; See also setting, global setting

• accusative-marked adverbial(s)9, 45, 118–119, 128, 136–138, 236

• action chain(s)5, 131

• active zone42n19, 59, 79, 108, 179–181, 184, 237–239; See also profile/active-zone discrepancy

• active-zone/profile discrepancy179, 180
  • profile/active-zone discrepancy182, 184, 189, 192, 237–238

• adjectival predicate(s)113, 128

• Adjunct Nominative Construction (ANC)29, 32, 41; See also Possessive Nominative Construction

• adverb insertion66

• adverbial case4, 8, 62, 77, 111–114, 117, 119- 121, 124, 126, 137–138, 235–236; See also F/D adverbials

• affected condition74–75

• affectedness62–63, 74, 76

• affix hopping160

• affix/affixal ordering105, 195–197

• agent-oriented5

• Agree model212, 214, 218–219; See also Dependent Case model

• allomorphic variant(s)/allomorphic variation(s)125n12, 196, 213, 215, 227

• analyzability15–16

• animacy77, 112–114, 118–120, 223
  • animate subject(s)49, 102, 112, 119–120, 133–135

• areal spread94

• argument transfer140, 145–146

• atemporal construal148, 159

• autonomous predication(s)43–45

• bare plural subjects169, 184

• BE possession/possessives94

• Bengali86, 91

• billiard-ball model144

• blended/blending8, 86, 96, 98–99, 101, 103, 106–107, 109–110, 236

• bound reading170

• bounded/bounding100, 121–123, 127–129, 133, 137, 146, 155; See also perfective construal, imperfective construal

• case alternation89, 101–103, 105–106, 112–114, 118–121, 124, 134, 138, 166, 222–223; See also Non-nominative subject(s)

• case dropping54n29, 196, 230–231

• case stacking8, 11, 85, 89–90, 103–106, 196, 204, 209, 216, 219, 233, 236; See also Non-nominative subject(s), NNS

• categorial grammar47, 67

• categorical subject(s)166–168

• categorization20–21, 32, 53, 61n3, 220, 238

• CG4–6, 9n13, 13–17, 19–21, 23, 25, 31–33, 36–37, 55, 57, 60, 68, 79, 81–82, 86, 91–93, 97, 103, 105, 108–112, 115, 121, 129, 132, 138–139, 144, 146, 149–150, 156, 159–162, 164–165, 177–178, 180, 182–183, 187, 190, 192, 194, 196, 224, 229, 233, 235–237; See also Cognitive Grammar

• Characteristic Property Condition173–175, 189

• clausal grounding140, 161–162See also grounding
  • clausally grounded10, 140, 160–162, 236

• clausal predicate(s)39–40, 42, 44–46, 55, 60

• clause external topic24; See also topic

• clause-internal topic191; See also topic

• clause-level predicate(s)60

• clause-level subject(s)32

• CNP (Common Noun Phrase)176–177

• coalesced98–99, 103, 106–107, 109

• coalescence39–40, 81, 98–99, 107

• Cognitive Grammar3–4, 7, 13, 231n19

• cognitive saliency23n5, 114

• Combinatorial Categorial Grammar67

• common noun(s)58n2, 152–155, 159

• complement(s)10, 20, 79, 152, 177

• Complex NP176

• complex predicate(s)27, 33–34, 36, 39–40, 47- 53, 81n14, 98, 106–107, 156n9, 161, 183

• component structure(s)15–16, 20–21, 36, 95, 232

• composite structure5, 16, 20–21, 39, 80, 131–132, 232

• compositional path15–16

• concept(s)3, 5n6, 18, 22, 25, 38, 41–44, 76, 83, 109, 121n11, 125–126, 132n17, 155, 238–239

• conceptual affinity(ies)63, 65, 75, 94, 98, 106–107, 109, 150n7

• conceptual content5, 15, 18, 110, 121, 144, 149

• conceptual structure(s)2, 8, 10, 55, 57, 64, 74, 92, 98, 163, 229, 236

• conceptualization1, 2, 4, 15–17, 44n24, 72, 94, 125, 231

• conceptualizer10, 23, 118, 156, 174, 17–177, 179, 184, 235

• construal9, 11, 15, 25, 98, 102, 110, 112, 114–116, 120–121, 123–125, 128–129, 132n17, 135–136, 138–139, 143–144, 147–149, 159, 177, 182, 225, 232, 236, 239

• contiguity58, 63

• contractibility154, 162

• contrastive interpretation54

• coordination48, 52, 228

• correlative coordinator227–228, 232

• correspondence19, 25, 39, 41, 76, 81, 83, 108, 156, 229

• covertly grounded/covert grounding159

• de re reading171, 173, 188

• de se reading171

• definiteness130

• delimiter(s)10, 11, 167, 193, 201–202, 210–211, 229

• delimiting particle(s)197

• Dependent Case model212–214, 218–219; See also Agree model

• dependent predication(s)43–44

• derived nominal(s)152

• disposition predicate(s)135

• ditransitive62, 65, 185

• domain highlighting27, 36, 42–44, 46, 53, 235, 238; See also metonymy

• domain matrix42–46

• domain of existence95, 100

• domain of instantiation21

• domain of search95

• domain(s)17, 21, 27, 36, 42–46, 53, 58, 61, 76, 91, 95–100, 102, 109–110, 145–146, 186–187, 212, 235, 238

• dominion23, 24, 95, 150, 179, 190; See also reference point, target

• double object61–62, 65, 68n9, 73, 77

• double subject24, 27, 32–34, 36, 40, 47–48, 50–53, 58n2, 60, 81n14, 117; See also Japanese

• double subject construction proper48, 52

• DRC(s)/Double Relative Clause(s)174–176, 189–192

• durative adverbial(s)111, 125

• e-site/elaboration site20

• elaboration19, 20, 25, 180
  • elaborate/elaborated19–20, 43–44, 63, 80, 98, 105, 107, 110, 118, 131, 133–134, 156, 161, 180

• elliptic relation66–67

• embedding33, 48, 51–52

• emotion predicate(s)92

• empathy hierarchy130

• English22–23, 27, 59, 72, 79, 84, 117, 122, 139, 141–142, 147, 150, 152, 154, 160, 162–164, 168, 174, 177–178, 185, 189–190, 236

• eventuality113–114, 120

• ECM/Exceptional Case Marking166

• expansibility154, 162

• experiencer(s)8, 85, 88–89, 91, 93–94, 95n13, 217, 220

• extension20, 24, 82, 100, 102–103, 109–110, 132n17, 136, 154–155, 162

• external topic24, 33, 54, 70, 190; See also topic

• extrinsic reference point32; See also topic

• F/D adverbial(s)111, 113, 126; See also durative adverbial(s), frequency adverbial(s)

• facetization238

• figure/ground (organization)15, 130

• filler-gap construction176

• floated quantifier(s)68n9, 77–78, 203–207, 216; See also F/D adverbial(s)

• focal participants4

• focal prominence4–7, 18, 37–39, 110, 235

• focus7, 18, 28–29, 34–36, 41, 55–56, 62n5, 88, 104–105, 152n8, 232–233, 239
  • focus reading35–36, 55–56, 104–105, 239

• focusing6, 15–16, 25, 154

• frequency adverbial(s)77, 111, 125

• full nominal(s)9, 139–140, 162, 236; See also nominal grounding

• Functional Grammar2

• generative linguistics1–2, 28, 58, 86, 188, 192, 219

• genuine predicate(s)39–40, 48, 55

• global setting112, 129–130; See also setting

• grammatical case1; See also structural case

• grammatical function6

• grammatical relation(s)6–7, 93n12

• grammatical subject(s)116, 164; See also GS

• grammaticalization32n12, 50n27, 92

• grounding9–10, 21–22, 25, 139–140, 149–150, 152–157, 159, 161–162, 177, 236
  • intrinsic grounding150
  • indirect grounding140, 150, 153, 157, 159, 162
  • nominal grounding9, 139, 149, 161–162, 236
  • clausal grounding10, 140, 160–162, 236

• grounding mechanism157

• grounding method(s)140, 150, 156, 162

• grounding strategy(ies)154

• GS (Grammatical Subject)164, 167, 169n5, 172, 175, 189; See also grammatical subject(s)

• haplology214–216; See also syntactic haplology

• heavy verb140, 145, 156

• honorific agreement6, 89, 93, 96, 98–99, 101, 217–218

• honorific nominative marker10, 193

• honorification33, 36, 48–50, 96, 200, 209, 216–217, 230

• IAP/Inalien Posession61–63, 65, 71–76, 83, 236

• Icelandic86, 219–221, 223–224

• idiom(s)164, 166–168, 211–212
  • idiomatic expressions164, 166–167, 212
  • idiomatic reading(s)165–168, 211

• Immediate Scope/IS17, 127

• imperfective construal9, 124–125, 136, 236

• implicit reference point32, 39–40, 83, 150n7, 156–157, 162; See also reference point

• inanimate subject(s)102, 118, 120, 123–124, 130

• indeterminacy59

• indirect grounding140, 150, 153, 157, 159, 162

• indirect nominal grounding149, 162

• indirectly grounded150–152, 155–156, 237

• individual-level predicate(s)114, 169, 184–185

• individual-level predication120

• Indo-Aryan91n9, 93

• inherent (case)1, 5, 10, 88, 135, 203, 205–206, 210–211, 219–220, 232

• inherent case marker(s)206, 210–211

• instance2, 18, 20–22, 44, 46, 60, 72, 92, 112, 130, 135, 143, 150, 153–154, 159, 166, 177, 181, 198, 237

• instance conception22

• internally heterogeneous121–122, 127–128

• internally homogeneous121–122

• interpretive properties63–64, 165, 168–169, 171, 174–175, 184, 192, 237

• intrinsic grounding150

• intrinsic reference point32, 41, 190

• intrinsic topic39, 54

• island constraint(s)176–177, 192

• Japanese24, 27–28, 32–34, 48, 49–50, 52n28, 54n29, 60, 78n13, 81n14, 85n1, 89n7, 94, 98, 141, 164–166, 168–169, 185, 197, 231n19

• Korean1–2, 4, 6–10, 19, 23, 25, 27–32, 34, 36, 38, 44–55, 57–58, 60–61, 64, 68, 77–79, 81n14, 84–94, 96, 101–103, 105, 109, 111, 113–114, 117, 120, 122–126, 128n14, 137–139, 141–144, 147n5, 150, 152, 155, 160, 162–169, 171, 174, 179–180, 185, 190, 193, 195, 197, 200, 202, 211–213, 217–222, 226, 230, 232–233, 235–236

• landmark(s)5–8, 17–19, 32n10, 37–38, 42, 47, 59, 63–64, 79–81, 83, 95, 98, 105–107, 109–110, 115–116, 126, 128, 133–134, 136–137, 146, 149, 151, 156, 160–162, 179, 180, 183–184, 192, 224, 231–233, 235
  • spatial landmark95

• left-dislocation24, 189; See also external topic

• lexical (case)1, 10, 38, 43, 53, 77, 112, 114, 121–122, 125–126, 141, 144, 147–148, 150, 169, 173, 176, 184, 197, 213, 218–221, 223–224, 230, 232

• lexical honorification230

• lexicalist (view)197

• local topic8, 181, 185, 187–188

• location9, 21, 79, 100, 102n17, 112, 115–116, 126–128, 132–134, 136, 138, 163, 168, 177n11, 181, 236; See also setting

• location object132–134

• locative schema8, 95–96, 98–99, 101, 103, 106–107, 109–110

• locative subject3, 7, 85n1, 102n16

• Long-Distance Agreement Construction166

• MAC(s)68–76, 78–80, 83–84, 138, 140, 152, 156, 158, 163, 222–223, 235–236 ; See also multiple accusative

• Major Subject/MS164; See also MJS

• Malayalam86

• Mandarin27, 187

• mass noun(s)146, 154–155, 162

• maximal extension154–155, 162

• Maximal Scope/MS17, 127

• mental access59–60, 84, 159, 236

• mental address3, 7, 23, 35, 41, 156

• mental path3, 23, 60, 72–73, 76

• metaphor16, 57–58, 125
  • metaphorical extension100, 102–103, 109–110, 136
  • ontological metaphors100
  • spatial metaphors91

• metonymy27, 42–43, 46, 53, 55, 57–60, 72, 84, 209, 235, 237–239
  • metomymic36, 42–46, 55, 57–58, 79, 102, 208–209, 235, 238–239
  • metonymic construal102
  • metonymic shift42, 44–46, 79, 209

• “mistaken identity” (reading) 171, 173, 188

• mixed category141, 144

• MJS (Major Subject)164, 167–169, 172–175, 180, 184, 186, 188–189, 192

• MNC(s)27–32, 35–38, 40–42, 44, 46–47, 52–53, 55–56, 60, 97–99, 101–103, 106, 117, 131–132, 138, 164–165, 168–169, 171–176, 180, 182, 184, 188–189, 191–192, 203, 206–207, 235

• MNC-based generation168

• modifier-modifiee (relation)61, 63, 66, 69, 73, 76, 82–83

• morphological slot195

• morphological template199–200, 214–215

• multiple accusative2, 8, 57, 81n14
  • ditransitive62, 65, 185
  • modifier-modifiee61, 63, 66, 69, 73, 76, 82–83
  • object + acc-marked adverb61, 68n9, 74, 76
  • object + quantifier/classifier61, 68, 74, 76
  • Type-Token61, 63, 66, 69, 223

• multiple nominative2, 7, 8, 27–28, 40n17, 60, 96, 204, 216; See also MNC(s)

• N-type 139–140, 142–143, 152, 156–157; See also verbal noun(s)

• narrow topical domain187

• NNS/Nominative-Nominative Stacking10, 106, 193–194, 196–197, 212, 218–219, 224–226, 232–233, 235

• nominal affix template200
  • nominal grounding149, 161, 162; See also grounding

• nominally grounded9, 139, 236

• nominative object49, 51, 204–205, 216

• nominative-marked adverbial(s)9, 118–119, 125, 130, 136–137, 236

• Nominative-Nominative Stacking4, 10, 106, 193, 237

• non-F/D adverbials126; See also F/D adverbials

• Non-nominative subject(s)85, 235; See also dative subject(s)

• non-stative113, 114

• nonprocessual (relationship)10, 161, 162, 237

• nonstructural case219

• object + acc-marked adverb61, 68n9, 74, 76

• object + quantifier/classifier61, 68, 74, 76

• objectivity19

• ontological metaphors100

• overt grounding/overtly grounded152–155, 157

• part-whole (relation)28–29, 235

• particle(s)55, 88, 105, 125–126, 196–197, 204, 226–228, 232

• passivization/passivized75, 83, 211, 221–223

• perfective construal9, 112, 123, 129, 136, 236

• perfectivity114, 120–122, 129, 136–138, 223

• perspective1–3, 15, 18, 23n6, 25, 57, 60, 91, 93–95, 109, 111, 126, 138–139, 152n8, 174n8, 176, 192, 194, 196, 231n19, 233, 235

• phrasal coherence143

• pivot(s)24, 190–191

• possession2, 28–29, 61–62, 75, 84, 94, 97, 100, 138, 235

• possessive construction(s)3, 23n6, 27, 86, 236

• Possessive Nominative Construction/PNC29, 32, 41; See also ANC

• possessor ascension30, 32n11, 62

• postposition(s)92, 193–196, 199, 201, 203, 205–206, 210, 215–216, 224, 226

• Predicate Type Restriction175–176, 189

• predication(s)43–45, 120, 186

• primary domain43, 46

• primary focus7, 18, 233

• PRO control86

• process1–2, 5, 9–10, 15, 17, 20–21, 24, 37, 40–42, 44, 47, 53–54, 57, 59, 63–64, 72, 74, 79–80, 94, 98n14, 100, 107–108, 117–118, 124, 131, 139n1, 147, 152–153, 157, 159–160, 176–177, 179–180, 184, 192, 200–202, 214, 216, 226, 230, 232–233, 236; See also thing

• process nominals139n1; See also verbal noun(s)

• processual10, 140, 146, 148–149, 159, 236–237

• profile determinant20–21, 231n19

• profile-base relation76

• profile/active-zone discrepancy182, 184, 189, 192, 237, 238; See also active-zone/profile discrepancy

• profiled participant(s)5, 37, 130, 180–181

• profiling5n5, 7, 17, 25, 47

• prominence4–7, 15, 17–18, 25, 35, 37–39, 77n12, 88, 110, 235

• pseudo-clefting31, 66

• psychological predicates113, 128

• raised nominal(s)167, 169–170, 173–174, 180- 182, 184–190, 192, 221, 237
  • raised NP165, 178, 185, 188

• raising4, 10, 58n2, 78–79, 87–88, 108, 163–168, 172, 174, 177–180, 182, 185–186, 188, 210, 212, 221, 223
  • Subject-to-Object Raising (SOR)78–79, 87, 106, 108, 163–169, 171–176, 178–182, 184–190, 192, 221, 235, 237, 239
  • Subject-to-Subject Raising (SSR)79, 178, 210–212, 216

• Raising Approach/RA166

• reference point object creation mechanism70, 76, 80–81, 83

• reference point subject creation mechanism33, 39–40, 42, 46, 60, 103, 106, 130

• reference point subject(s)32–33, 38–42, 44, 46, 54, 60, 103, 106, 108–109, 112, 117, 130, 182

• reference point(s)3–4, 6–10, 22–25, 27–28, 30, 32–42, 44, 46–47, 53–55, 57, 59–60, 62–65, 70–76, 79–84, 86, 88, 93, 95–98, 102–109, 112, 115, 117–118, 127–128, 130–132, 137–140, 149–151, 156–157, 159, 162–163, 165, 173, 179–185, 187–192, 223–224, 235–237, 239

• reference point/target alignment6

• reflexive33, 36, 48, 50–51, 86–87

• regular object construction63, 80, 158

• regular subject composition39–40, 54

• reification144, 148, 151, 154, 162

• secondary focus7, 18, 233

• selection15, 154, 197

• semantic alignment93–94

• semantic case220; See also inherent case

• semantic extension(s)91

• semantic role5, 18, 110, 130, 190

• Sentential Predicate169, 172, 184–185

• sentential topic187

• setting9, 112, 115–118, 125–133, 135, 138, 202, 236
  • global setting112, 129–130
  • setting subject9, 115–118, 125, 127–133, 135–236
  • location object132–134

• SOR78–79, 87, 106, 108, 163–169, 171–176, 178–182, 184–190, 192, 221, 235, 237, 239; See also Subject-to-Object Raising

• spatial landmark95

• spatial metaphors91

• specific indefinites187

• specificity15, 25, 177, 187–188

• SSR79, 178, 210–212, 216; See also Subject-to-Subject Raising

• stage-level predicate(s)113–114, 173, 181

• stage-level predication120

• stative113–114, 120, 185

• structural case193–196, 203, 205–206, 209–213, 215–217, 219–225, 227; See also grammatical case

• structural case marker(s)194–196, 203, 205–206, 209–213, 215–217, 221–222, 224–225, 227

• structural marker(s)193, 209

• Subject Preference Condition175, 189

• subject-oriented reflexive86–87

• Subject-to-Object Raising4, 10, 87, 163; Also see SOR

• Subject-to-Subject Raising210; Also see SSR

• subjectivity19

• symbolic assemblies14, 20, 25, 92–93, 96, 112, 146, 159

• symbolic structure14

• syntactic haplology214–216; Also see haplology

• syntactic pivothood93

• target3n2, 6–8, 23–24, 37–38, 53–54, 58, 60, 63–64, 70, 73–74, 84, 95, 109, 130, 149–150, 156, 159, 179, 189, 192, 225, 235–236

• taxonomic hierarchy74; See also domain highlighting

• TC(s)/Topic Construction(s)6, 24, 28n3, 54, 70–71, 83, 174–176, 189–192; See also topic

• template-based analysis196, 199, 203, 215, 230

• templatic affix order196

• templatic morphology195, 200

• Thai27

• thetic subject(s)167, 172

• thing9, 15, 18–19, 21–22, 72, 79, 104, 109, 139n1, 146–150, 152, 162, 236, 238; See also process

• Tibeto-Burman91n9, 93

• topic6, 8, 24, 27–29, 33–36, 38–39, 41, 53–56, 60, 70–71, 79, 83, 88, 104–105, 167, 174, 181, 185–191, 195, 211
  • intrinsic topic39, 54
  • external topic24, 33, 54, 70, 190
  • local topic8, 181, 185, 187–188
  • sentential topic187

• topicality6, 9, 29–30, 34–35, 37–38, 40- 42, 55–56, 74, 83, 88, 98, 104–105, 112, 114, 120, 129–130, 132–134, 136–138, 185–186, 188, 192, 205n6, 223, 235–237, 239
  • topicality factors129–130
  • topicality hierarchy186

• tough construction(s)204, 207–208, 217

• tough nominal203

• trajector(s)4–7, 17, 18, 24, 32–33, 37–39, 41–42, 47, 54, 59, 79, 82, 95, 98, 104–105, 109, 115–118, 126, 128–131, 133–134, 136, 138, 146, 149, 151, 160–162, 179–180, 183, 224–226, 229–233, 235, 237

• trajector/landmark alignment6, 17–18, 37, 149

• type1–2, 5, 9, 15, 18–22, 30–31, 40n17, 46, 50, 52n28, 54–56, 59–61, 63, 66, 69, 73–76, 78, 82–83, 85, 96, 98–100, 102–103, 106–107, 109, 111–114, 118–119, 132n17, 139–147, 149–150, 152–157, 160, 162, 173, 175–177, 182, 184, 188–189, 192, 198–199, 201, 204–206, 209, 215, 219–220, 222–223, 225, 231, 236, 239

• type specification21, 149, 154

• type-token61, 63, 66, 69, 73–76, 82–83, 223, 236

• unbounded128, 147

• underspecification143–144

• underspecified141

• ungrounded noun(s)160

• Urdu86, 91

• V-type139–140, 143; See also verban noun(s)

• vantage point18–19

• variable binding169, 185–187

• verb-object idiom(s)211

• verbal affix template200

• Verbal Noun Phrase/VNP145

• verbal noun(s)4, 9–10, 139–162, 235–237
  • N-type 139–140, 142–143, 152, 156–157
  • V-type139–140, 143

• virtual entity154–155

• zero grounding/zero-grounded153–154, 162

• zero marking200

• zone activation108, 173, 237–239