Article outline

• 8.1Introduction
• 8.2Noun referents and the recognition of sources
  • 8.2.1The lexical-grammatical word cline and grammaticalisation
  • 8.2.2Noun properties, in contrast with verbs’, metaphor and metonymy
  • 8.2.3Evidence in the research literature
• 8.3Productivity, processing of derivatives, and metaphor/metonymy
  • 8.3.1How do we measure productivity of affixes?
  • 8.3.2Whole-word route or de-compositional route for affixations
  • 8.3.3Productivity, transparency/predictability and metaphor
  • 8.3.4Frequency, productivity, and recognition of metaphor/metonymy
• 8.4Formal indications of de-motivation: Transparency, predictability, and burying
  • 8.4.1Form and word-class preserving
  • 8.4.2Conversions
  • 8.4.3Phrasal compounds, phrasal verbs and idioms
  • 8.4.4Word compounds
  • 8.4.5Affixed derivatives
  • 8.4.6Affixed derivatives with phonological/orthographic changes
  • 8.4.7Abbreviation: Truncation, blending, initialism, acronymy
  • 8.4.8Classical and foreign burying
  • 8.4.9De-motivation and euphemism
• 8.5Re-motivation
  • 8.5.1Phonological attraction and folk etymology
  • 8.5.2Folk etymology, re-analysis and re-motivation
• 8.6Summary and caveats
• Notes