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Part of
Metaphor, Metonymy and Lexicogenesis
Andrew Goatly
[Human Cognitive Processing 78] 2024
► pp. 339–348

Index

A

  • Abelson, R. 3, 37
  • accommodation 24, 115, 121, 241
  • acronym, acronymy 1, 89, 117–18, 133, 137, 194, 210, 216–18, 223, 261, 276–278, 306, 308
  • action genre, passim, but especially 183–84, 269–276
  • action schema 9, 49–52, 54, 60, 67, 71, 243, 267, 271–72, 297
  • activation of tokenssee token activation
  • ad hoc interpretationsee one shot figures
  • Adams, V.1
  • Thiers, A.300
  • adverb 134, 145, 147–49, 154, 155, 197, 209, 214
  • adverbial clause65
  • advertising, advertisements 1, 103, 205, 255, 257–58, 262–66, 299
  • Aesop279
  • ageism307
  • Ahrens, K. 35, 173
  • air traffic control 173, 247
  • Aitchison, J.5
  • Allan, K. 48, 85, 107, 120, 124, 222–23, 279–80
  • alliteration 173, 192, 221
  • allomorphy 204, 207, 210
  • allusion 13, 93, 106, 113–14, 218, 255, 266
  • Al-Sharafi, A.112
  • altruism, altruistic272
  • analogy
    • differential29
    • root analogy84
  • analytic statement 87, 93, 113, 173
  • Annaz, D.229
  • anchoring285
  • anthropocentric, anthropocentrism 268, 274, 279–80, 286, 291
  • anti-languages 100, 276, 278
  • aphasia, aphasic 4, 201
  • appraisal, appraisal theory 92, 103
  • approximation, approximative 14, 23–25, 90, 117, 121–22, 123, 232–33
  • approximative metaphor 28–29
  • Arabic184
  • Arbib, M. A. 4, 24, 274
  • arbitrary, arbitrariness 21, 119, 220, 319
  • architecture, architectural 281–82
  • Ardila, A. 4, 5
  • argument by analogy 13, 92–93, 95
  • Arnold, Matthew20
  • Aronoff, M.206
  • article, generic use of285
  • ascription, syntactic 19, 33
  • assignment, syntactic 18–20, 23, 31–33, 43, 46, 65, 85
  • assimilation 115, 121, 285
  • association, syntactic 13, 32, 33, 92, 177, 178, 189, 201
  • assonance221
  • Atkins, B. T. 2, 123, 274
  • Attardo, S. 101, 242
  • attention-getting/grabbing/attraction 261–63, 266
  • auction248
  • augmentative220
  • Thierry, A.300
  • Austin, P.248
  • Australia, Australian society 17, 314–15
  • autonomous/autonomy of nouns 171, 198, 202
  • Ayto, J.194

B

  • Baayen, H. 203–205, 220
  • baby boomers 305–306
  • back formation 130, 132–33, 137, 194
  • Bakhtin, M.24
  • banter 256, 313–316
  • Bantu282
  • Barcelona, A. 40, 48–49, 56, 89, 112, 229
  • Barfield, O. 120, 124
  • Barnbrook, G. 179–80, 182, 184, 213
  • Barnden, J. 82, 85
  • Bartsch, R.226
  • basic level, basic level categories 10, 22, 114, 199–200
  • basic meaning 19–21, 34–35, 47–48, 58
  • Basilio, M. 1, 126
  • ‘Batter my Heart Three-person’d God’97
  • Bauer, L. 1, 125, 145, 203, 206, 211, 215–216, 218, 220–21, 238
  • Bede216
  • behavioural process70
  • Benczes, R.221
  • Bennett, Alan275
  • Benveniste, E.319
  • Bible 114, 279
  • Biernacka, E. 48, 82, 89
  • billiard ball model40
  • Black, M. 86, 288
  • Black Lives Matter253
  • Blackfoot201
  • Blake, William 111, 113, 227
  • Blank, A. 118–19, 211, 268
  • bleaching 234, 282
  • blend, passim but especially 88–89, 132–33, 216–217, 220–21, 317–19
  • blog255
  • Bloomfield, L. 171, 197
  • Blumberg, M.81
  • Boissel, Francois300
  • Bonyadi, A. 262–63
  • Boroditsky, L.38
  • bounded, boundedness 36, 49, 51, 114
  • Bourdieu, P. 39, 319
  • Bowdle, B. F. 85, 227
  • Boyd, R. 96, 252
  • brain hemisphere 35, 173, 201–202
  • branding, brand/product names 258, 290
  • Brdar, M. 44, 109–110, 174, 177
  • Brdar-Szabó, R. 109, 174
  • Broca’s area 4, 5
  • Bronte, Charlotte.36
  • Bruner, J.272
  • Burridge, K.107
  • buried/burying of figures 10, 35, 137, 174, 204, 206–219, 224
  • Butterfield, J. 17, 180, 194, 220, 223, 269, 275, 277, 291, 317

C

  • Caballero, R.281
  • Cameron, L. 103, 201, 265
  • canonical event model40
  • capital punishment250
  • Career of Metaphor Theory227
  • Carr, J. 101–102
  • Carter, R. 254–56
  • catch phrase171
  • category mistake233
  • Causley, C.227
  • Chafe, W.265
  • Chaplin, Charlie294
  • ChatGPT181
  • Chinese 219, 283, 320
  • Chomsky, Chomskyan 39, 61, 175
  • chunks 170, 181, 191–92
  • Clark, H. 64, 236, 238, 243, 245
  • Clarke, D. 2, 110
  • classical mythology218
  • class-inclusion (theory) 2, 22–23, 32, 61, 85, 98, 125
  • Clear, J. 174, 182, 191
  • Clevenger, T.103
  • cliché181
  • clickbait259
  • climate change 276, 318
  • clipping 14, 89, 117, 133, 137. 210, 275, 278
  • Clivilles, B. S. 58, 97, 112, 235
  • CoBUILD 6, 20, 41, 99, 181–82
  • COCA 15, 141, 142, 148, 155, 163–66, 168, 186, 188–89, 259
  • Code, C.202
  • coercion189
  • cognitive linguistics 2, 8, 36, 48, 53, 64, 103, 220, 320
  • Cohen, J. M.31
  • Cohen, M. J.31
  • coherence 241–242
  • cohesion, cohesive 43, 77, 92, 241
  • Cold War 249, 301
  • Coleridge, S. T.252
  • colligation, colligational 33, 176–78, 186, 188
  • Collins Wordbanks Online41
  • collocation, collocate 5–6, 10, 64, 113, 170, 174–186, 189, 197–98, 205, 278, 281
  • commodities, commodification 75, 97, 297, 309
  • compound, passim
    • and probability of figurative meaning 157–59
    • and recognition of sources 213–214
    • dvandva compound220
    • phrasal compound 134, 214
    • word compound 134, 214
  • composition(al), compositional(ly) 131, 167–74, 190, 193, 204, 209, 219, 224, 235, 248
  • conceptual metaphor (theory) 6, 38–42, 74, 89
  • concordance 6, 141, 146–47, 176, 186, 188–89, 201
  • concretising, concretisation 29, 74, 84, 199
  • conflation of motion/movement verbs283
  • consonant cluster312
  • consumer, consumerism 289–90, 297, 309
  • context
    • dependent/dependence 171–173, 184, 277
    • situational 242–244
    • social/socio-cultural 9, 24, 236–38, 244–45, 267, 270
  • contextual assumptions 232, 236, 242, 319
  • contextual effects 231–32, 235–37
  • contextual implication/implicature 232, 242
  • contiguity
    • cline57
    • frame-schema 52–53, 61, 68, 119
    • inter-frame 52–54, 60, 61, 68, 86, 119, 120
    • inter-schema 52–54, 61, 119–20
    • intra-frame 14, 51, 53, 61, 86, 117, 126
    • intra-schema 52, 54, 60, 126, 272
  • contingent 43, 57, 74, 87
  • contradiction, contradictoriness 31–33, 90, 107, 156, 233, 252, 263
  • contranyms220
  • conversation, conversational 24, 71, 181, 234, 237, 246–47, 249, 253–56, 261, 265–66, 278
  • conversion, passim but especially 125–31, 132–34, 139–150
    • and probability of figurative meaning 144–149
    • and recognition of sources 212–213
  • Cook, G. 143, 258
  • co-operation, co-operative 246, 272, 299, 301–302
  • copula 31–33, 252, 263
  • Coral Island 94, 113
  • Coseriu, E.197
  • Coulson, S.81
  • Coupland, Douglas 305, 309
  • Cowie, A.115
  • creative, creativity 1, 44, 110, 171–74, 180–81, 205, 221
  • Crespo-Fernandez, E. 259–61
  • Crisp, P.104
  • Critser, G.296
  • Croft, W. 8, 48, 75, 86, 183–84, 189–90, 220
  • Crossley-Holland, K.102
  • Cruse, A. 8, 75, 183, 220
  • Crystal, D. 247, 266, 278
  • culture, cultural
    • movements300
    • sub-culture, sub-cultural 11, 100, 118, 228, 254, 274, 276, 278
  • cummings, e.e. 103, 204

D

  • Daily Mail19
  • Damasio, A.78
  • Darkness Visible 72, 266
  • Dasher, R. 227, 228
  • Davy, D.247
  • Dawkins, R.105
  • De Jong, N. H.220
  • De Palma, P.252
  • Debord, G. 299, 307
  • decomposition(al), decomposability 131, 173, 185, 190, 202–204, 206–210, 213–214 ; see also compositional
  • defamiliarisation252
  • Deignan, A. 40–41, 201, 237, 246
  • dementia 286, 313
  • de-motivationsee motivation
  • derivation passim
    • denominal 10, 132, 194–98, 212
    • deverbal 198, 212
  • dexterity38
  • dialect, dialectal 90, 278
  • Dick, A. S.5
  • Dickens, Charles 189, 237
  • Diez Velasco, O. I.48
  • diminutive 220, 299, 306
  • Ding, E.219
  • Dirven, R. 3, 36, 74, 76, 85, 90, 126
  • disambiguate, disambiguation 18, 34, 58, 150, 177, 179, 185–86, 188, 198, 227, 230, 233, 239, 249
  • discourse schemas 36, 243–44, 267, 269
  • Distributed Lexicon Theory 170–174, 181–82, 193
  • domain matrix 48–51
  • Dombey and Son189
  • Don Quixote246
  • Donne, John97
  • Dorst, A. G.89
  • ‘Dover Beach’20
  • Dressler, W. 210–11, 219, 268
  • Durán Escribano, P.100
  • dyadic relationships 17, 100, 277
  • dysphemism 106, 108, 116, 261–63, 313

E

  • Earles, J. L.202
  • ecology, ecological 274, 279, 291
  • education 45, 92, 95–97, 246, 249, 261, 269–70, 308–309, 314
  • Edwards, R.103
  • Ekman, P.104
  • elegant variation247
  • Eliot, T. S.256
  • ellipsis 22, 84, 93, 112, 123, 234–35, 244
  • emotion, emotional
    • effect/impact 106–107, 116, 256
    • expression 22, 92–93, 103–105, 108, 124, 255–57, 315
    • positive 79, 315
  • empathy hierarchy 280–81
  • English, UK273
  • English, US 3, 273
  • entrenchment, entrenched 20, 34, 57, 86, 215, 229, 251, 269, 274, 291
  • equation, syntactic 19, 32
  • erasing, erasure 286, 290
  • ergative verbs 109, 186, 236, 284
  • euphemism, euphemistic 22, 92–93, 107–108, 116, 124, 219, 235, 238, 258–61, 278, 290, 297, 313
  • exclusion286
  • experientialism, Experiential Hypothesis 7, 18, 36, 38–39, 41, 74, 76, 81, 88
  • explanation function 92, 96–97, 105, 106, 229, 248, 251–52, 264–65
  • explicate, explicature 229–230, 233, 239, 242
  • explicit, explicitness 25, 32–33, 139, 194, 196, 227, 230, 241, 248–49, 252, 266

F

  • fables94
  • Fainsilber, L.103
  • Fairclough, N. 238, 240, 245, 269, 270
  • family resemblances25
  • feedback248
  • Fein, O.83
  • Ferris, C. 19, 32
  • fictional function of metaphor 13, 92
  • field 16, 244–46, 249–51, 253, 256–58, 263–64, 271
  • Fillmore, C. 2, 8, 123, 274
  • Firbas, J.109
  • Firth, J. R.271
  • fixed expression/phrase 173–74, 185, 192, 221
  • Floyd, George253
  • fluency 190, 192, 234
  • Fodor, J. 22, 27
  • folk etymology 16, 220, 223, 291, 306, 316
  • football commentary248
  • Forceville, C.103
  • foregrounding 64, 93, 112–113, 165, 181, 204, 263, 283
  • foreign borrowingsee loan words
  • formulaic language 184–85, 190, 192–193, 248, 263, 282
  • fossil fuel318
  • Foucault, M.39
  • Frame Theory/Semantics 2, 8, 36, 41, 64, 123, 238, 267
  • frame-frame metonymysee contiguity, inter-frame
  • Francis, G.174
  • fraternity301
  • Free Fall 24, 82, 113
  • French 106, 282
  • Fries, P. H.109
  • Frisson, S. 58, 226
  • function wordssee grammatical words
  • fuzziness 24–25

G

  • Gallese, V.274
  • Galt, John292
  • Galtung, J.183
  • garden path interpretations242
  • Gardner, H.202
  • Garton, A.192
  • Gaza108
  • Gazzaniga, M. S.202
  • Geeraerts, D. 3, 11, 23, 34, 39, 43, 48–60, 65, 76, 88, 120–23, 126
  • Geis, M. L.227
  • generation X 304–305, 309
  • Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture305
  • Generative Lexicon Theory182
  • genre
    • ancillary 246–48
    • open and closed/restricted 247–48
    • constituting culture238
    • constitutive 36, 97, 246–48, 253, 264
    • context 57, 171, 173, 184, 193, 205, 228, 236–37, 246–49, 269
    • literary, literary novel 247, 266 ; see also novel
    • priming183
    • spoken248
    • structure 247, 249
    • sub-genre183; see also occupational communities
    • theory 9, 16, 174, 236, 238, 244, 273
    • written 236, 248
  • Genre-Relevance Graded Risk Approach to Metaphoric Scalarity 2(GR)AMS, 184, 235, 238
  • Gentner, D. 29, 85, 227
  • German 24, 121, 283, 316
  • Gerrig, R. J.265
  • Ghosh, A.307
  • Gibbs, R. 199, 265
  • Gildea, P.35
  • Giora, R.83
  • Givón, T. 234, 281
  • glottal stop174
  • Glucksberg, S. 23, 35, 85, 98
  • Golding, William 19, 24, 31, 44–46, 52, 58–9, 72, 82, 84, 87, 89, 94, 99, 110, 113, 264–65
  • Gong, S. P.173
  • Gonzalez, E. R. 58, 97, 112, 235
  • Goodman, N.40
  • Goossens, L. 7, 88
  • Gradečak-Erdeljić, T.108
  • Grady, J. E. 41, 76, 81
  • grammatical category 64, 177, 178, 189
  • grammatical metaphor 142, 297
  • grammatical roles 71, 177
  • grammatical words 179, 192, 197, 198
  • grammaticalisation 132, 197–98, 234
    • de-grammaticalisation310
  • Granger, S.182
  • granularity55
  • graphemes 89, 181, 217
  • Great Chain of Being 279–80, 291
  • Greaves, L. 101, 102
  • greeting 315–16
  • Gries, S.Th.221
  • grounds, passim, but especially 18–20, 84–88, 126–27, 252–53, 258–59, 264–266, 315–16
  • Guizot, Francois300

H

  • Haggo, D.248
  • Hallberg, E. T.103
  • Halliday, M. A.K. 65, 244–49
  • Hanauer, D. 204, 265–66
  • Handl, S.58
  • hapax 203, 209
  • Hasan, R. 16, 244–49
  • Haspelmath, M. 203–205, 210
  • Hawaiian Creole282
  • Hay, J. 203–205
  • Hayek, F. A.96
  • Haynes, O. H.202
  • headline 249, 262–63, 265, 294
  • Heaney, Seamus 31, 111, 113, 257
  • hedges23
  • Heine, B. 281–83
  • Hercules218
  • Hester, Kate294
  • Hickey, F.248
  • Hiradhar, P. 284, 288, 297, 299, 307, 309
  • Hoey, M. 175–183, 221
  • Hohenhaus, P. 220, 275, 277
  • homograph, homographic213
  • homonym34
  • homophony213
  • Honeck, R. P.202
  • hospital discourse238
  • Hsu, Y. Y.173
  • Hudson, R. 22, 199
  • Hughes, Ted 84, 115
  • Humboldt’s Universal177
  • humour 22, 71, 82, 92, 101, 103, 124, 181, 205, 275, 277, 261–63, 290, 307, 314, 318
  • Hunston, S.174
  • hyperbole, hyperbolic 22, 92–93, 107–108, 116, 249, 261–263, 265
  • hyponym 20, 22–23, 28–30, 98, 142, 311, 317
  • co-hyponymy5
  • hyponym is/as superordinate 28–29, 121, 142, 165, 290, 294. 309, 311
  • hyponymy 22, 61, 125

I

  • ICM 36–7, 61, 64, 69, 289
  • icon, iconic 48, 76, 99, 219–220, 222
    • constructional iconicity219
  • identity markers309
  • ideogram219
  • ideology, ideological, passim but especially 39–41, 87, 92–98, 279–86, 289–303, 307–320
    • resistance 98, 292, 298, 303–309, 312–13, 319
  • idioms, passim but especially 130–131, 136, 163–169, 171, 174, 182, 185, 191–192, 213–214
    • and probability of figurative meaning 163–166
    • and recognition of sources 213–214
  • image, imagery 39, 76, 93, 103, 106–107, 111, 185, 257, 263, 292, 299, 307
    • and basic level terms 114–15, 199–202
  • kinesic/kinetic199
  • imagination, primary/secondary252
  • imitative onomatopoeia 222–23
  • implicature, implicated conclusion 230–234, 242, 252
  • ‘In a Station of the Metro’31
  • ‘In Memoriam’106
  • index, indexical 48, 76, 99
  • individualism299
  • Indo-European222
  • infant experience 7, 38, 40, 42
  • inference, inferential, passim but especially 57–58, 60, 82, 122–123, 226–230, 233, 239, 242–43, 273
    • invited inferences198
    see also implicature
  • inflection 174, 204, 209, 213, 206
  • information
    • concentration, informativeness 32, 87, 93, 111, 113–14, 116, 121, 234
    • condensing 22, 116
    • content 92, 110, 189, 198, 210, 224, 248
    • focus 235–36
    • given92
    • new 92, 231, 235
    • theory110
  • initialism 89, 117, 133, 216–18, 254, 277
  • institutional orders 269, 278, 286
  • institutionalisation 11, 34–35, 125
  • internet 100, 201, 266, 277–78, 299, 307
  • intimacy, cultivation of 92–3, 100, 116, 246, 253–257, 274, 315
  • intransitive verb 10, 50, 55, 178, 188, 212, 291, 297
  • introspection175
  • intuition 1, 41, 93, 175, 180, 212, 243
  • Irish282
  • irony, ironic 26, 103, 230, 247, 275, 290, 307, 313
  • irregular, irregularity 185, 190–91, 210, 212, 216
  • Isačenko, A. V.283
  • Ishiguro, Kazuo315
  • isms302
  • Italian316

J

  • Jakel, O.40
  • Jakobson, R. 3–5, 48, 64, 84, 112, 264
  • Janda, L. 1, 47–48, 64, 126, 194–95
  • Janus words220
  • Jesus100
  • Joanette, Y.202
  • Johnson, M. 1, 6, 36, 40–41, 120
  • joke 3, 45–46, 59, 92, 102, 104, 232, 239, 242–43, 265 ; see also humour

K

  • Kastovsky, D.119
  • Katz, J. 22, 27
  • Kauschke, C.202
  • Kersten, A. W.202
  • Keysar, B.23
  • keyword 268, 298, 302, 307, 319
  • Kristiansen, G.303
  • Kuhn, T.252
  • Kuiper, K.248
  • Kӧvecses, Z. 1, 29, 40, 43, 46, 48, 54–56, 61–62, 64, 70, 89, 103, 238, 276, 289–90, 312

L

  • Lakoff, G. 1, 6–7, 11, 18, 23, 25, 36–41, 76, 89, 121, 274, 311
  • Lamb, S. M.185
  • Lancker, van D. 173–74
  • Langacker, R. W. 40, 48, 189, 276, 280
  • language
    • acquisition 2, 22, 24, 49, 60, 170, 183, 191, 229, 250, 268, 271–73, 279
    • see also meaning acquisition
    • development 117, 170, 191, 250
    • instinct175
  • Lawler, J. M.220
  • Leach, E. 279–80
  • Lee, C. Y.173
  • Leech, G. N. 22, 118, 181, 263, 315
  • legal texts248
  • Levin, S. R.94
  • lexical gap, lexical gap-filling 22, 44, 115, 124
  • lexical-grammatical cline 197–98, 234
  • lexical or semantic only lexicogenesis 9, 133
    • lexical metaphor 127, 195
    • lexical metonymy 46, 47, 127, 194–95
  • Lexical Phonology206
  • lexical words 171, 197–98
  • lexicalized sentence stems182
  • lexicographer 142, 191
  • Lieber, R. 125, 206, 211, 215–16, 218
  • Lipka, L. 1, 7, 103, 122–23, 125
  • literal language, literalness 18, 23, 54, 120
    • literal-metaphorical cline232
    • literal-figurative derivation formulae 140–41, 167, 173
  • literalisation 82, 95, 113, 189, 258 ; see also situtational triggering
  • literary genres/novels 247, 266
  • Littlemore, J. 35, 49, 58, 61–62, 75–76, 83, 100–101, 103, 108, 110, 114, 189, 191, 202, 221, 226, 229, 237–38, 269, 274, 284–85, 290–91, 297–98, 303–304, 307
  • Liu, H. L.173
  • loan words, foreign borrowing 113, 218
  • Lord of the Flies 94, 99, 113
  • ‘Love’s Philosophy’95
  • Lovejoy, A. O.279
  • Lyons, J.119

M

  • Macbeth 84, 263
  • MacCormac, E. R.202
  • Mack, D. 87, 97
  • Macmillan English Dictionary, MED 5, 6, 139, 141, 169, 302, 312
  • Mahdawi, A.318
  • Manning, C. D.179
  • mapping 8, 31, 36–37, 74, 90, 96, 222, 227
    • cross-domain31
  • Marchand, H.1
  • Marcus, G. F.237
  • Marks, J.285
  • Martin, J. R. 103–104, 269
  • Martin J103
  • Marxist 300–302
  • Master List of Metaphors at the University of Berkeley40
  • material process 68–71, 282
  • mathematical 36–37
  • maxim of approbation315
  • maxims of Co-operative Principle
    • manner 110, 190, 232, 234
    • quality 24, 55, 232, 233, 261
    • quantity232
    • relation 24, 55, 227, 232
  • May, A. 289–90
  • McArthur, T.220
  • McDonalds316
  • McGilchrist, I. 35, 173, 202
  • McGlone, M. 23, 85, 98
  • McKinney, F.253
  • meaning acquisition 120 ; see also language acquisition
  • meaning change
    • narrowing 117–18, 120–21, 142, 191, 272, 294, 311
    • shifting 39, 117, 120–121, 123, 207
    • splitting 117, 119–120, 123
    • widening/merging 117, 120–21, 127, 142, 273, 277, 285, 294, 296, 298, 311, 313
  • meaning underspecification226
  • Medvedev, Dimitry 262–63
  • members’ resources239
  • memory 4, 8, 22, 100, 165, 170, 172, 192–4, 204, 235, 242, 275, 313
    • long-term 232, 242
    • memorability 93, 114–16, 192, 194, 199, 202, 257, 263
    • mnemonics 172, 192
    • short-term232
  • mental concordance 176, 180
  • mental process 69–71
  • meronymy61
  • Metanet 41, 124
  • metaphor, metaphoric passim
    • active 126, 185, 202, 227–28, 265
    • Career of Metaphor Theory227
    • clines of metaphor
      • approximation 11, 18, 25
      • contradictoriness 11, 18
      • conventionality 11, 18, 34, 57
      • explicitness 11, 18
    • competence229
    • concretising 29, 74
    • conventional 18, 34–35, 39, 75, 85, 198, 227, 265
    • conventionalization tests 228–229
    • dead 35, 39, 119, 140, 257, 260
    • definition 18, 32
    • deliberateness 54, 99, 173, 199, 201, 219, 233, 242, 296, 300
    • diminishing signalling/specification 73, 110, 248
    • extended 74, 84, 92, 94, 103, 109, 164, 264
    • functions 92–116
    • impositive 87, 97
    • inactive 134, 227, 228, 265
    • Interaction Theory288
    • logic92
    • marking 11, 18, 32, 33, 34
    • mimetic 94, 273, 292
    • nautical metaphor 189, 214
    • novel/original (active) 27, 34–35, 84, 94, 173, 202, 226–28, 233, 247 ; see also one-shot figures
    • pathways251
    • phenomenalistic 94, 164
    • physical-relational 29, 84
    • prototypical and non-prototypical 29, 34, 74, 94, 122
    • psychological impact18
    • recognition 137, 169–70, 195–96, 201–202, 209–10, 214, 248–249, 266
    • specification of targets and grounds 33, 72–74, 84, 87, 110, 194, 196, 247–48, 252, 266
    • symbolic 28–29
    • theory-constitutive 265 ; see also modelling
    • transfer metaphors 24, 29, 41, 85–86, 100, 117, 119–120, 122–23, 142, 194, 233, 287
  • metaphor and metonymy
    • signalling 23, 34, 37, 73, 110, 185, 194–196, 201, 247, 252, 266 ; see also metaphor, marking
    • formula for themes 40, 44, 61, 105, 127
  • metaphtonomy 74, 88
  • Metcalf, A. 185, 269, 277–79, 291–99, 305–306, 308, 311–312
  • metonymy passim
    • definition 11, 43, 47, 49
    • competence229
    • diminishing signalling/specification 110, 248
    • functions 97–116
    • novel 57–8, 87, 111, 227, 233 ; see also one-shot figures
    • pathways251
    • prototypical 49, 57, 61, 74, 87
    • recognition of249
  • metrical patterns192
  • Middle English 192, 222
  • Mignet, François-Auguste300
  • Mihatsch, W.198
  • Miller, D. G. 1, 42, 120, 212
  • Minimal Analysis Theory 170, 190, 193, 230
  • minor sentences244
  • mirror hypothesis 4, 24, 274
  • mis-spelling291
  • Mitchell, B.102
  • mode 244, 246–47, 249, 251, 263, 264
  • modelling 22, 39, 92–93, 96, 251 ; see also metaphor, theory-constitutive
  • modification, syntactic 18–20, 31–33, 41, 43–46, 84, 188, 235, 316
    • pre-modification, premodifier 19, 32–33, 121, 186–88, 213
    • restrictive235
  • Moll, H.271
  • Monbiot, G.108
  • monosemy 55, 182, 197
  • Monty Python1
  • Moore, Michael296
  • More than Cool Reason40
  • morpheme
    • bound 14, 117, 132, 135, 171
    • free morphemes 14, 117, 132–33, 136
    • mono-morphemic nouns 199, 202
    • sub-morphemic 173, 220
  • motivation
    • de-motivation 194, 210–212, 219
    • re-motivation 194, 219–220, 223
  • Mulder, G.89
  • multi-word expressions/units 182, 185, 190, 221
  • Munro, Alice 57, 230
  • Murphy, M. L. 113, 121, 198–200, 273, 283
  • ‘My heart leaps up’31

N

  • Naciscione, A. 173, 221
  • neologism 87, 92, 194, 203, 205, 277, 320 ; see also nonce word
  • Nerlich, B. 2, 110
  • neurons274
  • news 101, 181, 183, 249, 253, 261–62, 269, 294, 318
  • newspapers 183, 213, 259, 261, 266, 275
  • nominalisation 52, 69, 70, 72, 142, 160–61, 198, 260, 284, 296
    • improper199
    • proper199
  • nonce word 137, 203, 217, 277, 309, 318–20 ; see also neologism
  • Norrick, N. R.72
  • noun, passim but especially 128–37, 143–151, 210–217
  • novels 48, 87, 246, 264, 266 ; see also genre, literary
  • Nunberg, G.237

O

  • Oakley, T.81
  • Obama, Barack 108, 111
  • obfuscation 268, 284, 286
  • objectivism39
  • occupational communities276
  • Old French292
  • ‘On the Farm’264
  • one-shot figures, also ad hoc figures 27, 40, 44, 118, 229, 237
  • onomasiological reference 18, 22, 44, 54–56, 121, 125, 199, 233, 285
  • opaque, opacity 119, 167, 185, 193, 206–7, 210–219, 235, 277–78, 294, 313
  • Opie, I.193
  • Opie, P.193
  • orality 191 ; see also pre-literacy
  • orthographic words 9, 127, 133, 170–71, 180–82, 191–92, 213–215, 218
  • orthographic changes with derivation 215–216
  • Ortony, A.103
  • Orwell, G.259
  • othering285
  • outsider’s term304
  • outsiders 274, 294, 315
  • Oxford English Dictionary, OED, 105, 148, 150, 156, 180, 305–310, 314
  • oxymoron 31, 34–35, 263

P

  • Panther, K-U. 48, 57, 59, 61, 64–65, 76, 86–87, 126, 132, 158, 229, 277, 291, 310, 320
  • Papafragou, A. 59, 229–30
  • Paprotte, W.36
  • paradigmatic axis 2, 4, 74, 84, 226
  • Paradis, C. 44, 54, 56–57, 235
  • Paradise Lost82
  • paradox 31, 97, 263
  • parsing, parsability 204, 207, 213, 215
  • participle
    • participial adjective 186–87, 208, 213, 215
    • past participle 164, 177–78, 186–188, 213
    • present participle213
  • partonomysee meronymy
  • passive 178, 187–88, 284
  • Pattern Grammar174
  • Paul, H.1
  • Pawley, A. 182, 248
  • Pearson, H.318
  • Peirce, C. S. 76, 99
  • Peirsman, Y. 11, 43, 48–51, 53–54, 56, 58, 60, 126
  • pejorative 105, 280, 296, 305, 311, 316–317 ; see also emotion, negative emotion/affect
  • Peña Cervel, M. S. 109, 186, 234
  • Pérez Hernández, L.229
  • personification 89, 98, 106, 108, 261, 281–82
    • dis-personification 75, 89, 288, 296, 307
  • petrifaction118
  • phatic 235, 253
  • phonaesthetics220
  • phonology, phonological
    • alternation 207, 215–16, 236
    • attraction 220–223, 295, 312
    • burying 213–216
    • priming221
    • reduction 118, 198, 211, 215–16
    • stresssee stress
  • phrase
    • free 141, 174
    • holistic 173–74, 190
  • phrasal verbs 134, 139, 142–143, 159, 162, 167–171, 179, 185, 213
    • and probability of figurative meaning 159–163
    • and recognition of sources 213–214
  • phraseological units 173, 182
  • phrasicon182
  • Pickering, M. J.58
  • ‘Pike’115
  • Pincher Martin19
  • Plag, I. 125, 203, 206–208, 210–211, 215–216, 218, 224
  • Plath, Sylvia 104, 257
  • poetry 92, 106, 173, 181, 192, 204, 252, 255–56, 263–66, 300
  • politeness 235, 246, 259
  • positive face259
  • politics, political speech 252, 259, 294
  • polysemy, polyseme 2, 23, 35, 56, 90, 123, 125, 177, 182, 190, 197, 209–210, 230
  • ‘Poor Women in a City Church’111
  • Pope Benedict 16th275
  • Popper, K.96
  • popular science 248, 251–52, 264–66
  • Porings, R.76
  • possession, grammar of281
    • action schema283
    • location schema282
    • companion schema283
  • Pound, Ezra 31, 309
  • power
    • of employers288
    • relations 11, 268, 286, 311
    • struggle 269, 320
  • Pragglejazz21
  • pragmatics, passim but especially 57–59, 225–230, 238–243, 267–268, 271–72
    • pragmatic association176
    • pragmatic function184
    • pathways of interpretation229; see also semantic, semantic versus pragmatic meaning
  • Pratt, U.192
  • prefix, prefixation 117, 129–133, 136, 139, 141, 143, 150, 168–9, 218, 316
    • and probability of figurative meaning 156–157
  • pre-literacy 191–92, 229 ; see also orality
  • preposition 19, 130, 132, 134–35, 197, 239
  • Primark311
  • primary scenes 40, 41, 76, 229
  • priming, passim especially 175–193
  • processing
    • bottom-up 190, 243
    • cost, effort 18, 59, 110, 114, 172–73, 191, 231–37, 247, 265–66, 296
    • time 244, 265–66
    • top-down243
    • whole phrase 10, 190
    • whole word 10, 131, 170, 171, 193, 195, 202–205, 209–10, 219, 235
  • product namessee branding
  • production lines40
  • productivity 125, 174, 190, 202–209, 224–25, 237
    • formula for measuring203
    • unproductive affixes 202–203, 206, 235
  • profiling 8–9, 48
  • Prohibition 88, 264, 294–95
  • pronoun 112, 285
    • third person singular285
  • pronunciation 173–74, 198
  • proper name 93, 114, 146
  • propositional attitude 229–230
  • Protestant work ethic311
  • prototype 25, 30, 49, 117, 120–22
  • Proust, M. 48, 275
  • proverb 28–29, 98, 142, 171, 221, 297–98
  • psychological counselling, psychotherapy 92, 103
  • public speaking 181, 259
  • pun266
  • Pustejovsky, J.182
  • Putin, V. 262–63

Q

  • qualia theory242
  • Quirk, R.108

R

  • Rabagliati, H.237
  • ‘Rabbit Catcher’257
  • racism, racist 94, 246, 253, 303, 307, 316
    • colour-coded racial categories285
  • Radden, G. 1, 7, 29, 43, 46, 48, 54–56, 61–62, 64, 70, 85, 89, 126, 226, 238, 276, 289–90
  • radial category 25, 120–121, 123
  • Rainer, F. 124–25, 215
  • Ramscar, M.38
  • Rana Plaza311
  • Raskin, V.101
  • re-analyse, re-analysis 223–24, 306
  • recipes 244, 246, 269
  • re-conceptualisation function of metaphor 92–93, 97, 252
  • redundancy 93, 113, 190, 234, 235, 248
  • reference assignment 229–230, 233
  • register 244, 247, 269 ; see also field, mode, tenor
  • reification 44, 142
  • Reijinierse, G. 201, 246
  • relational process/meaning 68, 186
  • Relevance Theory, RT, relevance, chapter 9, and passim but especially 8–9, 55–56, 225–39, 241–47, 267–68, 272–73, 319–20
  • remotivationsee motivation
  • re-reading 248, 265–66
  • resistancesee ideology
  • restaurant schema/script 3, 37, 57, 60, 112
  • resultative234
  • rheme236
  • Rhodes, R. A.220
  • rhyme 173, 192, 221
  • riddle 92, 102, 252, 265
  • Rifkin, J.80
  • risk in communication 18, 84, 100, 111, 227, 235, 237, 247–49, 252, 296
  • Ritchie, G.101
  • Rizzolatti, G. 4, 274
  • Robinson Crusoe94
  • Roldan Riejos, A.100
  • role relationships244
  • Romanticism300
  • Romeo and Juliet 81, 263
  • Romney, Mitt111
  • root 4, 21, 47, 120, 204, 206–207, 213, 215, 222, 310
    • bound 218–19
  • Rosenberg, Isaac296
  • routine interactions173
  • RTsee Relevance Theory
  • Ruge, M.183
  • Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez, F. J. 48, 186, 229, 234
  • Rundblad, G.229
  • Runyon, Damon296
  • Rushdie, Salman72
  • Russian 252, 259, 282, 317, 320

S

  • Safire, William278
  • Saint-Simon, Henri de300
  • sales encounter 236, 247, 249
  • salience, salient 25, 27, 29, 56, 59, 89, 112, 114, 230, 267, 274
  • Sampson, G.175
  • Samuel 113–14
  • Samuel, M. 262–63
  • Santa Ana, O.103
  • Saudi Arabia 228, 318
  • Saussure, F. de 4, 190, 220
  • Sayle, Murray314
  • Schank, R. 3, 37
  • Scheppegrell, M. J.284
  • Schreuder, R.220
  • Schumacher, E. F.320
  • Schutze, H.179
  • scientific theory 39, 92, 96, 251 ; see also modelling
  • seasonal affective disorder, SAD79
  • segmentation, segmentability 185, 190–92, 204
  • selectional restriction55
  • semantic
    • associations 176–77, 181, 188–89
    • distinguishers 22, 27
    • drift206
    • enrichment 198, 230
    • feature selection 74, 76, 85–86
    • field 29, 33, 51, 109, 119, 222, 280
    • hierarchy 22, 125, 199, 279, 281
    • markers 22, 27
    • opaquenesssee opaque
    • relativity230
    • roles 64–65, 239, 267
    • semantic versus pragmatic meaning 227–28
  • semasiological reference 18, 22, 44, 54–56, 142
  • semi-fixed expression 172, 174, 181
  • Semino, E. 82, 103–104, 246
  • service encounter 246–49
  • set theory 36, 61
  • Seto, K. 2, 61
  • sexism, sexist 92, 213, 285, 316
  • sexual mores313
  • Shakespeare, William 63, 68, 114, 118, 126, 263, 290
  • shared knowledge 100–101, 272–74 ; see also common ground
  • Shaw, P.95
  • Shelley, Percy, B.95
  • Shklovsky, V.252
  • Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, SOED 5–6
  • shorthand, shortcut 22, 45, 64, 100, 112, 210, 255, 271, 276
  • Siegelman, E. Y.103
  • similarity formulae 25–30 ; see also Tversky
  • similes 33, 221
  • Sims, A. D. 203–205, 210
  • Sinclair, J. M. 174–75, 177–79, 181, 185–86
  • Singapore 275, 288
  • Singapore English275
  • situational triggering 82, 113, 189 ; see also literalisation
  • Slabakova, R. 57, 112, 230, 237
  • Slavic languages283
  • social
    • groups 17, 269, 291, 303–304, 313, 319
    • media 137, 259, 299, 307
    • movements 291, 300–303
    • order 269–70, 276
  • Society of the Spectacle 299, 307
  • socio-cultural knowledge232
  • solidarity 301, 314–15
  • sound repetition 263 ; see also alliteration, assonance, rhyme
  • sound symbolism 16, 220, 222–23
  • source construction 19–20, 74, 84, 103, 114, 210
  • Spanish 51, 186, 275, 283
  • spelling 101, 198, 210, 216 ; see also mis-spelling
  • Spenney, M. J.202
  • Sperber, D. 9, 229–33, 236, 251, 273
  • sports commentary248
  • St Audrey216
  • Steen, G. 3, 11, 18, 21, 104, 201, 265
  • Stekauer, P. 124–25, 220, 238, 268
  • Stenneken, P.202
  • stereotype, stereotyping 8, 37, 54–55, 184, 239, 242, 271, 285, 297, 304, 307–308
  • stress 10, 173–174, 206–207, 212–16, 235–36
  • Stubbs, M.180
  • subjectivism39
  • subject incorporation158
  • suffix, passim
    • class 1 206–212, 215–16, 219
    • class 2 207–209, 214–216
  • suffixation, passim
    • and probability of figurative meaning 149–155, 167–169
    • and recognition of sources 202–209, 214–216
  • sunbathing250
  • superordinate, superordinacy 5, 18, 22–23, 28–30, 98, 125, 142, 200, 285, 305, 311
    • superordinate is hyponym metaphor 28–29, 165, 311, 317
    • superordinate-hyponym relation 98, 121
  • suppletion216
  • Swales, J. 247, 269
  • swearwords172
  • Sweetser, E.219
  • Swiss Family Robinson94
  • Syder, F. H.182
  • syllable
    • nuclear235
    • re-syllabification 207, 215
  • symbol, symbolic220
    • symbolic metaphors 28–29
  • symbolism 92, 98
  • sympathetic physical movement222
  • synecdoche, synecdochal 2, 28–30, 42, 44, 55, 61, 84–86
  • metaphors 28–29, 42
  • syntactic parallelism192
  • syntagmatic axis 2, 4, 6, 9, 43, 48, 61, 64, 71, 74, 84, 86, 112, 132, 175, 234
  • synthetic personalisation257
  • synthetic statements 87, 93, 113
  • Systemic Functional Linguistics/Grammar SFG 8, 9, 43, 64–66, 244 ; see also behavioural process, material process, mental process, relational process, verbal process
  • Szymanek, B.291

T

  • taboo 88, 92, 107, 246, 255, 258, 280, 315
  • Tabossi, P. 56, 175, 179
  • Talmy, L.195
  • Tantalus218
  • target completor 19–20, 84, 114
  • target indicator 33, 127
  • tautology33
  • Taylor, J. R. 53, 276
  • Taylorism294
  • Tehran Times262
  • telegram278
  • telegraph278
  • Tennyson, A. Lord106
  • tenor 244, 246, 249, 251, 253–263, 271
  • texting 266, 278
  • textual structuring 13, 17, 92–93, 109, 264
  • text-world 13, 94
  • Enchantress of Florence 72, 109, 264
  • ‘Little Vagabond’111
  • Remains of the Day315
  • Road to Serfdom96
  • theme, thematisation 109, 236
  • Things Fall Apart266
  • Thomas, J. 226, 282
  • Thomas, Edward 99, 281, 288
  • Thomas, R. S.264
  • Thomas, Dylan181
  • Thompson, J. B.268
  • Thornburg, L. 48, 57, 59, 61, 64–65, 76, 86–87, 126, 132, 158, 229, 277, 291, 310, 320
  • Tibballs, G. 3, 101–102, 232
  • Tillyard, E. M. W.279
  • time and motion studies294
  • time schedules289
  • Todd, Laurie292
  • token activation 281–82, 288
  • ‘Tom Bowling’83
  • Tomasello, M. 51, 234, 271–74
  • tone patterns247
  • topic and focus 236 ; see also theme
  • topic switching247
  • Tournier, J.1
  • transitive verb 10, 50, 178, 188, 212, 282–83, 291, 297
    • text-transitive verb178
  • transitivity 43, 66
  • transparency 118, 185, 194, 202, 205–15, 217, 224
  • Traugott, E. C. 122, 124, 227–28
  • Tremblay, P.5
  • truncation 132, 187, 206–207, 216, 275–76, 304, 311, 316
  • Truss, Liz106
  • Tsur, R.104
  • Tuggy, D.220
  • Turner, M. 36, 40, 317
  • Tversky, A. 25–27, 29, 30

U

  • Ullmann, S. 119, 121, 177
  • unexpressed objects 112, 273
  • unitary concepts 117, 124
  • universals 110, 224, 274
  • universalism39
  • unpredictability 93, 198
    • and information111

V

  • vague, vagueness 21, 23–24, 123, 176, 226, 230, 259, 261, 303
  • Venda282
  • Vendler, Z. 142, 199
  • verbal process88
  • Villette36
  • Vonnegut, Kurt306
  • vowel
    • alternation 206, 216
    • strengthening215
    • weakening215
    • high back220
    • high front220

W

  • Waldron, R. A. 119–21
  • Warren, B. 94, 109, 113, 125–126
  • Watts, R. J. 113, 246
  • weather forecasts248
  • Weiner, E. J.252
  • Wernicke’s area 4–5
  • Werth, P.94
  • White, P. R. R. 58, 103–104, 284
  • Whorf, B. L. 319, 320
  • Wierzbicka, A. 269, 291, 314–16
  • Wilkinson, P. R.41
  • Williams, R. 269, 291, 298, 300–303, 305, 307, 310, 314
  • Wilson, D. 229–33, 236, 251, 273
  • Winner, E.202
  • Wittgenstein, L. 25, 274
  • Wolfson, N.255
  • word boundaries 182, 191–92
  • Wordnet 41, 195–197
  • Wordsworth, William 31, 256, 300
  • World War II 277–278, 296–98
  • Wray, A. 171–74, 180, 184, 185, 190–92, 202, 235, 248, 276, 279

Y

  • Yarowsky, D. 179, 198
  • Yeats, William Butler97

Z

  • Zarcone, A. 242–43, 251
  • zero-derivation 126, 139, 144, 146
  • Ziegler, D.189
  • Zipf ’s law 197, 202, 209
  • zone activation 43, 54–56, 74, 90, 199, 233
  • Zwaan, R. A.266
  • Zwicky, A. M.227