Cover not available
Article published In:
Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 34:2/3 (2007) ► pp.281–331

The work of Richard John Lloyd (1846–1906) and “the crude system of doctrine which passes at present under the name of Phonetics”

| University of Glasgow

Richard John Lloyd (1846–1906) was a well-known Liverpool businessman who also pursued the study of phonetics, English language, literature, sociology and philosophy. His wide intellectual background embraced mathematics and physics too. His work in phonetics is characterised by a particular emphasis on the acoustics of vowel sounds, as well as by close attention to the fine detail of articulation (what he called “minute phonetics”). Alongside a small group of scientists in Europe, he was actively involved in research into the formant structure of vowels. His relatively early death meant that his work never achieved the prominence it deserved, and hence his influence has remained negligible. His work, however, bears comparison with that of colleagues in articulatory and experimental phonetics later in the 20th century.

Published online: 13 November 2007
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.34.2.05mac
References
[
Anon.] 1891 “Presentation day at the University of London”. The Times 14 May 1891, p. 6.Google Scholar
[
Anon.] 1894 “[‘Anglia’, ‘Anglian’, ‘Anglians’: Discussion and approval of R. J. Lloyd’s suggested terms by the Liverpool Daily Post ]”. Maître Phonétique, septembre, p. 151.Google Scholar
[
Anon.] 1895 “[Election of R. J. Lloyd to replace Laura Soames on the Council]”. Maître Phonétique, mars, p. 541.Google Scholar
[
Anon.] 1896 “[Results of Council election. 1896]”. Maître Phonétique, janvier, p. 191.Google Scholar
[
Anon.] 1897 “[Composition of Council. 1897”] Maître Phonétique, janvier, p. 36.Google Scholar
[
Anon.] 1898a “Élections du Conseil”. Maître Phonétique, janvier, pp. 23–24.Google Scholar
[
Anon.] 1898b “[Comments on the ‘Investigations of the Sub-Committee on Phonetics’]”. Modern Language Quarterly: Language and Literature 1:2.157–158.Google Scholar
[
Anon.] 1899a “Conseil”. Maître Phonétique, janvier, p. 241.Google Scholar
[
Anon.] 1899b “Propositions”. Maître Phonétique, mars-avril, pp. 54–55.Google Scholar
[
Anon.] 1899c “[Lloyd, Richard J.: Inaugural lecture on R in phonetics, Liverpool]”. Maître Phonétique, mars-avril, pp. 61–62.Google Scholar
[
Anon.] 1899d “Liverpool School Board’s Catechism”. The Times 10 May 1899, p. 14.Google Scholar
[
Anon.] 1900a “Résultats des elections”. Maître Phonétique, janvier, pp. 24–25.Google Scholar
[
Anon.] 1900b “[Vacation course, Summer 1900: Cambridge, Richard J. Lloyd]”. Maître Phonétique, septembre-octobre, p. 109.Google Scholar
[
Anon.] 1902a “Résultats des elections”. Maître Phonétique, janvier, pp. 24–25.Google Scholar
[
Anon.] 1902b “[Phonetics being emphasized in the training colleges by the Scottish Education Department; work of W. Scholle and R. J. Lloyd]”. Maître Phonétique, mai-juin, p. 89.Google Scholar
[
Anon.] 1903 “[R. J. Lloyd to give lectures and practical classes in phonetics to teachers of foreign languages in secondary schools in Liverpool]”. Maître Phonétique, avril, p. 43.Google Scholar
[
Anon.] 1904a “Résultats des elections”. Maître Phonétique, février-mars, pp. 34–35.Google Scholar
[
Anon.] 1904b “Propositions des conseillers. Alphabet”. Maître Phonétique, avril, pp. 65–67.Google Scholar
[
Anon.] 1906a “Élections du Conseil”. Maître Phonétique, janvier, pp. 25–26.Google Scholar
[
Anon.] 1906b “Décisions officielles”. Maître Phonétique, février-mars, pp. 30–31.Google Scholar
[
Anon.] 1906c “Avis de nos conseillers”. Maître Phonétique, avril, pp. 42–46.Google Scholar
[
Anon.] 1906d “Mort de R. J. Lloyd”. Maître Phonétique, octobre, p. 94.Google Scholar
[
Anon.] 1906e “[Election of Daniel Jones to Council to replace R. J. Lloyd]”. Maître Phonétique, décembre, pp. 122–123.Google Scholar
[
Anon.] 1907 “[Obituary of Richard John Lloyd]”. Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool 601, xiii–xiv.Google Scholar
Applebaum, J. D.
1933 A Short History of the Lancashire and Cheshire Esperanto Federation 1908–1933. Liverpool: Harold F. Ashworth.Google Scholar
Atkinson, Harold W.
1898 “Phonetic Sub-Committee”. Modern Language Quarterly: Language and Literature 1:2.150–151.Google Scholar
Auerbach, Felix
1894 “Die physikalischen Grundlagen der Phonetik”. Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur 161.117–171.Google Scholar
Baudouin de Courtenay, Jan
1895 Versuch einer Theorie phonetischer Alternationen: Ein Capitel aus der Psychophonetik. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bell, Alexander Melville
1867 Visible Speech: The science of universal alphabetics […] . London: Simpkin & Marshall; London & New York: N. Trübner & Co. (Repr. in Collins & Mees, eds. 2006, vol. IV1, 1–148.)Google Scholar
Bevier, Louis, Jr.
1900 “The Acoustic Analysis of the Vowels from the Phonographic Record”. Physical Review 101.193–201.Google Scholar
Beyer, Robert T.
1999 Sounds of Our Times: Two hundred years of acoustics. New York-Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Boeke, J. D.
1900 “On the Derivation of the Curves of Vowel Sounds by Means of Microscopical Research of their Phonograms”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh XXII1 (November 1897–July 1899), 88–96. [Paper read in his absence by John G. McLintock 7 February 1898.]Google Scholar
Brebner, Mary, Richard J. Lloyd, Walter Rippmann, Fabian Ware, Harold W. Atkinson
1899 “Interim Report of the Sub-Committee on Phonetics”. Modern Language Quarterly: Language and Literature 1:4.318–321.Google Scholar
Breymann, Hermann
1897 Die Phonetische Literatur von 1876–1895. Eine bibliographischkritische Übersicht. Leipzig: A. Deichert.Google Scholar
Collins, Beverley & Inger M. Mees
1999 The Real Professor Higgins: the life and career of Daniel Jones. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
eds. 2006 Phonetics of English in the Nineteenth Century. 71 vols. London & New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dumville, Benjamin
1909 The Science of Speech: An elementary manual of English phonetics for teachers. London: W. B. Clive.Google Scholar
Ellis, Alexander John
1869 On Early English Pronunciation, with especial reference to Shakespere and Chaucer […] . Part I. London & Berlin: Asher & Co.; London: Trübner & Co.Google Scholar
Firth, J[ohn] R[upert]
1964 The Tongues of Men and Speech. London: Oxford University Press [Reprint, with editorial introduction by Peter Strevens, of items first published in 1937 and 1930 respectively.]Google Scholar
Harrop, Sylvia
1994 Decade of Change: The University Liverpool 1981–1991. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Heffner, Roe-Merrill M. S.
1950 General Phonetics. Madison-Milwaukee-London: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Helmholtz, Hermann L[udwig] F[erdinand von]
1885 [1877] On the Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music. The Second English Edition[…] rendered conformal to the Fourth (and last) German edition of 1877, with numerous additional Notes and a New additional Appendix bringing down information to 1885, and especially adapted to the use of Music Students by Alexander J. Ellis. London: Longmans & Co. (Repr., with a new introduction by Henry Margenau, New York: Dover 1954.)Google Scholar
Hensen, Victor
1891a “Die Harmonie in den Vocalen”. Zeitschrift für Biologie 281.39–48.Google Scholar
1891b “Nachtrag zu dem Aufsatz: Die Harmonie in den Vocalen”. Zeitschrift für Biologie 281.227–228.Google Scholar
Jenkin, Fleeming & J. A. Ewing
1878 “On the Harmonic Analysis of Certain Vowel Sounds”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 281.745–777. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jones, E[irene] D.
1906 “Richard John Lloyd”. Maître Phonétique, novembre, pp. 106–107.Google Scholar
Joos, Martin
1934 “Stressed Vowels plus r in General American”. Maître Phonétique, octobredécembre, pp. 93–97.Google Scholar
Kelly, Thomas
1981 For Advancement of Learning: The University of Liverpool 1881–1981. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.Google Scholar
Kidman, James
1899 A Philomathic Retrospect: Inaugural address delivered at the opening of the seventy-fifth (diamond) session of the Liverpool Philomathic Society, 27th September 1899. Liverpool: Marples.Google Scholar
Köster, Jens-Peter
1973 Historische Entwicklung von Syntheseapparaten zur Erzeugung statischer und vokalartiger Signale nebst Untersuchungen zur Synthese deutscher Vokale. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.Google Scholar
Ladefoged, Peter
1967 Three Areas of Experimental Phonetics. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lerchenmüller, Joachim
2003a “Meyer, Kuno Eduard”. Internationales Germanistenlexikon 1800–1950 ed. by Christoph König, vol. II1, 1215–1217. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
2003b “Viëtor, Carl Adolf Theodor Wilhelm”. Ibid., vol. III1 1946–1947.Google Scholar
Lindsay, R. Bruce
ed. 1973 Acoustics: Historical and philosophical development. Stroudsburg, Pa.: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross.Google Scholar
Lloyd, Richard J.
1879 Pessimism. Presidential Address to the Liverpool Institute Old Boys’ Debating Society. Annual Report and Balance Sheet for Session 1878–79. Liverpool: Townshend & Son. (Reprinted as Pessimism: A study in contemporary sociology. Liverpool: H. Young 1880.)Google Scholar
1887 The Landowner and the State. Thesis submitted to the University of London, by R. J. Lloyd, M.A., Candidate for the degree of Doctor of Literature, 1887. Liverpool: Townshend & Son.Google Scholar
1888a Phonetic Attraction. Thesis submitted to the University of London by R. J. Lloyd M.A., Candidate for the degree of Doctor of Literature, 1888. Liverpool: Turner & Dunnett.Google Scholar
1888b Fraternity. Read before the Liverpool Philomathic Society, April 25th 1888. Liverpool: D. Marples & Co.Google Scholar
1889a “First steps in dictionary-making: Illustrated mainly by the word ‘high’ and its compounds”. Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool 431.167–184.Google Scholar
1889b Review of Albert Benecke, English Pronunciation and English Vocabulary: Methodische Anleitung zum Erlernen der englischen Aussprache, und deutsch-englisches Vokabular: zum Schulund Selbstunterricht (Potsdam: Stein 1888) Phonetische Studien 21.337–345.Google Scholar
1890a Vowel-Sound. Thesis presented to the University of London, by R. J. Lloyd, M.A., Candidate for the degree of Doctor of Literature, 1890. Liverpool: Turner & Dunnett.Google Scholar
1890b The Physical Nature of Vowel Sounds. Read before the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, March 31st, 1890. [Privately printed.] (Also published in the Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool 441. 243–271.)Google Scholar
1890c “The Aryan Cradle-Language”. Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool 441.147–166. [Paper read before the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool 6 January 1890.]Google Scholar
1890d Review of Alexander Melville Bell, A Popular Manual of Vocal Physiology and Visible Speech (New York: N. D. C. Hodges; E. S. Werner; London: Trübner 1889) Phonetische Studien 41.114–117.Google Scholar
1890e “Speech Sounds: Their nature and causation”. Phonetische Studien 3:3.251–278.Google Scholar
1890f “Speech sounds: Their nature and causation”. Phonetische Studien 4:1.37–67.Google Scholar
1890g “Speech sounds: Their nature and causation”. Phonetische Studien 4:2.183–214.Google Scholar
1891a Review of August Tänzer, Die Natur unserer Sprachlaute mit Berücksichtigung des Französischen und Englischen. Programm des Gymnasiums Zwickau, No. 550 (Zwickau 1890) Phonetische Studien 4:2.247–251.Google Scholar
1891b “Speech sounds: their nature and causation”. Phonetische Studien 4:3.275–306.Google Scholar
1891c “Speech Sounds: Their nature and causation”. Phonetische Studien 5:1.1–32.Google Scholar
1891d “Speech Sounds: Their nature and causation”. Phonetische Studien 5:2.129–141.Google Scholar
1891e “Sound Waves Made Visible by Photography; also an improved method of measuring articulations”. [Read 20 April 1891.] Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool 451.139–147.Google Scholar
1891f “The Physical Nature of Vowel Sounds”. Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool 441.243–271.Google Scholar
1891g “Last Will and Testament of Richard John Lloyd [dated 23 November 1891]; proved and registered in the District Probate Registry of His Majesty’s High Court of Justice at Liverpool, 4 December 1906”. [Unpublished.]Google Scholar
1892a “Speech Sounds: Their nature and causation”. Phonetische Studien 5:3.263–271.Google Scholar
1892b “On Recent Progress in the Analysis of Vowel-Sounds”. Report of the Sixty-First Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science held at Cardiff in August 1891, 796–797. London: John Murray. [Also entitled “On Vowel Sounds”, ibid., p. 583, with forward reference to “On Recent Progress”, ibid., p. 796.]Google Scholar
1892c Review of Laura Soames, An Introduction to Phonetics: English, French and German, with reading lessons and exercises (London: Sonnenschein; New York: Macmillan 1891) Phonetische Studien 5:1.78–96.Google Scholar
1893a James Russell Lowell: Inaugural address delivered at the opening of the sixty-eighth session of the Liverpool Philomathic Society, September 28th, 1892. Liverpool: D. Marples.Google Scholar
1893b William Watson: A paper read before the Literary & Philosophical Society. Liverpool, October 4th 1897 [= error for 1893] Liverpool: J. R. Lowell.Google Scholar
1893c Review of E. T. True & Otto Jespersen, Spoken English: Everyday talk, with phonetic transcription (Leipzig: Reisland 1892) Phonetische Studien 6:1.106–110.Google Scholar
1893d Review of August Western, Kurze Darstellung der englischen Aussprache für Schulen und zum Selbstunterricht. 2te vermehrte Auflage (Leipzig: Reisland 1892) Phonetische Studien 6:1.106–110.Google Scholar
1894a “Professor Auerbach on Phonetics”. Die Neueren Sprachen 21.309–318.Google Scholar
1894b “Erwiderung: Lloyd, R. J. Some Researches into the Nature of Vowelsound. Liverpool 1890; Speech Sounds: their Nature and Causation. In: Phonetische Studien 1890–1892, Bd. III–V1 (Nicht abgeschlossen)”. Zeitschrift für französische Sprache 161.201–208.Google Scholar
1894c “Standard English”. Die Neueren Sprachen 21.52–53.Google Scholar
1894d “Anglia and the Anglians”. Westminster Review 1421.196–202.Google Scholar
1895a “Weak Words in English”. Maître Phonétique, juin, pp. 114–115.Google Scholar
1895b Review of Johan Storm, Englische Philologie. 2te vollständige umgearbeitete und sehr vermehrte Auflage. Bd. I1: Die lebende Sprache: Abteilung I, Phonetik und Aussprache (Leipzig: Reisland 1892) Die Neueren Sprachen 31.48–53, 91–103, 240–251, 300–309.Google Scholar
1896a Review of Jan Baudouin de Courtenay, Versuch einer Theorie phonetischer Alternationen: ein Kapitel aus der Psychophonetik (Strassburg: Trübner 1895) Die Neueren Sprachen 31.615–617.Google Scholar
1896b “The Genesis of Vowels”. Report of the Sixty-Sixth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science held at Liverpool in September 1896, 972–973. London: John Murray.Google Scholar
1896c “Greek Pronunciation [= Classical and Modern Greek pronunciations of ψ]”. Maître Phonétique 140–141.Google Scholar
1897a “The Interpretation of the Phonograms of Vowels”. Journal of Anatomy & Physiology 311.240–251. [Abstract in Report of the Sixty-Sixth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science held at Liverpool in September 1896. London: John Murray. 973.]Google Scholar
1897b “The Genesis of Vowels”. Journal of Anatomy & Physiology 311.233–239.Google Scholar
1897c Review of Hermann Breymann, Die phonetische Literatur von 1876–1895. Eine bibliographisch-kritische Übersicht (Leipzig: A. Deichert 1897) Die Neueren Sprachen 51.215–218.Google Scholar
1897d “Can the English Tongue Be Preserved?”. Westminster Review 1471.286–292.Google Scholar
1897e “William Morris. – I: His life and his services to literature”. Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool 511.47–60.Google Scholar
1897/98a “Speech Sounds: Their nature and causation”. Phonetische Studien. Beiblatt zu der Zeitschrift Die Neueren Sprachen 111.1–24.Google Scholar
1897/98b “On Consonant-Sounds”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 219–247. [Read 2 May 1898.]Google Scholar
1897/98c “Huit voyelles, françaises et anglaises: Conférence faite devant l’Alliance littéraire française de Liverpool, 2 mars 1897”. Phonetische Studien. Beiblatt zu der Zeitschrift Die Neueren Sprachen 111.25–39.Google Scholar
1898a “On the acoustic analysis of the spirate fricative consonants”. [Paper read to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bristol, September 1898.] Proceedings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bristol 1898, p. 777 [Abstract]. Die Neueren Sprachen 71.487–497.Google Scholar
1898b “William Watson”. Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool 521.1–37.Google Scholar
1898c “Arthur Hugh Clough: A paper read before the Lit. & Philosoph. Soc. Liverpool, 3 October 1898”. Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool 531.1–34.Google Scholar
1899a Northern English: Phonetics, grammar, texts. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner; London: David Nutt; etc. (Reprinted in Collins & Mees, eds. 2006, vol. I1, 271–406.)Google Scholar
1899b “Good English”. Modern Language Quarterly: Language and Literature. 2:5.42–48.Google Scholar
1899c “[Contribution to Sampson, John [ed.] (1899)]”. Otia Merseiana 211.Google Scholar
1899d Review of F. J. Bierbaum, History of the English Language and Literature. 3rd ed., revised and enlarged (Heidelberg: Weiss 1895) Die Neueren Sprachen 7:1.25–27.Google Scholar
1899e Review of J. Diehl, Compendium of English Literature (Munich: Lindauer 1896) Die Neueren Sprachen 7:1.27–28Google Scholar
1899f Review of German Classical Plays. Trans. Edward Stanhope Pearson. (Leipzig: E. Pierson 1885 et seq.). Die Neueren Sprachen 71:1.28.Google Scholar
1899g Review of Gustav Wendt, England. Seine Geschichte, Verfassung und staatlichen Einrichtungen. 2te Aufl. (Leipzig: O. R. Reisland 1898) Die Neueren Sprachen 7:2.118–120.Google Scholar
1899h “Modern Language Association”. Die Neueren Sprachen 7:4.263–266. [Report of meeting, Cambridge, 22–23 December 1898].Google Scholar
loyd, Richard J.
1899i “On the acoustic analysis of the spirate fricative consonants”. Die Neueren Sprachen 71:7–8.487–497. [Paper read to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bristol, September 1898.]Google Scholar
Lloyd, Richard J.
1900a “Anglais du Nord”. Exposé des Principes de l’Association Phonétique Internationale, p. 15. Supplément au Maître Phonétique, novembre.Google Scholar
1900b Review of Charles Kaiser & Albert Thouaille, German Prepositions at a Glance. (London: Sampson, Low, Manston & Co. 1900) Maître Phonétique, août, pp. 89–90.Google Scholar
1900c “Alexandria and the Gospel”. The Methodist Quarterly October 1900.Google Scholar
1900d “On the Fourierian Analysis of Phonographic Tracings of Vowels”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh XXII1 (November 1897–July 1899), 97–117. [Paper read 7 February 1898.]Google Scholar
1900e “On Consonant-Sounds”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh XXII1 (November 1897–July 1899), 219–247. [Paper read 2 May 1898.]Google Scholar
1901a Preface to Hjalmar Edgren & P. B. A. Burnet, French and English Dictionary, with the indication of pronunciation, etymology and dates of earliest appearance of French words in the language. With explanatory preface by R. J. Lloyd (New York: Holt; London: Heinemann 1901).Google Scholar
1901b “The Functions of the Mouth in Speech”. [Paper read to the Liverpool Odontological Society 19 November 1901.] [Privately printed.]Google Scholar
1903a Review of E. A. Meyer, Englische Lautdauer: Eine experimentalphonetische Untersuchung (Uppsala: C. J. Lundström; Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz 1903) Maître Phonétique, octobre, pp. 101–104.Google Scholar
1903b Review of E. A. Meyer, Englische Lautdauer: Eine experimentalphonetische Untersuchung (Uppsala: C. J. Lundström; Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz 1903) Modern Language Quarterly: Language and Literature 61.75–83.Google Scholar
1903c “[Compulsory instruction in phonetics in training colleges in Scotland for elementary teachers]”. Maître Phonétique, avril, p. 43Google Scholar
1903d Review of W. Scholle & G. Smith, Elementary Phonetics, English, French, German: Their theory and practical application in the classroom (London: Blackie & Son 1903) Maître Phonétique 119–21.Google Scholar
1903e “La langue internationale”. Maître Phonétique, novembre, p. 122.Google Scholar
1904a “Glides between Consonants in English”. Die Neueren Sprachen 121.15–22.Google Scholar
1904b “Glides between Consonants in English”. Die Neueren Sprachen 121.65–79.Google Scholar
1904c Review of Alexander Hargreaves, A Grammar of the Dialect of Adlington (Lancashire) (Heidelberg: C. Winter 1903) Modern Language Quarterly: Language and Literature 71.25–26.Google Scholar
1904d “The international language”. Maître Phonétique, avril, 75–76.Google Scholar
1904e “Glides between consonants in English”. Die Neueren Sprachen 121.408–423.Google Scholar
1905a “Glides between Consonants in English”. Die Neueren Sprachen 121.577–603.Google Scholar
1905b “Glides between Consonants in English”. Die Neueren Sprachen 131.82–96.Google Scholar
1905c “Glides between Consonants in English”. Die Neueren Sprachen 131.160–173.Google Scholar
1905d “Glides between Consonants in English”. Die Neueren Sprachen 131.270–279.Google Scholar
1905e “Glides between Consonants in English”. Die Neueren Sprachen 131.336–348.Google Scholar
1905f “Glides between Consonants in English”. Die Neueren Sprachen 131.461–474.Google Scholar
1905g “Corrections [to the Principles of the International Phonetic Association: second initial of name and title]”. Maître Phonétique, février-mars, p. 37.Google Scholar
1905h The Esperanto Language, practically considered and described: A paper read before the Liverpool Philomathic Society […]. Liverpool: D. Marples & Co.London: The Esperantist. [Read 23 November 1904.]Google Scholar
1906a “Glides between Consonants in English”. Die Neueren Sprachen 141.21–32.Google Scholar
1906b “Glides between Consonants in English”. Die Neueren Sprachen 141.210–218.Google Scholar
McKendrick, John G.
1900 “Observations on the Theories of Vowel Sounds”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh XXII1 (November 1897–July 1899), 71–96. [Paper read 7 February 1898.]Google Scholar
1901 “Experimental Phonetics”. Nature 651.182–189. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
McLintock, R.
1889 “The New English Dictionary and Some of its Predecessors”. Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool 431.151–166.Google Scholar
MacMahon, Michael K. C.
1994 “Laura Soames’ Contribution to Phonetics”. Historiographia Linguistica 211.103–121. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2004 “Ellis, Alexander John (1814–1890), phonetician and mathematician”. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Sept. 2004; online ed., January 2007 [[URL]].
Marichelle, H[ector]
1897 Phonétique expérimentale: La parole d’après le tracé du phonographe. Paris: Ch. Delagrave.Google Scholar
Meyer, Ernst A.
1903 Englische Lautdauer: Eine experimentalphonetische Untersuchung. Uppsala: Akademiska Bokhandeln (C. J. Lundström) & Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Millar, J. Bruce
2001 “Building and maintaining the bridges of spoken language science. Invited keynote address to International Conference on Speech Processing, Daejeon, Korea, 22–24 August 2001”. [URL]. Accessed 11 June 2007.
Miller, Dayton C.
1935 Anecdotal History of the Science of Sound: To the beginning of the 20th century. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Murray, James A[gustus] H[enry]
ed. 1901 A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles; founded mainly on the materials collected by The Philological Society. Vol. V: H to K. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Orchard, Benjamin G.
1893 Liverpool’s Legion of Honour. Birkenhead: [Privately printed.]Google Scholar
Oxford English Dictionary
1989 “The History of the Oxford English Dictionary (continued)”. [URL]. Accessed 3 April 2007.
Pike, Kenneth L.
1943 Phonetics: A critical analysis of phonetic theory and a technic for the practical description of sounds. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pipping, Hugo
1890a “Zur Klangfarbe der gesungenen Vocale”. Zeitschrift für Biologie 271.1–80.Google Scholar
1890b “Nachtrag zur Klangfarbe der gesungenen Vocale”. Zeitschrift für Biologie 271.433–438.Google Scholar
1893 Review of: Lloyd, R. J.: Some researches into the nature of Vowel-Sound; Speech Sounds: their Nature and Causation. In: Phonetische Studien 1890–1892. Bd. III–V1. Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur 151.157–172.Google Scholar
1895 “Zur Lehre von den Vocalklängen: Neue Untersuchungen mit Hensen’s Sprachzeichner”. Zeitschrift für Biologie 311.524–583.Google Scholar
1899 Zur Phonetik der finnischen Sprache. Untersuchungen mit Hensen’s Sprachzeichner. Helsingfors: Druckerei der Finnischen Literaturgesellschaft.Google Scholar
Preece, William H. & Augustus Stroh
1879 “Studies in Acoustics. I: On the synthetic examination of vowel sounds”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 281.358–367.Google Scholar
Rayleigh, Lord [= Strutt, John William]
1894 The Theory of Sound. 2nd ed., 21 vols. London: Macmillan & Co. [First edition 1877.]Google Scholar
Rousselot, Pierre-Jean
1897 Principes de phonétique expérimentale. 21 vols. Paris & Leipzig: H. Welter.Google Scholar
Scripture, Edward W.
1901 “On the Nature of Vowels”. American Journal of Science 1611.302–309.Google Scholar
1902 The Elements of Experimental Phonetics. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons; London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Sievers, Eduard
1881 Grundzüge der Phonetik. 2te vermehrte Aufl. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel.Google Scholar
Soames, Laura
1891 An Introduction to Phonetics (English, French and German) with Readings Lessons and Exercises. London: S. Sonnenschein; New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Stankiewicz, Edward
ed. 1972 A Baudouin de Courtenay Anthology: The beginnings of structural linguistics. Bloomington & London: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Stephen, James Fitzjames
1873 Liberty, Equality, Fraternity. London: Smith, Elder & Co.Google Scholar
Storm, Johan
1892 Englische Philologie: Anleitung zum wissenschaftlichen Studium der englischen Sprache. 2nd ed. Leipzig: O. R. Reisland.Google Scholar
Sweet, Henry
1877 A Handbook of Phonetics, including a popular exposition of the principles of spelling reform. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
1890 A Primer of Phonetics. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Reprinted in Collins &, eds. 2006, vol. VII1, 91–201.)Google Scholar
1908 The Sounds of English: An introduction to phonetics. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Reprint of 2nd ed. [1910] in Collins & Mees, eds. 2006, vol. VII1, 203–346.]Google Scholar
1911 “Phonetics”. The Encyclopædia Britannica: A dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information, 11th ed., vol. XXI1, 459–467. New York: Encyclopædia Britannica. (Reprinted in Collins & Mees, eds. 2006, vol. VII1, 347–362.)Google Scholar
Teston, Bernard
2004 “L’oeuvre d’Étienne-Jules Marey et sa contribution à l’émergence de la phonétique dans les sciences du langage”. Travaux Interdisciplinaires du Laboratoire Parole et Langage 231.237–266.Google Scholar
Tyndall, John
1883 [1867] Sound. 4th ed. London: Longmans, Green & Co. [First published as Sound: A course of eight lectures delivered at the Royal Institution of Great Britain. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. 1867.]Google Scholar
Viëtor, Wilhelm
1906 “Richard John Lloyd”. Die Neueren Sprachen 14:7.447–448.Google Scholar
Ware, Fabian
1898 “Some Guiding Principles in the Choice of a Phonetic Alphabet Adapted to the Requirements of Beginners”. Modern Language Quarterly: Language and Literature 1:3.237–238.Google Scholar
Wheatstone, Charles
1837 [Review of] “On the Vowel Sounds, and on Reed Organ-Pipes, by Robert Willis […]”. London and Westminster Review xi & liv1, October 1837 (Reprinted in Wheatstone 1879.348–367.)Google Scholar
Wheatstone, [Sir] Charles
1879 The Scientific Papers of Sir Charles Wheatstone […]. London: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Winkelmann, A[dolf August]
ed. 1909 Handbuch der Physik. 2nd ed., vol. II1: Akustik. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth.Google Scholar