Accommodation theory (T); see also Adaptability (
H
)
;
Age and language use (
H
)
;
Bilingualism and multilingualism (
H
)
;
Context and contextualization (
H
)
;
Social psychology (
T
)
AccountingSee Collaboration in dialogues
(H); Social psychology
(T)
ActionSee Action theory
(T); Agency and language
(H); Austin
(H); Bühler
(H); Cognitive psychology
(T); Ethnomethodology
(T); Intentionality
(H); Nexus analysis
(T); Perception and language
(H); Philosophy of action
(T); Speech act theory
(T)
Action theory (T); see also Agency and language (
H
)
;
Grounded theory (
M
)
;
Philosophy of action (
T
)
Agency and language (H); see also Action theory (
T
)
;
Case and semantic roles (
H
)
;
Computational pragmatics (
T
)
;
Intentionality (
H
)
;
Metapragmatics (
T
)
;
Motivation and language (
H
)
AgreementSee Social media research
(T); Therapeutic conversation
(H)
Analytical philosophy (T); see also Austin (
H
)
;
Conversational implicature (
H
)
;
Hermeneutics (
M
)
;
Philosophy of language (
T
)
;
Speech act theory (
T
)
;
Truth-conditional semantics (
T
)
;
Wittgenstein (
H
)
Anaphora (H); see also Grounding (
H
)
;
Indexicals and demonstratives (
H
)
;
Lexically triggered veridicality inferences (
H22
)
;
Tense and aspect (
H
)
Anthropological linguistics (T); see also Anderson (
H21
)
;
Bilingualism and multilingualism (
H
)
;
Cognitive anthropology (
T
)
;
Componential analysis (
T
)
;
Context and contextualization (
H
)
;
Ethnography of speaking (
T
)
;
Fieldwork (
M
)
;
Gesture research (
T
)
;
Gumperz (
H
)
;
Hermeneutics (
M
)
;
Intercultural communication (
H
)
;
Language ideologies (
H
)
;
Malinowski (
H
)
;
Metalinguistic awareness (
H
)
;
Metapragmatics (
T
)
;
Nexus analysis (
T
)
;
Phatic communion (
H
)
;
(The) pragmatic perspective (
M
)
;
Pragmatics of script (
H22
)
;
Sapir (
H
)
;
Sociolinguistics (
T
)
;
Ta’ārof (
H22
)
;
Taxonomy (
M
)
;
Transience (
H22
)
;
Truthfulness (
H
)
;
Whorf (
H
)
Apel, K. O.See Universal and transcendental pragmatics
(T)
AphasiaSee Adaptability
(H); Cerebral representation of language
; Clinical pragmatics
(T); Jakobson
(H21); Neurolinguistics
(T)
ApologySee Corpus pragmatics
(M); Mediated performatives
(H)
Appeal → See Functions of language
Applied linguistics (T); see also Forensic linguistics (
T
)
;
Intercultural communication (
H
)
;
Language policy, language planning and standardization (
H
)
;
Sociolinguistics (
T
)
Artificial intelligence (T); see also Cognitive psychology (
T
)
;
Cognitive science (
T
)
;
Communication (
H
)
;
Computational linguistics (
T
)
;
Connectionism (
T
)
;
Context and contextualization (
H
)
;
Frame analysis (
M
)
;
Frame semantics (
T
)
;
Speech act theory (
T
)
AttitudeSee Appraisal
(H); Dialectology
(T); Methods in language-attitudes research
(M); Pluricentric languages
(H23); Social psychology
(T); Stance
(H21)
Austin, J. L. (H); see also Analytical philosophy (
T
)
;
Communicative success vs. failure (
H
)
;
Contextualism (
T
)
;
Grice (
H
)
;
Speech act theory (
T
)
Authenticity (H); see also Identity (
H24
)
;
Reported speech (
H
)
Background informationSee Cognitive science
(T); Collaboration in dialogues
(H); Common ground
(H); Communication
(H); Context and contextualization
(H); Text and discourse linguistics
(T)
Bakhtin, M. M. (H); see also Collaboration in dialogues (
H
)
;
Dialogical analysis (
M
)
;
Genre (
H
)
;
Ideology (
H
)
;
Intertextuality (
H
)
;
Polyphony (
H
)
;
Reported speech (
H
)
Bernstein, B.See Applied linguistics
(T); Communicative success vs. failure
(H)
Bilingual interactive activation (BIA)See The multilingual lexicon
(H)
Bilingualism and multilingualism (H); see also Accommodation theory (
T
)
;
Anderson (
H21
)
;
Anthropological linguistics (
T
)
;
Borrowing (
H
)
;
Code-switching (
H
)
;
Code-switching and translanguaging (
H22
)
;
Contact (
H
)
;
Contact linguistics (
T
)
;
Developmental psychology (
T
)
;
Ervin-Tripp, S. (
H24
)
;
Intercultural communication (
H
)
;
Language contact (
H
)
;
Language dominance and minorization (
H
)
;
Language maintenance and shift (
H21
)
;
Language policy, language planning and standardization (
H
)
;
The multilingual lexicon (
H
)
;
Pragmatics of script (
H22
)
;
Social psychology (
T
)
;
Sociolinguistics (
T
)
;
Transience (
H22
)
;
Translanguaging pedagogy (
T
)
Brain imaging → See Cerebral representation of language
; Cognitive science
(T); Language acquisition
(H); Neurolinguistics
(T); Neuropragmatics
(T); Perception and language
(H); Psycholinguistics
(T)
Case and semantic roles (H); see also Agency and language (
H
)
;
Case grammar (
T
)
;
Cognitive grammar (
T
)
;
Cognitive linguistics (
T
)
;
Dependency and valency grammar (
T
)
;
Functional grammar (
T
)
;
Role and reference grammar (
T
)
Case grammar (T); see also Case and semantic roles (
H
)
;
Construction grammar (
T
)
;
Dependency and valency grammar (
T
)
;
Frame semantics (
T
)
;
Functional grammar (
T
)
;
Role and reference grammar (
T
)
Categorization (H); see also Adaptability (
H
)
;
Cognitive grammar (
T
)
;
Cognitive linguistics (
T
)
;
Language dominance and minorization (
H
)
;
Membership categorization analysis (
T
)
;
Polysemy (
H
)
Cerebral division of labour in verbal communication (H)
Cerebral representation of languageSee Cerebral division of labour in verbal communication
(H); Neurolinguistics
(T)
Channel (H); see also Computer-mediated communication (
H
)
;
Conversation types (
H
)
;
Literacy (
H
)
;
Mass media (
H
)
;
Non-verbal communication (
H
)
;
Politeness (
H
)
;
Social media research (
T
)
;
Text and discourse linguistics (
T
)
Chomskyan linguistics (T); see also Autonomous vs. non-autonomous syntax (
T
)
;
Interpretive semantics (
T
)
;
Language acquisition (
H
)
;
Mentalism (
T
)
CodeSee Code-switching
(H); Code-switching and translanguaging
(H22); Metalinguistic awareness
(H); Pragmatics of script
(H22); Register
(H); Semiotics
(T)
Code-autonomySee Code-switching and translanguaging
(H22)
Code-switching (H); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism (
H
)
;
Borrowing (
H
)
;
Code-switching and translanguaging (
H22
)
;
Contact linguistics (
T
)
;
Language contact (
H
)
;
Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms (
H
)
;
Language maintenance and shift (
H21
)
;
Pragmatics of script (
H22
)
CognitionSee Adaptability
(H); Caste and language
(H23); Language acquisition
(H); Orthography and cognition
(H22)
Cognitive anthropology (T); see also Anthropological linguistics (
T
)
Cognitive grammar (T); see also Case and semantic roles (
H
)
;
Cognitive linguistics (
T
)
;
Metaphor (
H
)
Cognitive linguistics (T); see also Attention and language (
H
)
;
Case and semantic roles (
H
)
;
Cognitive grammar (
T
)
;
Cognitive science (
T
)
;
Embodiment (
H
)
;
Emotions (
H21
)
;
Event representation (
H22
)
;
Gesture research (
T
)
;
Hermeneutics (
M
)
;
Humor (
H23
)
;
Language psychology (
T
)
;
Mental spaces (
H
)
;
(The) pragmatic perspective (
M
)
Cognitive pragmaticsSee Clinical pragmatics
(T); Philosophy of mind
(T)
Cognitive psychology (T); see also Artificial intelligence (
T
)
;
Behaviorism (
T
)
;
Clinical pragmatics (
T
)
;
Cognitive science (
T
)
;
Comprehension vs. production (
H
)
;
Connectionism (
T
)
;
Developmental psychology (
T
)
;
Experimentation (
M
)
;
Frame semantics (
T
)
;
Gesture research (
T
)
;
Intentionality (
H
)
;
Perception and language (
H
)
;
Psycholinguistics (
T
)
Cognitive science (T); see also Artificial intelligence (
T
)
;
Cognitive linguistics (
T
)
;
Cognitive psychology (
T
)
;
Connectionism (
T
)
;
Context and contextualization (
H
)
;
Experimentation (
M
)
;
Grice (
H
)
;
Mentalism (
T
)
;
Perception and language (
H
)
;
Philosophy of mind (
T
)
Cognitive sociology (T); see also Emphasis (
H
)
;
Ethnomethodology (
T
)
;
Sociolinguistics (
T
)
;
Symbolic interactionism (
T
)
;
Text and discourse linguistics (
T
)
;
Cohesion and coherence (H); see also Communicative success vs. failure (
H
)
;
Computational pragmatics (
T
)
;
Ellipsis (
H
)
;
Frame analysis (
M
)
;
Systemic functional grammar (
T
)
;
Tense and aspect (
H
)
;
Text and discourse linguistics (
T
)
Collaboration in dialogues (H); see also Common ground (
H
)
;
Conversational implicature (
H
)
;
Conversational logic (
T
)
;
Listener response (
H
)
ColligationSee Collocation and colligation
(H); Metaphor
(H)
Common ground (H); see also Cognitive science (
T
)
;
Collaboration in dialogues (
H
)
;
Communication (
H
)
;
Context and contextualization (
H
)
;
Lexically triggered veridicality inferences (
H22
)
;
Text and discourse linguistics (
T
)
Componential analysis (T); see also Anthropological linguistics (
T
)
;
Cultural scripts (
H
)
;
Generative semantics (
T
)
;
Lexical field analysis (
T
)
;
Lexical semantics (
T
)
;
Structuralism (
T
)
Comprehension vs. production (H); see also Cohesion and coherence (
H
)
;
Communication (
H
)
;
Irony (
H
)
;
Mediated performatives (
H
)
;
Psycholinguistics (
T
)
;
Speech act theory (
T
)
;
Text comprehension (
H
)
Connectionism (T); see also Artificial intelligence (
T
)
;
Cognitive psychology (
T
)
;
Cognitive science (
T
)
;
Language acquisition (
H
)
;
Psycholinguistics (
T
)
Connotation → See Cerebral representation of language
; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo
(H24)
Consciousness and language (H); see also Attention and language (
H
)
;
Folk pragmatics (
T
)
;
Metapragmatics (
T
)
;
Participation (
H
)
;
Perception and language (
H
)
Construction grammar (T); see also Case grammar (
T
)
;
Emergent grammar (
T
)
;
Frame semantics (
T
)
;
Word order (
H
)
Constructional analysis (T); see also Collocation and colligation (
H
)
;
Construction grammar (
T
)
;
Constructional analysis (
T
)
ConstructionismSee Applied linguistics
(T); Argumentation theory
(T); Cognitive anthropology
(T); Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis
(T); Developmental psychology
(T); Intercultural communication
(H); Narrative
(H); Social institutions
(H)
Constructivism → See Constructionism
Contact (H); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism (
H
)
;
Contact linguistics (
T
)
;
Creole linguistics (
T
)
;
Creoles and creolization (
H
)
;
Language change (
H
)
;
Language contact (
H
)
;
Language maintenance and shift (
H21
)
Contact linguistics (T); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism (
H
)
;
Contact (
H
)
;
Creole linguistics (
T
)
;
Creoles and creolization (
H
)
;
Dialectology (
T
)
;
Intercultural communication (
H
)
;
Interjections (
H
)
;
Language policy, language planning and standardization (
H
)
;
Sociolinguistics (
T
)
;
Speech community (
H
)
;
Typology (
T
)
;
Variational pragmatics (
T
)
Context and contextualization (H); see also Accommodation theory (
T
)
;
Aisatsu (
H
)
;
Anthropological linguistics (
T
)
;
Argument structure (
H23
)
;
Artificial intelligence (
T
)
;
Bateson (
H
)
;
Cerebral representation of language;
Cognitive science (
T
)
;
Cohesion and coherence (
H
)
;
Common ground (
H
)
;
Communication (
H
)
;
Communicative style (
H
)
;
Computational pragmatics (
T
)
;
Contextualism (
T
)
;
Conversation analysis (
T
)
;
Conversation types (
H
)
;
Conversational implicature (
H
)
;
Conversational logic (
T
)
;
Dialogical analysis (
M
)
;
Discourse markers (
H
)
;
Ellipsis (
H
)
;
Emphasis (
H
)
;
Énonciation (
H
)
;
Ervin-Tripp, S. (
H24
)
;
Ethnography of speaking (
T
)
;
Ethnomethodology (
T
)
;
Evolutionary pragmatics (
T
)
;
Experimental pragmatics (
M
)
;
Firthian linguistics (
T
)
;
Frame analysis (
M
)
;
Generative semantics (
T
)
;
Goffman (
H
)
;
Gumperz (
H
)
;
Impoliteness (
H
)
;
Indexicals and demonstratives (
H
)
;
Integrational linguistics (
T
)
;
Intensional logic (
T
)
;
Interactional sociolinguistics (
T
)
;
Intercultural communication (
H
)
;
Intertextuality (
H
)
;
Language psychology (
T
)
;
Laughter (
H
)
;
Literary pragmatics (
T
)
;
Metalinguistic awareness (
H
)
;
Model-theoretic semantics (
T
)
;
Motivation and language (
H
)
;
Narrative (
H
)
;
Notation in formal semantics (
N
)
;
Politeness (
H
)
;
Polysemy (
H
)
;
Presupposition (
H
)
;
Prosody (
H
)
;
Rhetoric (
T
)
;
Social media research (
T
)
;
Stance (
H21
)
;
Style and styling (
H21
)
;
Symbolic interactionism (
T
)
;
Tactile sign languages (
H21
)
;
Text comprehension (
H
)
;
Truthfulness (
H
)
Context changeSee Context and contextualization
(H)
Contrastive analysis (M); see also Developmental psychology (
T
)
;
Error analysis (
M
)
;
Historical politeness (
T
)
;
Intercultural communication (
H
)
;
Interlanguage pragmatics (
T
)
;
Language change (
H
)
;
Pragmatic markers (
H
)
Contrastive pragmatics (T); see also Contrastive pragmatics (
T
)
;
Ethnography of speaking (
T
)
;
Intercultural communication (
H
)
;
Interlanguage pragmatics (
T
)
;
Mianzi / lian (
H21
)
;
Translation studies (
T
)
;
Typology (
T
)
;
Variational pragmatics (
T
)
ControlSee Public discourse
(H); Social institutions
(H)
ConventionalitySee Adaptability
(H); Conventions of language
(H); Gesture research
(T); Metaphor
(H); Nigerian hospital setting discourse
(H24); Primate communication
(H); Speech act theory
(T)
Conventions of language (H); see also Austin (
H
)
;
Conversational implicature (
H
)
;
Conversational logic (
T
)
;
Grice (
H
)
;
Speech act
ConvergenceSee Accommodation theory
(T); Contact
(H)
ConversationSee Collaboration in dialogues
(H); Conversation analysis
(T); Gesture research
(T); Humor
(H23); Indeterminacy and negotiation
(H); Institutional interaction
(H23); Mass media
(H); Narrative
(H)
Conversation analysis (T); see also Age and language use (
H
)
;
Communication (
H
)
;
Communicative success vs. failure (
H
)
;
Computational pragmatics (
T
)
;
Context and contextualization (
H
)
;
Conversation types (
H
)
;
Conversational storytelling (
H24
)
;
Discourse markers (
H
)
;
Embodied interaction (
H23
)
;
Emphasis (
H
)
;
Ethnography of speaking (
T
)
;
Ethnomethodology (
T
)
;
Forensic linguistics (
T
)
;
Goffman (
H
)
;
Gumperz (
H
)
;
Hermeneutics (
M
)
;
Humor (
H23
)
;
Institutional interaction (
H23
)
;
Interactional linguistics (
T
)
;
Interactional sociolinguistics (
T
)
;
Intertextuality (
H
)
;
Language psychology (
T
)
;
Laughter (
H
)
;
Linear Unit Grammar (
T
)
;
Listener response (
H
)
;
Mass media (
H
)
;
Membership categorization analysis (
T
)
;
Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora (
N
)
;
Overlap (
H
)
;
(The) pragmatic perspective (
M
)
;
Prosody (
H
)
;
Repair (
H
)
;
Sacks (
H
)
;
Sequence (
H
)
;
Social psychology (
T
)
;
Text and discourse linguistics (
T
)
;
Therapeutic conversation (
H
)
;
Transcription systems for spoken discourse (
N
)
Conversational implicature (H); see also Analytical philosophy (
T
)
;
Clinical pragmatics (
T
)
;
Context and contextualization (
H
)
;
Conversational logic (
T
)
;
Ellipsis (
H
)
;
Experimental pragmatics (
M
)
;
Grice (
H
)
;
Implicature and language change (
H
)
;
Implicitness (
H
)
;
Interlanguage pragmatics (
T
)
;
Language and the law (
H
)
;
Politeness (
H
)
;
Relevance theory (
T
)
;
Speech act theory (
T
)
;
Truth-conditional pragmatics (
T
)
;
Truthfulness (
H
)
Conversational logic (T); see also Context and contextualization (
H
)
;
Conversational implicature (
H
)
;
Generative semantics (
T
)
;
Grice (
H
)
;
Philosophy of language (
T
)
;
Relevance theory (
T
)
;
Speech act theory (
T
)
Conversational move → See Move
Conversational storytelling (H24); see also Conversation analysis (
T
)
;
Life stories (
H
)
;
Narrative (
H
)
Corpus analysis (M); see also Collocation and colligation (
H
)
;
Corpus pragmatics (
M
)
;
Language acquisition (
H
)
;
Leech (
H
)
;
Postcolonial pragmatics (
T
)
;
Pragmatic markers (
H
)
;
Psycholinguistics (
T
)
;
Statistics (
M
)
;
Structuralism (
T
)
;
Text and discourse linguistics (
T
)
;
Translation studies (
T
)
;
Variational pragmatics (
T
)
Corpus pragmatics (M); see also Corpus analysis (
M
)
Correlational sociolinguistics (T); see also Dialectology (
T
)
;
Methods in language-attitudes research (
M
)
;
Pluricentric languages (
H23
)
;
Sociolinguistics (
T
)
;
Statistics (
M
)
Courtroom conversationSee Forensic linguistics
(T); Interpreter-mediated interaction
(H); Language and the law
(H)
Creativity in language use (H); see also Authenticity (
H
)
;
Bühler (
H
)
;
Code-switching and translanguaging (
H22
)
;
Cognitive science (
T
)
;
Euphemism (
H24
)
;
Humboldt (
H
)
;
Language acquisition (
H
)
;
Think-aloud protocols (
M
)
Creole linguistics (T); see also Contact (
H
)
;
Contact linguistics (
T
)
;
Creoles and creolization (
H
)
;
Historical linguistics (
T
)
;
Sociolinguistics (
T
)
Creoles and creolization (H); see also Contact (
H
)
;
Contact linguistics (
T
)
;
Creole linguistics (
T
)
;
Historical linguistics (
T
)
;
Intercultural communication (
H
)
;
Language contact (
H
)
;
Sociolinguistics (
T
)
Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis (T); see also Emphasis (
H
)
;
General semantics (
T
)
;
Ideology (
H
)
;
Intercultural communication (
H
)
;
Intertextuality (
H
)
;
Language ideologies (
H
)
;
Manipulation (
H
)
;
Marxist linguistics (
T
)
;
Mass media (
H
)
;
Nexus analysis (
T
)
;
Polyphony (
H
)
;
Postcolonial pragmatics (
T
)
;
Text and discourse linguistics (
T
)
;
Text linguistics (
T
)
;
Truthfulness (
H
)
Critical theory (T); see also Intercultural communication (
H
)
;
Universal and transcendental pragmatics (
T
)
Cross-cultural communicationSee Intercultural communication
(H)
Cross-cultural pragmaticsSee Listener response
(H); Overlap
(H); Text and discourse linguistics
(T);
Cultural scripts (H); see also Communicative style (
H
)
;
Componential analysis (
T
)
;
Culture (
H
)
Cultural studiesSee Ethnography of speaking
(T); Literary pragmatics
(T); Translation studies
(T)
Culture (H); see also Anthropological linguistics (
T
)
;
Behaviorism (
T
)
;
Boas (
H
)
;
Context and contextualization (
H
)
;
Contrastive analysis (
M
)
;
Cultural scripts (
H
)
;
Default interpretations (
H
)
;
Ethnography (
M
)
;
Evolutionary pragmatics (
T
)
;
Fieldwork (
M
)
;
Gumperz (
H
)
;
Humboldt (
H
)
;
Ideology (
H
)
;
Intercultural communication (
H
)
;
Interjections (
H
)
;
Mentalism (
T
)
;
Mianzi / lian (
H21
)
;
Morphopragmatics (
T
)
;
Objectivism vs. subjectivism (
T
)
;
Ọmọlúàbí (
H
)
;
Politeness (
H
)
;
Repair (
H
)
;
Sapir (
H
)
;
Semiotics (
T
)
;
Sociolinguistics (
T
)
;
Style and styling (
H21
)
;
Whorf (
H
)
Deixis (H); see also Bühler (
H
)
;
Context and contextualization (
H
)
;
Énonciation (
H
)
;
Honorifics (
H
)
;
Mental spaces (
H
)
;
Non-verbal communication (
H
)
;
Peirce (
H
)
;
Politeness (
H
)
;
Universals (
H23
)
Developmental dyslexia (H); see also Clinical pragmatics (
T
)
;
Developmental psychology (
T
)
;
Language acquisition (
H
)
;
Literacy (
H
)
;
Pragmatic acquisition (
H
)
;
Psycholinguistics (
T
)
Developmental pragmaticsSee Developmental psychology
(T); Ervin-Tripp, S.
(H24); Language acquisition
(H); Second language acquisition
Developmental psychology (T); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism (
H
)
;
Cognitive psychology (
T
)
;
Ervin-Tripp, S. (
H24
)
;
Psycholinguistics (
T
)
;
Vygotsky (
H
)
Dialect (H); see also Anderson (
H21
)
;
Argument structure (
H23
)
;
Dialectology (
T
)
;
Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics (
T
)
;
Folk pragmatics (
T
)
;
Integrational linguistics (
T
)
Dialect formationSee Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics
(T)
Dialect leveling/lossSee Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics
(T)
Dialectology (T); see also Contact linguistics (
T
)
;
Correlational sociolinguistics (
T
)
;
Dialect (
H
)
;
Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics (
T
)
;
Historical linguistics (
T
)
;
Reconstruction (
M
)
;
Sociolinguistics (
T
)
Dialogical analysis (M); see also Collaboration in dialogues (
H
)
;
Context and contextualization (
H
)
;
Foucault (
H
)
;
Humboldt (
H
)
;
Interactional linguistics (
T
)
;
Peirce (
H
)
Discourse linkingSee Discourse representation theory
(T)
Discourse markers (H); see also Historical pragmatics (
T
)
;
Interjections (
H
)
;
Polyphony (
H
)
;
Pragmatic markers (
H
)
;
Pragmatic particles (
H
)
Discourse representation theory (T); see also Default interpretations (
H
)
;
Game-theoretical semantics (
T
)
;
Logical semantics (
T
)
;
Montague and categorial grammar (
T
)
;
Situation semantics (
T
)
;
Tense and aspect (
H
)
Discourse sociolinguisticsSee Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis
(T)
EducationSee Applied linguistics
(T); Code-switching and translanguaging
(H22); Ideology
(H); Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms
(H); Language rights
(H); Linguistic landscape studies
(T); Literacy
(H); Translanguaging pedagogy
(T)
Error analysis (M); see also Contrastive analysis (
M
)
Ervin-Tripp, S. (H24); see also Developmental psychology (
T
)
;
Language acquisition (
H
)
;
Sociolinguistics (
T
)
EthnicitySee Culture
(H); Humor
(H23); Intercultural communication
(H); Language dominance and minorization
(H); Language policy, language planning and standardization
(H)
Ethnography (M); see also Anderson (
H21
)
;
Anthropological linguistics (
T
)
;
Bourdieu (
H
)
;
Developmental psychology (
T
)
;
Ethnography of speaking (
T
)
;
Fieldwork (
M
)
;
Linguistic landscape studies (
T
)
;
Social media research (
T
)
Ethnography of communicationSee Ethnography of speaking
(T)
Ethnography of speaking (T); see also Anthropological linguistics (
T
)
;
Context and contextualization (
H
)
;
Conversation analysis (
T
)
;
Ervin-Tripp, S. (
H24
)
;
Gumperz (
H
)
;
Interactional sociolinguistics (
T
)
;
Intercultural communication (
H
)
;
Nexus analysis (
T
)
;
Phatic communion (
H
)
;
Style and styling (
H21
)
Ethnomethodology (T); see also Cognitive sociology (
T
)
;
Context and contextualization (
H
)
;
Conversation analysis (
T
)
;
Humor (
H23
)
;
Interactional sociolinguistics (
T
)
;
Language psychology (
T
)
;
Membership categorization analysis (
T
)
;
Phenomenology (
T
)
;
(The) pragmatic perspective (
M
)
;
Sacks (
H
)
;
Social psychology (
T
)
;
Symbolic interactionism (
T
)
Experimental pragmatics (M); see also Experimentation (
M
)
Experimentation (M); see also Cognitive psychology (
T
)
;
Cognitive science (
T
)
;
Ethnomethodology (
T
)
;
Experimental pragmatics (
M
)
;
Methods in language-attitudes research (
M
)
;
Orthography and cognition (
H22
)
;
Psycholinguistics (
T
)
;
Sound symbolism (
H
)
;
Statistics (
M
)
;
Think-aloud protocols (
M
)
;
Variational pragmatics (
T
)
Fieldwork (M); see also Anthropological linguistics (
T
)
;
Boas (
H
)
;
Elicitation (
M
)
;
Ethnography (
M
)
;
Ethnography of speaking (
T
)
;
Interview (
M
)
;
Malinowski (
H
)
Foucault, M. (H); see also Critical theory (
T
)
;
Ideology (
H
)
;
Jargon (
H
)
Frame (analysis) (M); see also Artificial intelligence (
T
)
;
Bateson (
H
)
;
Cognitive science (
T
)
;
Emphasis (
H
)
;
Frame semantics (
T
)
;
Gesture research (
T
)
;
Goffman (
H
)
;
Humor (
H23
)
;
Mental spaces (
H
)
;
Metalinguistic awareness (
H
)
;
Non-verbal communication (
H
)
;
(The) pragmatic perspective (
M
)
Frame semantics (T); see also Collocation and colligation (
H
)
;
Context and contextualization (
H
)
;
Dependency and valency grammar (
T
)
;
Event representation (
H22
)
;
Lexical field analysis (
T
)
;
Lexical semantics (
T
)
Frankfurt school → See Adorno
; Habermas
Frege, G.See Analytical philosophy
(T); Intensional logic
(T); Reference and descriptions
(H); Semantics vs. pragmatics
(T); Speech act theory
(T)
Functional explanationSee Linguistic explanation
(M)
Functional grammar (T); see also Case and semantic roles (
H
)
;
Case grammar (
T
)
;
Mathesius (
H
)
;
Prague school (
T
)
;
Predicates and predication (
H
)
;
Systemic functional grammar (
T
)
;
Word order (
H
)
Functional sentence perspective (H); see also Communicative dynamism (
H
)
;
Mathesius (
H
)
;
Prague school (
T
)
;
Word order (
H
)
Functionalism vs. formalism (T); see also Autonomous vs. non-autonomous syntax (
T
)
;
Cognitive science (
T
)
;
Communicative dynamism (
H
)
;
Emergent grammar (
T
)
;
Linguistic explanation (
M
)
;
Mathesius (
H
)
;
(The) pragmatic perspective (
M
)
;
Translation studies (
T
)
Gender (H); see also Authority (
H
)
;
Caste and language (
H23
)
;
Computer-mediated communication (
H
)
;
Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis (
T
)
;
Feminism and language (
H24
)
;
Humor (
H23
)
;
Identity (
H24
)
;
Interjections (
H
)
;
Laughter (
H
)
;
Listener response (
H
)
;
Overlap (
H
)
;
Silence (
H
)
Generative semantics (T); see also Componential analysis (
T
)
;
Conceptual semantics (
T
)
;
Conversational logic (
T
)
;
Interpretive semantics (
T
)
;
(The) pragmatic perspective (
M
)
Generative(-transformational) linguisticsSee Attention and language
(H); Chomskyan linguistics
(T); Cognitive linguistics
(T); Computational linguistics
(T); Creativity in language use
(H); Historical linguistics
(T); Interpretive semantics
(T); Language acquisition
(H); Language change
(H); Lexical semantics
(T)
Genetic linguisticsSee Historical linguistics
(T); Language change
(H); Reconstruction
(M)
Geneva school (T); see also Structuralism (
T
)
;
Text and discourse linguistics (
T
)
Genre (H); see also Bakhtin (
H
)
;
Channel (
H
)
;
Conversation types (
H
)
;
Conversational logic (
T
)
;
Narrative (
H
)
;
Tense and aspect (
H
)
;
Text and discourse linguistics (
T
)
;
Text type (
H
)
GestureSee Communication
(H); Gesture research
(T); Non-verbal communication
(H); Primate communication
(H); Prosody
(H)
Gesture research (T); see also Non-verbal communication (
H
)
Given vs. newSee Argument structure
(H23); Argumentation in discourse and grammar
(H); Computational pragmatics
(T); Definiteness
(H); Functional sentence perspective
(H); Information structure
(H); Word order
(H)
GlobalizationSee Code-switching and translanguaging
(H22); Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics
(T); Language dominance and minorization
(H); Translanguaging pedagogy
(T)
Goffman, E. (H); see also Conversation analysis (
T
)
;
Frame analysis (
M
)
;
Participation (
H
)
;
Politeness (
H
)
;
Public discourse (
H
)
;
Reported speech (
H
)
;
Symbolic interactionism (
T
)
Government and binding theorySee Chomskyan linguistics
(T); Construction grammar
(T); Interpretive semantics
(T)
Grice, H. P. (H); see also Analytical philosophy (
T
)
;
Clinical pragmatics (
T
)
;
Conversational implicature (
H
)
;
Conversational logic (
T
)
;
Default interpretations (
H
)
;
Humor (
H23
)
;
Semantics vs. pragmatics (
T
)
;
Silence (
H
)
;
Speech act theory (
T
)
;
Truth-conditional pragmatics (
T
)
;
Truthfulness (
H
)
;
Universals (
H23
)
Gumperz, J. J. (H); see also Anthropological linguistics (
T
)
;
Communicative success vs. failure (
H
)
;
Culture (
H
)
;
Ethnography of speaking (
T
)
;
Interactional sociolinguistics (
T
)
;
Intercultural communication (
H
)
;
Prosody (
H
)
;
Register (
H
)
H
Habermas, J.See Critical theory
(T); Ideology
(H); Public discourse
(H); Universal and transcendental pragmatics
(T)
HabitusSee Anderson
(H21); Bourdieu
(H); Communication
(H); Lifestyle
(H)
Hegemony (H23); see also Ideology (
H
)
;
Intertextuality (
H
)
;
Language ecology (
H
)
;
Metalinguistic awareness (
H
)
;
Postcolonial pragmatics (
T
)
Heritage languageSee Language maintenance and shift
(H21)
Hermeneutics (M); see also Analytical philosophy (
T
)
;
Anthropological linguistics (
T
)
;
Cognitive linguistics (
T
)
;
Cohesion and coherence (
H
)
;
Conversation analysis (
T
)
;
Language psychology (
T
)
;
Literary pragmatics (
T
)
;
Structuralism (
T
)
;
Truthfulness (
H
)
;
Universal and transcendental pragmatics (
T
)
HeterogeneitySee Language dominance and minorization
(H)
Historical linguistics (T); see also Borrowing (
H
)
;
Creole linguistics (
T
)
;
Creoles and creolization (
H
)
;
Dialectology (
T
)
;
Historical pragmatics (
T
)
;
Language change (
H
)
;
Reconstruction (
M
)
;
de Saussure (
H
)
;
Typology (
T
)
Historical pragmatics (T); see also Historical linguistics (
T
)
;
Interjections (
H
)
;
Mass media (
H
)
;
Text and discourse linguistics (
T
)
Historical sociolinguistics (T); see also Correlational sociolinguistics (
T
)
;
Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics (
T
)
;
Historical linguistics (
T
)
;
Historical pragmatics (
T
)
;
Interactional sociolinguistics (
T
)
;
Language change (
H
)
;
Sociolinguistics (
T
)
Humor (H23); see also Computer-mediated communication (
H
)
;
Emotion display (
H
)
;
Ervin-Tripp, S. (
H24
)
;
Irony (
H
)
;
Laughter (
H
)
;
‘Other’ representation (
H
)
;
Truthfulness (
H
)
Identity (H24); see also Age and language use (
H
)
;
Anderson (
H21
)
;
Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics (
T
)
;
Feminism and language (
H24
)
;
Gumperz (
H
)
;
Ideology (
H
)
;
Language maintenance and shift (
H21
)
;
Laughter (
H
)
;
Life stories (
H
)
;
Membership categorization analysis (
T
)
;
Motivation and language (
H
)
;
Pluricentric languages (
H23
)
;
Postcolonial pragmatics (
T
)
;
Pragmatics of script (
H22
)
;
Social class and language (
H
)
;
Social media research (
T
)
;
Superdiversity (
H21
)
;
Translanguaging pedagogy (
T
)
;
Variational pragmatics (
T
)
Ideology (H); see also Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis (
T
)
;
Culture (
H
)
;
Hegemony (
H23
)
;
Honorifics (
H
)
;
Manipulation (
H
)
;
Marxist linguistics (
T
)
;
Mass media (
H
)
;
Nigerian hospital setting discourse (
H24
)
;
Postcolonial pragmatics (
T
)
;
Public discourse (
H
)
;
Social psychology (
T
)
;
Social semiotics (
T
)
Information processingSee Attention and language
(H); Cognitive psychology
(T); Cognitive science
(T); Comprehension vs. production
(H); Evidentiality
(H22); Text comprehension
(H)
Information structure (H); see also Argument structure (
H23
)
;
Argumentation in discourse and grammar (
H
)
;
Computational pragmatics (
T
)
;
Discourse markers (
H
)
;
Emphasis (
H
)
;
Narrative (
H
)
;
Signed language pragmatics (
T
)
;
Tense and aspect (
H
)
;
Text and discourse linguistics (
T
)
;
Text structure (
H
)
;
Word order (
H
)
InformativenessSee Definiteness
(H); Humor
(H23); Information structure
(H); Presupposition
(H)
Interactional linguistics (T); see also Emergent grammar (
T
)
;
Linear Unit Grammar (
T
)
Interactional sense-making → See Meaning construction
Interactional sociolinguistics (T); see also Code-switching (
H
)
;
Communicative style (
H
)
;
Context and contextualization (
H
)
;
Conversation analysis (
T
)
;
Ethnography of speaking (
T
)
;
Ethnomethodology (
T
)
;
Gumperz (
H
)
;
Intercultural communication (
H
)
;
Metapragmatics (
T
)
;
Mianzi / lian (
H21
)
;
Nexus analysis (
T
)
;
(The) pragmatic perspective (
M
)
;
Sociolinguistics (
T
)
Intercultural communication (H); see also Aisatsu (
H
)
;
Anthropological linguistics (
T
)
;
Applied linguistics (
T
)
;
Bilingualism and multilingualism (
H
)
;
Code-switching (
H
)
;
Communication (
H
)
;
Communicative success vs. failure (
H
)
;
Contact linguistics (
T
)
;
Context and contextualization (
H
)
;
Contrastive analysis (
M
)
;
Creoles and creolization (
H
)
;
Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis (
T
)
;
Critical theory (
T
)
;
Culture (
H
)
;
Ethnography of speaking (
T
)
;
Gumperz (
H
)
;
Interactional sociolinguistics (
T
)
;
Interlanguage pragmatics (
T
)
;
Language and the law (
H
)
;
Language policy, language planning and standardization (
H
)
;
Non-verbal communication (
H
)
;
Text and discourse linguistics (
T
)
;
Truthfulness (
H
)
Intercultural politeness research ()
InterferenceSee Contact linguistics
(T); Language contact
(H); Psycholinguistics
(T)
Interlanguage pragmatics (T); see also Contrastive analysis (
M
)
;
Conversational implicature (
H
)
;
Intercultural communication (
H
)
;
Politeness (
H
)
Language acquisition (H); see also Developmental psychology (
T
)
;
Discourse markers (
H
)
;
Ervin-Tripp, S. (
H24
)
;
Interjections (
H
)
;
Irony (
H
)
;
Jakobson (
H21
)
;
Literacy (
H
)
;
Metalinguistic awareness (
H
)
;
Morphopragmatics (
T
)
;
Pragmatic particles (
H
)
;
Psycholinguistics (
T
)
;
Repair (
H
)
;
Text and discourse linguistics (
T
)
;
Text structure (
H
)
;
Vygotsky (
H
)
Language acquisition deviceSee Language acquisition
(H)
Language and thoughtSee Boas
(H); Consciousness and language
(H); Developmental psychology
(T); Embodiment
(H); Humboldt
(H); Perception and language
(H); Sapir
(H); Vygotsky
(H); Whorf
(H)
Language attitudes → See Attitude
; Methods in language-attitudes research
(M); Pluricentric languages
(H23)
Language change (H); see also Borrowing (
H
)
;
Contact linguistics (
T
)
;
Correlational sociolinguistics (
T
)
;
Creativity in language use (
H
)
;
Creoles and creolization (
H
)
;
Dialectology (
T
)
;
Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics (
T
)
;
Genre (
H
)
;
Historical linguistics (
T
)
;
Historical politeness (
T
)
;
Historical pragmatics (
T
)
;
Implicature and language change (
H
)
;
Language maintenance and shift (
H21
)
;
Morphopragmatics (
T
)
;
Obscenity, slurs, and taboo (
H24
)
;
Polysemy (
H
)
;
Pragmatic markers (
H
)
;
de Saussure (
H
)
;
Structuralism (
T
)
;
Superdiversity (
H21
)
;
Text and discourse linguistics (
T
)
;
Text structure (
H
)
Language choiceSee Bilingualism and multilingualism
(H); Ervin-Tripp, S.
(H24); Intercultural communication
(H); Language policy, language planning and standardization
(H)
Language comprehensionSee Comprehension vs. production
(H)
Language conflictSee Identity
(H24); Language contact
(H); Language dominance and minorization
(H)
Language contact (H); see also Borrowing (
H
)
;
Contact (
H
)
;
Language change (
H
)
;
Literacy (
H
)
Language deathSee Language contact
(H); Language ecology
(H); Language rights
(H)
Language disorders → See Cerebral representation of language
; Clinical pragmatics
(T); Neurolinguistics
(T)
Language dominance and minorization (H); see also Language ecology (
H
)
;
Pluricentric languages (
H23
)
Language for special purposes (LSP)See Applied linguistics
(T); Genre
(H)
Language gameSee Game-theoretical semantics
(T); Wittgenstein
(H)
Language generation and interpretation → See Natural language generation and interpretation
Language ideologies (H); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism (
H
)
;
Bourdieu (
H
)
;
Feminism and language (
H24
)
;
Identity (
H24
)
;
Ideology (
H
)
;
Language dominance and minorization (
H
)
;
Literacy (
H
)
;
Metalinguistic awareness (
H
)
Language impairment → See Cerebral representation of language
; Clinical pragmatics
(T); Neurolinguistics
(T); Perception and language
(H)
Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms (H)
Language maintenance and shift (H21); see also Contact (
H
)
;
Interjections (
H
)
;
Language ecology (
H
)
;
Language policy, language planning and standardization (
H
)
;
Translanguaging pedagogy (
T
)
Language pathology → See Cerebral representation of language
; Clinical pragmatics
(T); Language acquisition
(H); Perception and language
(H)
Language planningSee Language policy, language planning and standardization
(H)
Language policy, language planning and standardization (H); see also Applied linguistics (
T
)
;
Authority (
H
)
;
Bilingualism and multilingualism (
H
)
;
Contact linguistics (
T
)
;
Feminism and language (
H24
)
;
Intercultural communication (
H
)
;
Language ideologies (
H
)
;
Language maintenance and shift (
H21
)
;
Linguistic landscape studies (
T
)
;
Literacy (
H
)
;
Sociolinguistics (
T
)
Language processing → See Natural language processing
Lexical field analysis (T); see also Componential analysis (
T
)
;
Lexical semantics (
T
)
;
Structuralism (
T
)
Lexical functional grammar (T); see also Computational linguistics (
T
)
Lexical primitive → See Semantic primitive
Lexical semantics (T); see also Componential analysis (
T
)
;
Frame semantics (
T
)
;
Lexical field analysis (
T
)
;
Markedness (
H
)
;
Metonymy (
H
)
;
Polysemy (
H
)
;
Vygotsky (
H
)
LexicometrySee Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis
(T)
LexiconSee Collocation and colligation
(H); Comprehension vs. production
(H); Default interpretations
(H); Discourse representation theory
(T); Euphemism
(H24); Feminism and language
(H24); Interactional linguistics
(T); Language acquisition
(H); Lexically triggered veridicality inferences
(H22); The multilingual lexicon
(H); Obscenity, slurs, and taboo
(H24); Predicates and predication
(H); Word
(H)
Listener response (H); see also Conversational storytelling (
H24
)
Literacy (H); see also Anderson (
H21
)
;
Applied linguistics (
T
)
;
Channel (
H
)
;
Computer-mediated communication (
H
)
;
Identity (
H24
)
;
Language acquisition (
H
)
;
Language ideologies (
H
)
;
Language policy, language planning and standardization (
H
)
;
Metalinguistic awareness (
H
)
;
Multilingualism;
Orthography and cognition (
H22
)
;
Social media research (
T
)
Literary pragmatics (T); see also Bakhtin (
H
)
;
Caste and language (
H23
)
;
Context and contextualization (
H
)
;
Creativity in language use (
H
)
;
Deconstruction (
M
)
;
Figures of speech (
H
)
;
Hermeneutics (
M
)
;
Narrative (
H
)
;
Rhetoric (
T
)
;
Structuralism (
T
)
;
Stylistics (
T
)
Logical notationSee Notation in formal semantics
(N)
Logical semantics (T); see also Deontic logic (
T
)
;
Discourse representation theory (
T
)
;
Epistemic logic (
T
)
;
Formal pragmatics (
T
)
;
Game-theoretical semantics (
T
)
;
Intensional logic (
T
)
;
Modal logic (
T
)
;
Model-theoretic semantics (
T
)
;
Montague and categorial grammar (
T
)
;
Ontology (
T
)
;
Possible worlds semantics (
T
)
;
Situation semantics (
T
)
;
Truth-conditional semantics (
T
)
Logical typing of communicationSee Bateson
(H); Communication
(H)
Malinowski, B. K. (H); see also Anthropological linguistics (
T
)
;
Culture (
H
)
;
Firthian linguistics (
T
)
;
Participation (
H
)
;
Phatic communion (
H
)
Marx, KarlSee Bourdieu
(H); Ideology
(H); Sociology of language
(T)
Marxist linguistics (T); see also Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis (
T
)
Mass media (H); see also Argumentation in discourse and grammar (
H
)
;
Channel (
H
)
;
Communication (
H
)
;
Conversation analysis (
T
)
;
Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis (
T
)
;
Ideology (
H
)
;
Manipulation (
H
)
;
Membership categorization analysis (
T
)
;
Public discourse (
H
)
;
Silence (
H
)
;
Text and discourse linguistics (
T
)
Matched guiseSee Methods in language-attitudes research
(M)
MetacommunicationSee Bateson
(H); Gesture research
(T)
MetalanguageSee Corpus pragmatics
(M); Feminism and language
(H24); Feminism and language
(H24); Impoliteness
(H); Methods in language-attitudes research
(M); Reported speech
(H)
Metalinguistic awareness (H); see also Adaptability (
H
)
;
Collaboration in dialogues (
H
)
;
Computer-mediated communication (
H
)
;
Consciousness and language (
H
)
;
Evolutionary pragmatics (
T
)
;
Folk pragmatics (
T
)
;
Language acquisition (
H
)
;
Language ideologies (
H
)
;
Literacy (
H
)
;
Metapragmatics (
T
)
Metaphor (H); see also Cerebral representation of language;
Cognitive linguistics (
T
)
;
Embodiment (
H
)
;
Emphasis (
H
)
;
Euphemism (
H24
)
;
Experimental pragmatics (
M
)
;
Figures of speech (
H
)
;
Gesture research (
T
)
;
Iconicity (
H
)
;
Implicature and language change (
H
)
;
Language change (
H
)
;
Metonymy (
H
)
;
Polysemy (
H
)
;
Silence (
H
)
;
Truthfulness (
H
)
Metapragmatics (T); see also Agency and language (
H
)
;
Aisatsu (
H
)
;
Anthropological linguistics (
T
)
;
Cerebral representation of language;
Folk pragmatics (
T
)
;
Humor (
H23
)
;
Interactional sociolinguistics (
T
)
;
Language ideologies (
H
)
;
Metalinguistic awareness (
H
)
Metonymy (H); see also Euphemism (
H24
)
;
Figures of speech (
H
)
;
Implicature and language change (
H
)
;
Lexical semantics (
T
)
;
Metaphor (
H
)
;
Polysemy (
H
)
;
Speech act
MinoritySee Language dominance and minorization
(H); Language ecology
(H); Language rights
(H); Linguistic landscape studies
(T); ‘Other’ representation
(H)
MisunderstandingSee Communicative success vs. failure
(H); Truthfulness
(H)
Modality (H); see also Appraisal (
H
)
;
Authority (
H
)
;
Énonciation (
H
)
;
Event representation (
H22
)
;
Evidentiality (
H22
)
;
Implicature and language change (
H
)
;
Lexically triggered veridicality inferences (
H22
)
;
Modal logic (
T
)
;
Signed language pragmatics (
T
)
ModeSee Firth
(H); Multimodality
(H); Social semiotics
(T)
Model-theoretic semantics (T); see also Game-theoretical semantics (
T
)
;
Logical semantics (
T
)
;
Montague and categorial grammar (
T
)
;
Notation in formal semantics (
N
)
;
Possible worlds semantics (
T
)
;
Situation semantics (
T
)
Montague and categorial grammar (T); see also Discourse representation theory (
T
)
;
Formal pragmatics (
T
)
;
Intensional logic (
T
)
;
Logical semantics (
T
)
;
Model-theoretic semantics (
T
)
MultilingualismSee Bilingualism and multilingualism
(H); Code-switching
(H); Code-switching and translanguaging
(H22); Creativity in language use
(H); Language contact
(H); Language ecology
(H); Linguistic landscape studies
(T); Literacy
(H); The multilingual lexicon
(H); Translanguaging pedagogy
(T)
Multimodality (H); see also Computational pragmatics (
T
)
;
Computer-mediated communication (
H
)
;
Embodied interaction (
H23
)
;
Embodiment (
H
)
;
Emphasis (
H
)
;
Genre (
H
)
;
Historical politeness (
T
)
;
Metaphor (
H
)
;
Social semiotics (
T
)
;
Translation studies (
T
)
NameSee Linguistic landscape studies
(T); Reference and descriptions
(H); Socio-onomastics
(T)
Narrative (H); see also Appraisal (
H
)
;
Collaboration in dialogues (
H
)
;
Conversational storytelling (
H24
)
;
Emotion display (
H
)
;
Ervin-Tripp, S. (
H24
)
;
Grounded theory (
M
)
;
Grounding (
H
)
;
Metalinguistic awareness (
H
)
;
Reported speech (
H
)
;
Sequence (
H
)
;
Text and discourse linguistics (
T
)
;
Text type (
H
)
NarratologySee Semiotics
(T); Text and discourse linguistics
(T)
NationalismSee Anderson
(H21); Identity
(H24); Language dominance and minorization
(H)
Native-nonnative interactionSee Discourse markers
(H); Intercultural communication
(H)
NativismSee Authenticity
(H); Language acquisition
(H)
Natural history of discourseSee Metalinguistic awareness
(H)
Natural language generation and interpretation → See Natural language processing
Negation (H); see also Indeterminacy and negotiation (
H
)
;
Lexically triggered veridicality inferences (
H22
)
;
Modality (
H
)
;
Polyphony (
H
)
;
Truthfulness (
H
)
Network (social)See Computer-mediated communication
(H); Language change
(H); Social media research
(T)
Neuroimaging → See Brain imaging
Neurolinguistic programmingSee General semantics
(T)
Neurolinguistics (T); see also Adaptability (
H
)
;
Bilingualism and multilingualism (
H
)
;
Cerebral representation of language;
Clinical pragmatics (
T
)
;
Emotions (
H21
)
;
Language acquisition (
H
)
;
Perception and language (
H
)
Nigerian hospital setting discourse (H24); see also Clinical pragmatics (
T
)
;
Institutional interaction (
H23
)
;
Social institutions (
H
)
;
Therapeutic conversation (
H
)
Phatic communion (H); see also Anthropological linguistics (
T
)
;
Ethnography of speaking (
T
)
;
Evolutionary pragmatics (
T
)
;
Firthian linguistics (
T
)
;
Malinowski (
H
)
;
Participation (
H
)
Phenomenology (T); see also Austin (
H
)
;
Embodiment (
H
)
;
Ethnomethodology (
T
)
;
Semiotics (
T
)
Philosophy of action (T); see also Action theory (
T
)
;
Austin (
H
)
Philosophy of language (T); see also Analytical philosophy (
T
)
;
Austin (
H
)
;
Conversational logic (
T
)
;
Emotions (
H21
)
;
Humboldt (
H
)
;
(The) pragmatic perspective (
M
)
;
Speech act theory (
T
)
;
Wittgenstein (
H
)
Philosophy of mind (T); see also Cognitive science (
T
)
;
Grice (
H
)
;
Mentalism (
T
)
Politeness (H); see also Aisatsu (
H
)
;
Conversational implicature (
H
)
;
Conversational logic (
T
)
;
Goffman (
H
)
;
Historical politeness (
T
)
;
Historical pragmatics (
T
)
;
Honorifics (
H
)
;
Implicitness (
H
)
;
Impoliteness (
H
)
;
Interlanguage pragmatics (
T
)
;
Leech (
H
)
;
Mianzi / lian (
H21
)
;
Morphopragmatics (
T
)
;
Obscenity, slurs, and taboo (
H24
)
;
Silence (
H
)
;
Social media research (
T
)
;
Ta’ārof (
H22
)
;
Terms of address (
H
)
;
Truthfulness (
H
)
;
Universals (
H23
)
Political correctnessSee Euphemism
(H24); ‘Other’ representation
(H)
Possible worlds semantics (T); see also Epistemic logic (
T
)
;
Logical semantics (
T
)
;
Model-theoretic semantics (
T
)
;
Truth-conditional semantics (
T
)
Postcolonial pragmatics (T); see also Caste and language (
H23
)
;
Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis (
T
)
;
Hegemony (
H23
)
;
Ideology (
H
)
Postcolonial studiesSee Caste and language
(H23); Postcolonial pragmatics
(T)
Pragmatic acquisition (H); see also Cognitive psychology (
T
)
;
Developmental dyslexia (
H
)
;
Developmental psychology (
T
)
;
Experimental pragmatics (
M
)
;
Experimentation (
M
)
;
Language acquisition (
H
)
;
Psycholinguistics (
T
)
Prague school (T); see also Communicative dynamism (
H
)
;
Functional grammar (
T
)
;
Functional sentence perspective (
H
)
;
Markedness (
H
)
;
Mathesius (
H
)
;
Structuralism (
T
)
;
Text and discourse linguistics (
T
)
;
Text linguistics (
T
)
;
Word order (
H
)
Precisification principleSee Indeterminacy and negotiation
(H)
Predicate logicSee Artificial intelligence
(T); Notation in formal semantics
(N)
Predicates and predication (H); see also Event representation (
H22
)
;
Lexically triggered veridicality inferences (
H22
)
Presupposition (H); see also Argumentation in discourse and grammar (
H
)
;
Context and contextualization (
H
)
;
Discourse representation theory (
T
)
;
Formal pragmatics (
T
)
;
Implicitness (
H
)
;
Mental spaces (
H
)
;
Truthfulness (
H
)
Prosody (H); see also Cerebral representation of language;
Emphasis (
H
)
;
Firth (
H
)
;
Gumperz (
H
)
;
Information structure (
H
)
;
Interactional linguistics (
T
)
;
Language acquisition (
H
)
Psycholinguistics (T); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism (
H
)
;
Borrowing (
H
)
;
Bühler (
H
)
;
Cognitive psychology (
T
)
;
Comprehension vs. production (
H
)
;
Connectionism (
T
)
;
Developmental psychology (
T
)
;
Ervin-Tripp, S. (
H24
)
;
Experimental pragmatics (
M
)
;
Experimentation (
M
)
;
Gesture research (
T
)
;
Language psychology (
T
)
;
The multilingual lexicon (
H
)
;
Non-verbal communication (
H
)
;
Perception and language (
H
)
;
(The) pragmatic perspective (
M
)
;
Text comprehension (
H
)
;
Translation studies (
T
)
;
Vygotsky (
H
)
Register (H); see also Applied linguistics (
T
)
;
Channel (
H
)
;
Context and contextualization (
H
)
;
Correlational sociolinguistics (
T
)
;
Error analysis (
M
)
;
Firthian linguistics (
T
)
;
Frame analysis (
M
)
;
Gumperz (
H
)
;
Honorifics (
H
)
;
Intercultural communication (
H
)
;
Regression analysis (
M
)
;
Rhetoric (
T
)
;
Sociolinguistics (
T
)
;
Stylistics (
T
)
;
Systemic functional grammar (
T
)
Regression analysis (M); see also Statistics (
M
)
Relevance theory (T); see also Anaphora (
H
)
;
Clinical pragmatics (
T
)
;
Communication (
H
)
;
Conversational implicature (
H
)
;
Conversational logic (
T
)
;
Emotions (
H21
)
;
Experimental pragmatics (
M
)
;
Humor (
H23
)
;
Manipulation (
H
)
;
Semantics vs. pragmatics (
T
)
;
Tense and aspect (
H
)
;
Truth-conditional pragmatics (
T
)
;
Truth-conditional semantics (
T
)
;
Truthfulness (
H
)
ReligionSee Authority
(H); Caste and language
(H23)
Repair (H); see also Communicative success vs. failure (
H
)
;
Conversation analysis (
T
)
;
Conversational storytelling (
H24
)
;
Prosody (
H
)
;
Sequence (
H
)
Rhetoric (T); see also Argumentation theory (
T
)
;
Figures of speech (
H
)
;
Functional discourse grammar (
T
)
;
Genre (
H
)
;
Gesture research (
T
)
;
Literary pragmatics (
T
)
;
Manipulation (
H
)
;
Metalinguistic awareness (
H
)
;
Narrative (
H
)
;
Social psychology (
T
)
;
Stylistics (
T
)
;
Text and discourse linguistics (
T
)
Rhetorical relationsSee Discourse representation theory
(T)
Rhetorical structure theorySee Artificial intelligence
(T); Computational pragmatics
(T); Text and discourse linguistics
(T)
Searle, J. R.See Analytical philosophy
(T); Contextualism
(T); Intentionality
(H); Reference and descriptions
(H); Speech act theory
(T)
Second language acquisitionSee Applied linguistics
(T); Contact linguistics
(T); Conversational storytelling
(H24); Ervin-Tripp, S.
(H24); Intercultural communication
(H); Interlanguage pragmatics
(T); Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms
(H); Motivation
(H); The multilingual lexicon
(H); Silence
(H); Text comprehension
(H)
Selection restrictionsSee Predicates and predication
(H)
SelfSee Authenticity
(H); Authority
(H); Goffman
(H); Laughter
(H); Life stories
(H); Mianzi / lian
(H21)
Semantic primitiveSee Componential analysis
(T); Cultural scripts
(H)
Semantic structureSee Role and reference grammar
(T)
Semantics vs. pragmatics (T); see also Anaphora (
H
)
;
Cerebral representation of language;
Discourse representation theory (
T
)
;
Emotions (
H21
)
;
Generative semantics (
T
)
;
Grice (
H
)
;
Implicitness (
H
)
;
Indeterminacy and negotiation (
H
)
;
Leech (
H
)
;
Metalinguistic awareness (
H
)
;
Metaphor (
H
)
;
Montague and categorial grammar (
T
)
;
Reference and descriptions (
H
)
;
Semiotics (
T
)
;
Structuralism (
T
)
;
Truth-conditional pragmatics (
T
)
SemiologySee Integrational linguistics
(T); de Saussure
(H); Semiotics
(T)
Semiotics (T); see also Bakhtin (
H
)
;
Benveniste (
H
)
;
Iconicity (
H
)
;
Morris (
H
)
;
Peirce (
H
)
;
(The) pragmatic perspective (
M
)
;
Pragmatism (
T
)
;
Sign (
H
)
;
Social semiotics (
T
)
;
Speech community (
H
)
Sequence (H); see also Conversation analysis (
T
)
;
Embodied interaction (
H23
)
;
Grounding (
H
)
;
Language and the law (
H
)
;
Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora (
N
)
;
Prosody (
H
)
;
Relational ritual (
H
)
;
Repair (
H
)
;
Stance (
H21
)
;
Therapeutic conversation (
H
)
Sign (H); see also Evolutionary pragmatics (
T
)
;
Iconicity (
H
)
;
Integrational linguistics (
T
)
;
Morris (
H
)
;
de Saussure (
H
)
;
Semiotics (
T
)
;
Signed language pragmatics (
T
)
;
Social semiotics (
T
)
;
Speech community (
H
)
Sign language(s)See Language ecology
(H); Non-verbal communication
(H); Tactile sign languages
(H21)
Situation semantics (T); see also Communication (
H
)
;
Discourse representation theory (
T
)
;
Logical semantics (
T
)
;
Model-theoretic semantics (
T
)
Social dynamicsSee Obscenity, slurs, and taboo
(H24)
Social institutions (H); see also Applied linguistics (
T
)
;
Authority (
H
)
;
Cognitive sociology (
T
)
;
Communication (
H
)
;
Conversation types (
H
)
;
Forensic linguistics (
T
)
;
Frame analysis (
M
)
;
Institutional interaction (
H23
)
;
Intercultural communication (
H
)
;
Narrative (
H
)
;
Nigerian hospital setting discourse (
H24
)
;
Politeness (
H
)
;
Public discourse (
H
)
;
Therapeutic conversation (
H
)
Social organizationSee Aisatsu
(H); Authority
(H); Cognitive sociology
(T)
Social psychology (T); see also Accommodation theory (
T
)
;
Bilingualism and multilingualism (
H
)
;
Conversation analysis (
T
)
;
Ethnomethodology (
T
)
;
Language psychology (
T
)
;
Methods in language-attitudes research (
M
)
;
Motivation (
H
)
;
Nexus analysis (
T
)
;
Overlap (
H
)
;
Symbolic interactionism (
T
)
;
Terms of address (
H
)
Social semiotics (T); see also Appraisal (
H
)
;
Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis (
T
)
;
Critical theory (
T
)
;
Linguistic landscape studies (
T
)
;
Literary pragmatics (
T
)
;
Multimodality (
H
)
;
Semiotics (
T
)
;
Sign (
H
)
Sociolinguistics (T); see also Anthropological linguistics (
T
)
;
Applied linguistics (
T
)
;
Bilingualism and multilingualism (
H
)
;
Code-switching (
H
)
;
Code-switching and translanguaging (
H22
)
;
Cognitive sociology (
T
)
;
Contact linguistics (
T
)
;
Correlational sociolinguistics (
T
)
;
Creole linguistics (
T
)
;
Creoles and creolization (
H
)
;
Dialectology (
T
)
;
Ervin-Tripp, S. (
H24
)
;
Gumperz (
H
)
;
Interactional sociolinguistics (
T
)
;
Language contact (
H
)
;
Language dominance and minorization (
H
)
;
Language maintenance and shift (
H21
)
;
Language policy, language planning and standardization (
H
)
;
Lifestyle (
H
)
;
Linguistic landscape studies (
T
)
;
Metalinguistic awareness (
H
)
;
Methods in language-attitudes research (
M
)
;
Pragmatic markers (
H
)
;
(The) pragmatic perspective (
M
)
;
Social class and language (
H
)
;
Social media research (
T
)
;
Speech community (
H
)
;
Superdiversity (
H21
)
;
Transience (
H22
)
;
Translanguaging pedagogy (
T
)
SociologySee Bourdieu
(H); Cognitive sociology
(T); Goffman
(H); Gumperz
(H); Sociology of language
(T)
Sociology of language (T); see also Dialectology (
T
)
;
Methods in language-attitudes research (
M
)
;
Sociolinguistics (
T
)
Speaker vs. listenerSee Comprehension vs. production
(H); Dialogical analysis
(M); Manipulation
(H); Participation
(H); Terms of address
(H); Truthfulness
(H)
Speaker’s meaningSee Evidentiality
(H22); Speech act theory
(T)
Speaking vs. writingSee Applied linguistics
(T); Channel
(H); Communicative style
(H); Computer-mediated communication
(H); Integrational linguistics
(T); Language acquisition
(H); Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora
(N); Pragmatics of script
(H22); Register
(H); de Saussure
(H); Text and discourse linguistics
(T)
Speech accommodationSee Accommodation theory
(T); Social psychology
(T)
Speech actSee Adaptability
(H); Argumentation theory
(T); Austin
(H); Cerebral representation of language
; Conventions of language
(H); Formal pragmatics
(T); Grice
(H); Historical pragmatics
(T); Intercultural communication
(H); Interlanguage pragmatics
(T); Mediated performatives
(H); Metonymy
(H); Modality
(H); Morphopragmatics
(T); Neuropragmatics
(T); Non-verbal communication
(H); Politeness
(H); Pragmatic particles
(H); Speech act theory
(T); Truth-conditional pragmatics
(T); Universals
(H23)
Speech act classificationSee Speech act theory
(T)
Speech act theory (T); see also Analytical philosophy (
T
)
;
Artificial intelligence (
T
)
;
Austin (
H
)
;
Benveniste (
H
)
;
Clinical pragmatics (
T
)
;
Conversational implicature (
H
)
;
Conversational logic (
T
)
;
Indeterminacy and negotiation (
H
)
;
Intentionality (
H
)
;
Language and the law (
H
)
;
Philosophy of language (
T
)
;
(The) pragmatic perspective (
M
)
;
Truthfulness (
H
)
SpellingSee Language acquisition
(H); Orthography and cognition
(H22); Pragmatics of script
(H22); Psycholinguistics
(T); Social media research
(T)
Spoken discourse → See Speaking vs. writing
Spoken language corporaSee Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora
(N)
Sprachbund (‘linguistic area’)See Contact linguistics
(T); Language change
(H); Language contact
(H); Sociolinguistics
(T)
Stance (H21); see also Appraisal (
H
)
;
Emotion display (
H
)
;
Evidentiality (
H22
)
Standard languageSee Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics
(T)
StandardizationSee Anderson
(H21); Authority
(H); Integrational linguistics
(T); Language dominance and minorization
(H); Language policy, language planning and standardization
(H); Literacy
(H)
State of AffairsSee Predicates and predication
(H)
Statistics (M); see also Computational linguistics (
T
)
;
Corpus analysis (
M
)
;
Correlational sociolinguistics (
T
)
;
Experimentation (
M
)
;
Regression analysis (
M
)
Structuralism (T); see also Autonomous vs. non-autonomous syntax (
T
)
;
Benveniste (
H
)
;
Bourdieu (
H
)
;
Componential analysis (
T
)
;
Corpus analysis (
M
)
;
Geneva school (
T
)
;
Hermeneutics (
M
)
;
Language change (
H
)
;
Lexical field analysis (
T
)
;
Lexical semantics (
T
)
;
Prague school (
T
)
;
de Saussure (
H
)
;
Semiotics (
T
)
;
Sign (
H
)
;
Text and discourse linguistics (
T
)
StyleSee Communicative style
(H); Creole linguistics
(T); Ellipsis
(H); Ervin-Tripp, S.
(H24); Figures of speech
(H); Register
(H)
Stylistic stratificationSee Social class and language
(H)
Stylistics (T); see also Communicative style (
H
)
;
Emphasis (
H
)
;
Figures of speech (
H
)
;
Literary pragmatics (
T
)
;
Mathesius (
H
)
;
Rhetoric (
T
)
;
Text and discourse linguistics (
T
)
;
Text linguistics (
T
)
Symbolic capitalSee Bourdieu
(H); Social institutions
(H)
Symbolic interactionism (T); see also Bourdieu (
H
)
;
Cognitive sociology (
T
)
;
Context and contextualization (
H
)
;
Ethnomethodology (
T
)
;
Goffman (
H
)
;
Social psychology (
T
)
Symbolic vs. subsymbolic architectureSee Cognitive science
(T)
SyntaxSee Anaphora
(H); Comprehension vs. production
(H); Discourse markers
(H); Ellipsis
(H); Ervin-Tripp, S.
(H24); Grice
(H); Interactional linguistics
(T); Language acquisition
(H); Language change
(H); Polysemy
(H)
Systemic functional grammar (T); see also Appraisal (
H
)
;
Emphasis (
H
)
;
Firth (
H
)
;
Firthian linguistics (
T
)
;
Functional grammar (
T
)
;
Genre (
H
)
;
Metaphor (
H
)
;
Multimodality (
H
)
Text linguistics (T); see also Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis (
T
)
;
Prague school (
T
)
;
Stylistics (
T
)
;
Text and discourse linguistics (
T
)
;
Translation studies (
T
)
Truth-conditional pragmatics (T); see also Default interpretations (
H
)
Truth-conditional semantics (T); see also Analytical philosophy (
T
)
;
Logical semantics (
T
)
;
Possible worlds semantics (
T
)
;
Relevance theory (
T
)
Truthfulness (H); see also Lexically triggered veridicality inferences (
H22
)
;
Manipulation (
H
)
;
Ọmọlúàbí (
H
)
Turn(-taking)See Conversation analysis
(T); Embodied interaction
(H23); Frame analysis
(M); Intertextuality
(H); Language and the law
(H); Prosody
(H); Silence
(H); Tactile sign languages
(H21)
Typology (T); see also Boas (
H
)
;
Contact linguistics (
T
)
;
Deixis (
H
)
;
Historical linguistics (
T
)
;
Language acquisition (
H
)
;
Language change (
H
)
;
Language contact (
H
)
;
Negation (
H
)
;
Sound symbolism (
H
)
;
Universals (
H23
)
;
Word order (
H
)
Universal and transcendental pragmatics (T); see also Critical theory (
T
)
;
Hermeneutics (
M
)
;
Truthfulness (
H
)
Universal grammarSee Language acquisition
(H); Language change
(H)
Universals (H23); see also Conversational logic (
T
)
;
Dialectology (
T
)
;
Humboldt (
H
)
;
Jakobson (
H21
)
;
Language acquisition (
H
)
;
Sound symbolism (
H
)
;
Speech act theory (
T
)
;
Typology (
T
)
;
Word order (
H
)
User modelingSee Artificial intelligence
(T); Computational pragmatics
(T)
UtteranceSee Predicates and predication
(H); Speech act theory
(T)
V
VaguenessSee Indeterminacy and negotiation
(H); Polysemy
(H); Tense and aspect
(H); Truthfulness
(H)
Whorf, B. L. (H); see also Anthropological linguistics (
T
)
;
Boas (
H
)
;
Culture (
H
)
;
Iconicity (
H
)
;
Sapir (
H
)
Whorfianism → See Linguistic relativity principle
Wittgenstein, L. (H); see also Analytical philosophy (
T
)
;
Austin (
H
)
;
Contextualism (
T
)
;
(The) pragmatic perspective (
M
)
;
Speech act theory (
T
)