Index

• academic language 51, 73, 106, 186, 189, 213, 217–219, 222, 231, 233

• academic language development51

• acculturation 3, 7–9, 80, 94–95, 97–98

• acquisition of biliteracy 100–101

• age group 24, 52, 83, 99, 104–105, 107, 110, 113–115, 128, 132, 134, 136–137, 149–150, 153–154, 199–201, 203–205, 210, 212, 223, 253

• age of acquisition 125, 132

• age of onset 125, 127–128, 130, 132, 135, 137–138

• age range 125, 134, 175, 220

• allophone 23, 165, 170, 178, 182–184, 187, 190

• alternation rate 163, 166–167, 178, 181–182, 184–188

• applied language sciences 31–32

• assimilation 3, 13, 33, 39, 75–77, 80–81, 90, 92, 97, 183

• Australia 24, 33, 35, 41–42, 44, 98, 162, 236, 239

• authorised language33

• Berlin 71–72, 95–96, 98, 125, 130–131, 137–142, 162, 188–191, 214, 232–234

• Bicultural identity7

• bilingual children 72–73, 96, 99, 101, 104, 106, 117, 119, 125–130, 132–133, 138–142

• Bilingual Controversy 71–72

• bilingual country 20–21

• Bilingual Education 26, 31, 40, 47–48, 96–98, 140, 189

• bilingualism 7, 13, 17–19, 23–26, 28, 43–44, 75–76, 79, 81, 90, 93, 96–97, 99–100, 102, 120, 125, 139–141, 143–144, 160–162, 169, 189, 216, 236–237

• bilingual lexicon 125, 127

• Bilingual Research 97–98

• bilingual speaker 15, 160

• biliteracy 99–102, 118, 120, 190–191

• biscriptality 99, 101, 110, 112

• Bundeli 163, 165–173, 175–187, 189–191

• Canada 13, 17–29, 236

• census 13, 21–23, 29, 167, 189, 239–240, 243–244, 255

• Child Development 71–73, 129, 141–142

• child-directed speech 129, 142

• childhood 51–54, 56, 66–68, 70, 72, 97, 100, 143, 214, 216

• child interaction 75, 82

• child language 71, 77, 140, 142, 214, 216

• child vocabulary142

• Chomsky 13–16, 28

• classroom interaction 217, 220–221, 223

• cognitive ability96

• Cognitive effect96

• cognitive skill202

• communicative effect200

• communicative practice 36, 40, 255

• community language 32, 100, 102, 118

• community language school 100, 102

• conceptualization of language4

• conceptual transfer 158–159, 162

• consonant alternation 163, 165–166, 173

• consonantal variation177

• convenient language82

• Cross-linguistic transfer189

• cross-phonemic transfer 184, 186

• cultural achievement101

• Cultural Acquisition257

• cultural capital 43, 82, 85, 88, 92, 94

• cultural diversification235

• cultural diversity 19, 27, 32, 47, 72, 217

• cultural homogenisation39

• cultural identity 7, 87, 256

• cultural knowledge1

• cultural resource43

• cultural separation33

• curriculum development217

• Cyrillic 99, 101–103, 106–120

• dative experiencer 148–151, 157

• dative of interest 148–149, 152, 157, 159

• datives 143, 147

• dental 112, 148, 171, 173, 178, 182–183, 187

• dialect 37, 162–166, 168, 170–171, 181, 187–188, 190, 239

• discourse practice 217, 219, 224, 227, 230–232

• discursive construction28

• diversification of language2

• dominant language 40, 43, 143–144, 146, 156, 235

• dual language development 126, 130

• Dublin 235–258

• Dutch 72–73, 147–162, 190, 232

• early childhood 51–52, 54, 56, 66–67, 70, 72, 100

• economic activity 235, 242, 245–246, 248, 251, 253–254

• economic benefits44

• economic defense41

• economic immigration243

• economic migrants 240, 243, 248

• economic resource44

• economic status 5–6, 72, 85–86, 89–90, 93, 125, 127, 129–130, 133, 137, 140, 142

• economic structural change247

• economic tension41

• economic transformation 244, 248

• education 3–6, 26–28, 31, 33, 37, 39–44, 46–48, 51–52, 54–57, 61–63, 65–67, 71–73, 75–81, 83, 85–91, 93, 95–98, 100, 103–105, 120, 125–126, 133, 137–138, 140, 163–164, 166–168, 174–176, 178, 180, 184–186, 189, 191, 199–201, 203, 214–215, 217–220, 223–224, 232–234, 236, 238, 241–242, 244, 246–247, 252–253, 255–257

• educational policy 232, 247, 255

• Educational Research 191, 217–218, 233

• education system 43, 133, 246–247, 252

• effect of education93

• effect of multilingualism 8, 212

• efficiency in communication 93

• elicited narratives125

• English 13, 15–24, 26–27, 29, 43–44, 71, 96–97, 101–102, 107, 119, 127, 129, 140, 145–146, 148, 161–168, 172–182, 184–191, 204, 206, 219, 235–237, 239–244, 246–248, 251–254, 256

• enhanced learning43

• environment language German 125, 132

• ethnic disparities51

• ethnic identity 7–8

• Europe 16–19, 31–38, 42, 83, 85, 96–98, 125–126, 141, 218, 232, 235–236, 241–243, 246–250, 252, 255–257

• event structure 152, 195, 201, 210–212

• expert teacher 217, 219–220, 231–232

• family language 100, 104, 120

• Foreign Language Acquisition190

• formal education 39, 81

• France 37, 98, 126, 143

• French 13, 15–27, 29, 37, 239, 241, 243–244, 246–247, 252

• frequency pattern59

• fricative 170–171, 173, 178, 181–184, 187

• German 17, 34, 37–38, 57, 69, 75, 77, 79–81, 83–87, 89–108, 110–112, 117–121, 125–128, 130–140, 142, 195, 199, 201–205, 211–212, 218–220, 223–224, 233–234, 241, 243, 246–247, 252

• German as a second language 195, 218

• German educational system 83, 100, 103

• German language background 57, 69

• German language proficiency 79–80, 85–86, 89, 91–92, 126

• Germany 17, 34, 38, 57, 75, 79–81, 83, 85–86, 89–90, 93, 95–101, 103–105, 108, 110, 119–121, 125–126, 133, 140, 142, 218, 220, 233–234, 246

• habitus 235–237, 242, 245, 251–254, 256

• Hamburg 33–35, 38, 51, 53, 75, 77, 83, 99, 104, 120, 140, 142, 161, 163, 189–190, 203, 215, 217, 234–236, 255–256

• heritage language 4–6, 26, 48, 55, 68–69, 75–82, 84, 86–89, 91–95, 97, 99–104, 106, 110–112, 115–120, 128, 136, 143–147, 154, 156–158, 160–162, 202

• heritage linguistics 99, 161

• heritage speaker 100, 110, 112, 120, 144–145, 147, 149–150, 152–154, 156, 160–162

• Hindi 25, 163, 165–183, 187–190, 243

• home language environment 72–73, 125

• home literacy 51–56, 58, 62–63, 66–73

• Hong Kong38

• immigrant children 75, 92, 98, 253

• immigrant family76

• immigrant language retention33

• immigration 22, 24–25, 29, 33–34, 75, 83, 99–101, 223, 235–236, 240, 243, 256–257

• indexicality 235, 237

• India 13, 35, 163–169, 173, 184, 188–191, 241

• Indian 164–165, 167–168, 173, 188–190

• individual proficiency180

• individual variation 201, 212

• instrumentality of education 81, 86, 89–91

• interpretative video interaction analyses 217, 220, 223

• Ireland 235–237, 239–244, 246–248, 251–253, 255–257

• Irish 235–237, 239–243, 246–248, 250, 252–253, 255–257

• Irish-English 236–237

• Israel 140, 142

• knowledge construction219

• knowledge transfer219

• L2 acquisition 129

• L1 Russian 102, 125–128, 130, 132, 136

• L1 Turkish 125, 130, 136

• labour 85, 96, 240, 244–245, 247, 253

• language acquisition 71, 73, 76, 81, 126, 128–129, 137, 141–142, 162, 167, 189–190, 199, 201–202, 214, 216

• language activity situation224

• language as a resource 40–41

• language as problem40

• language as resource 31–32, 35, 41, 44, 46, 48

• language as right 40–41

• language association26

• language attitude 169, 190

• language background 57, 63, 65, 69–70

• language biography175

• language categories220

• language constellation165

• language data 205

• language debate41

• language deficit247

• language development 40, 51–54, 56–57, 72–73, 120, 126–127, 130–131, 140–141, 189–190, 195–196, 198–201, 211–216

• language disorders132

• language distance190

• language distribution 242, 244

• language diversity 35, 41–42, 45, 255–256

• language education 28, 31, 41, 47, 191, 218, 220, 223, 238, 241, 247, 255, 257

• language groups 24, 132, 134, 136–137, 212, 253

• language input 51–53, 55–56, 70, 72, 96, 120, 140, 144

• language interaction219

• language learning 44, 128, 138, 140–141, 162, 242, 246, 248, 253, 257

• language maintenance 34, 41, 80, 97, 99, 120–121

• language patterns of use195

• language performance 137, 186

• language planning 32, 36, 38–41, 46–48, 239, 254

• language policy 13–14, 17, 25, 27–28, 31–33, 35, 39–40, 42, 44, 47, 235, 237, 241–242, 251, 253

• language practice 231, 236

• language prestige254

• language production 15, 127, 196

• language proficiency 24, 44, 72–73, 75–77, 79–81, 85–86, 89–92, 94–95, 98–99, 103, 110, 126, 130, 133, 140, 142, 163, 174, 184–186, 188, 222

• language registers218

• language repertoires16

• language rights 13, 25–26, 28, 32, 41–42, 47

• language school 100, 102

• language sentiment35

• language skill 51–54, 56, 69–70, 79, 81–82, 95, 220, 247, 253–256

• language socialisation236

• language standardisation level 6, 163, 186, 188

• language status190

• language structures6

• language study44

• language support 43, 131, 217, 219–220, 230, 233, 244, 253

• activity131

• methods131

• language teacher220

• language teaching program 223

• language transfer 4, 6, 143, 163, 180

• language use 4–6, 8, 23, 54, 69, 75–80, 82, 84, 87–89, 91–95, 97, 128, 145, 168, 175, 177, 202, 205, 218, 236, 238–239, 252–255

• language variety15

• later language development 195, 199–201, 211, 214–216

• lemma 150–152, 156–161

• level of education 79, 85, 90, 133, 175

• lexical abilities 125, 127–132, 138

• Lexical acquisition140

• lexical diversity 103, 116, 118

• Lexical proficiency116

• lexical skill127

• lexicon 125–132, 134–138, 162, 168

• lexicon acquisition 134, 138

• lexicon development 125, 127–131, 134–135, 137–138

• liberalism 16, 27

• linguistic activity 218, 224–225

• linguistic assimilation39

• linguistic category22

• linguistic difference166

• linguistic distance189

• linguistic diversity 1–3, 8, 13, 27, 33, 35, 39, 53, 95, 104, 120, 126, 161, 163, 189–190, 215, 242, 251, 255–256

• linguistic dualism25

• linguistic feature167

• linguistic habitus 235, 237, 251, 254

• linguistic hegemony28

• linguistic homogenisation34

• linguistic identity18

• linguistic influence 120, 144, 155, 158, 162, 189

• linguistic landscape 99, 244, 248, 257

• linguistic proficiency 95, 167, 188

• linguistic repertoire253

• linguistic research 100, 119, 175

• linguistic resources 236, 244–245, 251

• linguistic structures 53, 197, 218

• linguistic theory 13–14, 164, 188

• linguistic variable188

• literacy acquisition 101, 119

• literacy activities 51–52, 54–56, 63, 65–66, 68–71

• literacy development73

• literacy experience 51–56, 66–70

• literacy knowledge117

• literacy pattern 5, 52–53, 56, 58, 62, 69–70

• literacy policy47

• literacy practice 52, 71, 73, 218

• literacy skill 71–72, 100, 102, 105, 115–116, 118

• literacy transfer117

• low-inference video coding 217, 220

• mainstream class232

• majority language 69, 75–77, 79–81, 90, 92–94, 100, 143

• Malay 143, 147, 152–153, 155, 157, 162, 243

• memory skill102

• meta-linguistic proficiency95

• middle childhood 51–53, 56, 66, 68, 70

• migration background 104, 199, 223, 245

• minority children43

• minority language 4–6, 31, 34, 40–42, 98–99, 143

• minority speaker42

• model assumption79

• monolingual children 56, 60–61, 127–128

• monolingual communication 92

• monolingual families 55–56, 61–62, 65, 67–68

• monolingual habitus 236–237, 242, 245, 252–254

• monolingual language acquisition128

• monolingual lexicon127

• monolingual parents 60, 67, 69

• monolingual peer 55, 60, 70, 102

• monolingual speaker 15, 158

• morphological proficiency115

• morphology 126, 132, 139, 142, 162

• morpho-syntax 126–127, 138

• multiculturalism 3–4, 8, 17, 24, 27–28, 32

• multilingual
  • action40
  • children 51, 53–57, 60–63, 66–68, 70, 133, 140
  • city 235–238, 254, 257
  • classrooms 217–218
  • communication 5, 44, 91
  • education41
  • environment 33, 196
  • individual 7, 95, 143–144
  • language development 120, 189–190, 212
  • language use6
  • literacy transfer117
  • policy35
  • population35
  • practices238
  • situation 164, 170
  • society4
  • space254
  • speaker237
  • student 195, 212, 214, 220
  • workforce 245–246, 251

• multilingualism 3, 7–8, 13, 19, 31–34, 37, 40–47, 51, 53, 130, 163–164, 170, 184, 189–190, 195, 199, 212, 232, 235–238, 241, 245, 251–257

• multivariate analysis 67, 84, 88

• narrative competence196

• narrative development 199–200, 206, 216

• narrative production 200–201

• narrative structure 6, 195–196, 210, 212, 214–215

• narrative writing106

• national census data 13, 23

• national community34

• national consciousness 26, 48

• national construction31

• national identity 13, 21

• national language 14–15, 17, 21, 26, 34, 242, 257

• National Policy 20, 42

• national state 33–34, 36–37, 39, 45

• national structures34

• native speaker 23, 133, 167, 169, 174–175, 178

• natural learning137

• nature of languages242

• negative transfer 5, 99, 117

• neutralisation 173–174, 183, 187–188

• nursery school 125, 127, 131, 133, 137–138

• official bilingualism 23–26

• official language 13, 17, 21–27, 29, 43, 164–165, 235, 239–240, 246

• opposition 7, 17, 165, 174, 183–184, 187–188

• orthographic skill102

• orthography 102, 104, 106, 110–111, 121

• parental education 125–126, 137–138

• parental investments75

• perceptive lexicon 125, 130–132, 136–138

• personal experience narratives 195–198, 201

• phone 20–21, 23–26, 44, 71, 101–103, 111–112, 116, 118–119, 139, 142, 163–168, 170–174, 177–179, 181–184, 186–188, 190–191, 209

• phoneme 71, 102–103, 111–112, 116, 118–119, 165, 170, 172–174, 178–179, 181–182

• phonemic 101, 163, 165–168, 170–171, 173–174, 178–179, 182, 184, 186–188

• phonemic
  • alternation 163, 165–167, 170–171, 182, 184, 186
  • difference165

• phonological 71, 102, 111, 164–168, 170–173, 178–180, 182–184, 186–189

• phonological
  • difference164
  • transfer 167, 183, 186

• phonology 144, 166, 170, 172, 181, 183–184, 187–190

• plurilingualism 9, 199

• population diversity239

• positive transfer117

• preschool children 66, 71–72, 96, 125–126, 130, 137, 139–140, 142

• primary education 73, 175, 201

• primary language 23, 100, 199

• primary school 37, 57, 83, 139, 167, 169, 175, 199, 204–205, 213, 217–220, 222–224, 232, 241, 248

• productive lexicon 125, 132, 134–137

• proficiency 24, 26, 44, 72–73, 75–77, 79–81, 85–86, 89–92, 94–95, 98–100, 102–104, 110, 112, 115–116, 118, 120, 126, 130, 133, 140, 142, 163, 165, 167, 174, 180, 184–186, 188, 222

• psychological event 147–150

• public education 27, 37

• public policy 35, 41–42, 46

• random effect134

• rational expectation 5, 75–78, 80, 82, 85–95

• regional difference112

• regional variation190

• regression analysis 67–69

• research design 217–219

• resource-investment model 77

• resources of multilingualism46

• resultatives 6, 143, 152, 157, 159, 162

• retroflex 171, 173, 178, 181–184, 187–189

• rules of interaction230

• Russian 69, 99–112, 115–121, 125–128, 130–134, 136–142, 202–203, 242–243, 253, 256

• Russian-German 69, 99–103, 106, 117, 121, 125–126, 128, 130–131, 137–140, 142, 203

• Russian heritage speakers120

• satellite framing 152–154, 156

• scales254

• school district 26, 41

• school environment133

• script choice 99, 103–104, 106, 108, 110, 112–118, 120

• secondary school 83, 106, 164, 175–177, 195–196, 199–200, 213, 219–222, 231

• secondary school students 195, 199, 213

• segregationist linguistics16

• Serial Verb Construction 152, 162

• simultaneous bilinguals125

• Singapore 38, 47

• Social Action 1, 78, 92

• social activities238

• Social Affairs 2, 9, 126, 142

• social background 55, 96, 174–175, 184

• social capital 77, 96–97

• social class 15, 90, 184

• social context 72, 94, 102, 175, 189, 216, 219

• social dialect 164, 188

• social difference 15, 137, 218

• social disadvantage245

• social disparities51

• social environment 5, 75, 82, 91–94

• social esteem 77–78

• social identity 95, 126, 142

• social inclusion3

• socialisation 40, 236

• social mobility81

• social network 79–80, 85, 90, 96, 238

• social organization44

• social parameters164

• social pluralism46

• social practice 45, 238, 254

• social prestige 251

• social status 15, 78–81, 126, 168

• social stratification 251, 254

• social structures 1, 237

• societal language140

• socio-cultural diversity 6, 217

• socio-economic status 5–6, 125, 127, 129–130, 133, 137

• Spanish 15, 21, 25, 71, 97, 101, 127, 140, 143, 145–152, 154, 157–159, 161–162, 241, 243, 247, 252

• Spanish-German101

• spatialisation39

• specific language impairment 139, 142

• Speech perception73

• spoken language 54, 204–206

• standardisation pattern169

• standard language 39, 165, 167–168, 183, 186, 245, 257

• standard model200

• standard pronunciation 174, 181

• standard variety 15, 170

• state school 167, 174–175

• strategy of assimilation3

• stratification 244, 251, 254

• structural assimilation 75–77, 81, 90, 92

• structural effect 90, 160

• Structuralism13

• structural transfer 143–147, 156–158, 160

• stylistic variation191

• super-diversity 2–3, 8

• symmetrical construction 152–154, 156

• syntactic pattern170

• systematic difference 51, 54, 56, 67, 70

• talk time 217, 220–222, 231

• target language 128, 195, 212

• task accomplishment 99, 103, 106, 112–114, 116

• teaching academic discourse practices 217, 219

• teaching practice 217, 220–222, 231–233

• temporal adverbial 195–196, 203–204, 212–213

• theory of language 14, 73

• Third Language Acquisition189

• transcription schemes111

• transfer 33, 44, 76–77, 84, 99, 102, 112, 117, 120, 143–147, 150–152, 154, 156–163, 165, 167, 170, 180–184, 186–187, 189–190, 219, 231

• transfer effect 120, 156, 189–190

• Turkey 57, 83, 87, 133

• Turkish 5, 9, 69, 72–73, 75, 77, 79–81, 83–89, 91–92, 94–95, 97–98, 101, 104, 121, 125–127, 130–134, 136–138, 142, 145–146, 161, 201–203, 205, 215, 223, 247

• Turkish-German 5, 69, 125–126, 130–132, 137–138, 142, 203, 205

• United States 17, 20–21, 24, 28, 33, 40–41, 46, 71, 234

• universality of language15

• urban multilingualism 163, 235, 238, 257

• urban school219

• urban spaces 32, 35, 238, 254

• usage-based theory 53, 73

• verb particle 152–154, 156, 158, 160

• video study 217–218, 234

• Vietnamese 69, 75, 77, 79–80, 83–92, 94, 97–98, 104, 250

• vocabulary development 71–72

• vocabulary growth 129, 140

• vocabulary skill 129, 142

• world-systems theory244

• writing skill 100–102, 104, 106

• writing systems 101, 117–118, 120

• written language 54, 170, 175, 195, 200–201, 205, 214, 218, 226, 228