Language education in and for a multilingual Europe
As Europe becomes ever more heterogeneous in population and languages, education systems have to change and the teaching of languages has to evolve in terms of policies and methodologies. The specific nature of the European situation includes the presence of European organisations – notably the European Union and the Council of Europe – which impact on policy and methodology at state level, leading to a degree of similarity and harmonisation. The analysis here focuses first on policies and to what extent they take account of changes in societies, and second on changes in the aims and purposes of teaching, and the consequent changes in didactics. Some language policy-making is static and takes little note of change but there is some which takes account of the fluidity of contemporary societies and in particular the ways in which they respond to migration and the languages of migrants. Future directions might give language teaching a role in citizenship education as education systems strive to help create inclusive multilingual societies.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Language policy in Europe – changes over time
- 3.Two approaches to policy making – the ‘fluid’ and the ‘static’
- 4.‘Modern’ and ‘classical’ (foreign) language teaching aims
- 5.Language education policy and migration – analysing ideologies
- 6.Language education policy, globalisation and internationalisation
- 7.Next steps – multilingualism and citizenship
-
Notes
-
References
References (71)
Adams, J. N.
2003 Bilingualism and the Latin Language. Cambridge: CUP.
Alemu, S. K.
2014 An appraisal of the internationalization of higher education in Sub-Saharan Africa.
CEPS Journal 4(2): 71–90.
Anderson, B.
1991 Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
Anderson, J.
2008 Towards an integrated second-language pedagogy for foreign and community/heritage languages in multilingual Britain.
The Language Learning Journal 36(1): 79–89.
Becker, G. S.
2006 The age of human capital. In
Education, Globalization and Social Change,
H. Lauder,
P. Brown,
J-A. Dillaboug &
A. H. Halsey (eds). 292–294. Oxford: OUP.
Bohlin, H.
2013 Bildung and intercultural understanding.
Intercultural Education 24(5): 391–400.
Bolgar, R. R.
1954 The Classical Heritage and its Beneficiaries. Cambridge: CUP.
Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge
2010 Bundesweites Integrationsprogramm Angebote der Integrationsförderung in Deutschland – Empfehlungen zu ihrer Weiterentwicklung. Nurenberg: Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge.
Byram, M.
2008 From Foreign Language Education to Education for Intercultural Citizenship. Essays and Reflections. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Byram, M. & Leman, J.
1990 Bicultural and Trilingual Education. The Brussels Foyer Model. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Byram, M. & Méndez García, M.
2013 Interculturalism, multiculturalism and language issues and policies. In
Interculturalism and Multiculturalism: Similarities and Differences,
M. Barrett (ed.), 133–146. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Byram, M., Golubeva, I., Han, H. & Wagner, M.
(eds) 2017 From Principles to Practice in Education for Intercultural Citizenship. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Cambridge, J. & Thompson, J. J.
2004 Internationalism and globalization as contexts for international education.
Compare 34 (2): 161–175.
Castro, P., Lundgren, U. & Woodin, J.
2015 International Mindedness through the looking glass: Reflections on a concept.
Journal of Research in International Education 14(3): 187–197
Cheikh, Y.
2010 L’enseignement de l’arabe en France. Les voies de transmission
Hommes et migrations
.
[URL]> (
22 March 2017).
Chevalier, L.
2012 ‘Natifs’ vs ‘professeurs nationaux’: Analyse d’un discours ordinaire.
Revue Japonaise de Didactique du Francais 1: 39–48.
Council of Europe
. n.d. (1)
Presentation of the Project “Competences for Democratic Culture”.
[URL]> (
4 October 2017).
Council of Europe
. n.d. (2).
Linguistic Integration of Adult Migrants. LIAM.
[URL]> (
5 October 2017).
Council of Europe
. n.d. (3).
[URL]> (
28 June 2017).
Council of Europe
1954 European Cultural Convention (Paris 1954).
[URL]> (
11 March 2017), or
[URL]> (
4 October 2017).
Council of Europe
1949 Statute of the Council of Europe. London.
[URL]> (
4 October 2017).
Council of Europe
1992 European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Strasbourg.
[URL]> (
20 March 2017).
Council of Europe
2001 Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Council of Europe
2017 47 Member States.
[URL]> (
20 March 2017).
Cummins, J.
1979 Cognitive/Academic language proficiency, linguistic interdependence, the optimum age question and some other matters.
Working Papers on Bilingualism 19: 121–129.
Department for Education
2013 National curriculum in England: Languages programmes of study.
[URL]> (
21 March 2017).
Doiz, A., Lasagabaster, D. & Sierra, J. M.
2011 Internationalization, multilingualism and English-medium instruction.
World Englishes 30(3): 345–359.
Elliott, B. J.
1977 The League of Nations Union and history teaching in England: A study in benevolent bias.
History of Education: Journal of the History of Education Society 6(2): 131–141.
Elvin, H. L.
1960 Nationalism and internationalism in education.
The School Review 68(1): 1–22.
Erasmus +
. n.d.
OLS for Refugees.
[URL]> (
12 July 2017).
Ethnologue
2017 <
[URL]> (
11 April 2017).
European Civil Society Platform for Multilingualism
. n.d.
[URL]> (
30 May 2017).
European Commission
n.d.
Multilingualism.
[URL] (10–11 March 2017).
European Commission
1995 White Paper on Education and Training – Teaching and Learning – Towards the Learning Society. 29 November 1995.
[URL]> (
20 March 2017).
European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice
2017 Key Data on Teaching Languages at School in Europe – 2017 Edition. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
European Union
. n.d.
Countries.
[URL]> (
10 March 2017).
Fachverband Chinesisch e.V. (FaCh)
. n.d.
[URL]> (
03 June 2017).
Geertz, C.
1975 The Interpretation of Cultures. London: Hutchinson.
Gellner, E.
1987 Culture, Identity and Politics. Cambridge: CUP.
Gil, J.
2017 Soft Power and the Worldwide Promotion of Chinese Language Learning. The Confucius Institute Project. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Hobsbawm, E. J.
1992 Nations and Nationalism since 1780. Cambridge: CUP.
Holliday, A.
2005 The Struggle to Teach English as an International Language. Oxford: OUP.
Hornberger, N. H.
2002 Multilingual language policies and the continua of biliteracy: An ecological approach.
Language Policy 1(1): 27–51.
Hu, A.
2016 Internationalisierung und Mehrsprachigkeit: Universitäten als interkulturelle und mehrsprachige Diskursräume. In
Bildung in transnationalen Räumen – Education in Transnational Spaces,
A. Küppers,
B. Pusch &
P. U. Semerci (eds), 257–268. Wiesbaden: Springer
Kuhn, T.
1970 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.
Kuteeva, M. & Airey, J.
2014 Disciplinary differences in the use of English in higher education: Reflections on recent language policy developments.
Higher Education: The International Journal of Higher Education and Educational Planning 67(5): 533–549.
L’AFPC
. n.d.
Carte du chinois.
[URL]> (
3 June 2017).
Lahoud, M. & El Karoui, H.
2016 Il est temps de ramener l’enseignement de l’arabe à l’école de la République.
Le Monde 25 May 2016 <
[URL]> (
22 March 2017).
Lawton, D.
1968 Social Class, Language and Education. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
L’Obs avec AFP
2013 Les chinois cartonne dans les écoles françaises.
Le Nouvel Observateur 23 Avril 2013 <
[URL]> (
3 June 2017).
Leisau, A.
n.d.
Kindergärten für Weltkinder: Zur interkulturellen Pädagogik im Elementarbereich.
[URL]> (
21 March 2017).
Lübke, F.
2015 Wie sinnvoll ist Chinesisch-Unterricht für das Kind? [URL]> (
3 June 2017).
Meyer, J. H. F., Land, R. & Baillie, C.
(eds) 2010 Threshold Concepts and Transformational Learning. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Mok, K. H.
2007 Questing for internationalization of universities in Asia: Critical reflections.
Journal of Studies in International Education 11(3–4): 433–454.
Mullen, A. & James, P.
2012 Multilingualism in the Graeco-Roman Worlds. Cambridge: CUP.
Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training
(ed.) n.d.
Foreign Language Curriculum.
[URL]> (
18 October 2017).
Rampton Report
1981 West Indian Children in our Schools.
Interim Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Education of Children from Ethnic Minority Groups. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
Thürmann, E., Vollmer, H. & Pieper, I.
2010 Languages of Schooling: Focusing on Vulnerable Learners. Strasbourg: Language Policy Division, Council of Europe.
Trim, J. L. M.
1997 Language Learning for European Citizenship: Final Report of the Project Group (1989–96) Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Trim, J. L. M.
2012 The common European framework of reference for languages and its background: A case study of cultural politics and educational influences. In
The Common European Framework of Reference. The Globalisation of Language Education Policy,
M. Byram &
L. Parmenter (eds), 14–34. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
UNESCO
(ed.) 2003 Education in a multilingual world.
UNESCO Education Position Paper. Paris.
[URL]> (
4 October 2017).
UNESCO
. n.d.
[URL]> (
4 October 2017).
University of Luxembourg
2016 Mission Statement.
[URL]> (
22 March 2017).
Van der Walt, C.
2013 Multilingual Higher Education. Beyond English Medium Orientation. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Van Driel, B., Darmody, M. & Kerzil, J.
2016 Education Policies and Practices to Foster Tolerance, Respect for Diversity and Civic Responsibility in Children and Young People in the EU, NESET II Report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
.
van Ek, J.
1986 Objectives for Foreign Language Learning, Vol. 1:
Scope. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
von Humboldt, W.
1836[1988]
On Language. Cambridge: CUP.
van Leeuwen, C.
2004 Multilingual Universities in Europe: Models and realities. In
Integrating Content and Language: Meeting the Challenge of a Multilingual Higher Education,
R. Wilkinson (ed.), 576–584. Maastricht: Universitaire Pers Maastricht.
Wächter, B. & Maiworm, F.
2008 English-taught Programmes in European Higher Education: The Picture in 2007. Bonn: Lemmens.
Woodhall, M.
1997 Human capital concepts. In
Education, Culture, Economy,
Society, A. H. Halsey,
H. Lauder,
P. Brown &
A. S. Wells (eds), 219–223. Oxford: OUP.
Yemini, M.
2012 Internationalization assessment in schools: Theoretical contributions and practical implications.
Journal of Research in International Education 11(2): 152–164.
Cited by (3)
Cited by 3 other publications
Baranova, Tatiana, Aleksandra Kobicheva & Elena Tokareva
2022.
Study of the Efficiency of a Multilingual Educational Model. In
Technology, Innovation and Creativity in Digital Society [
Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 345],
► pp. 828 ff.
Wendy Ayres-Bennett & John Bellamy
2021.
The Cambridge Handbook of Language Standardization,
Kunnan, Antony John & Nick Saville
2021.
Setting Standards for Language Learning and Assessment in Educational Contexts. In
The Cambridge Handbook of Language Standardization,
► pp. 496 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 26 june 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.