This paper gives a survey of the linguistic situation in northern Europe in the late Middle Ages. It is based on three earlier research projects and summarises some of their results, especially as far as language choice and domains are concerned. The focus lies, however, on the development, role and function of receptive as opposed to productive bi-/multilingualism and language standardisation. On the basis of Peter Trudgill’s terminology of language contact, new terms for differentiating forms of linguistic convergence and divergence are proposed. Three case studies highlight the role receptive multilingualism plays for adult German learners of (eastern) Scandinavian languages, focusing on the form of the definite article, the use of the periphrastic genitive and the overlooking of V1-patterns in declarative sentences.
2012. Receptive Multilingualism. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics,
Bahtina-Jantsikene, Daria & Ad Backus
2016. Limited common ground, unlimited communicative success: an experimental study into Lingua Receptiva using Estonian and Russian. Philologia Estonica Tallinnensis 1:1 ► pp. 17 ff.
Blaxter, Tamsin
2021. Diachronic dialectology: new methods and case studies. Transactions of the Philological Society 119:S1 ► pp. 1 ff.
2013. Communication based on receptive multilingualism: advantages and disadvantages. International Journal of Multilingualism 10:2 ► pp. 214 ff.
Breitbarth, Anne
2014. Theoretical background. In The History of Low German Negation, ► pp. 109 ff.
Breitbarth, Anne
2014. The History of Low German Negation,
Breitbarth, Anne
2014. Introduction. In The History of Low German Negation, ► pp. 1 ff.
Breitbarth, Anne
2014. The development of negation in Low German. In The History of Low German Negation, ► pp. 143 ff.
Breitbarth, Anne
2014. The expression of standard negation. In The History of Low German Negation, ► pp. 16 ff.
Breitbarth, Anne
2014. Conclusion. In The History of Low German Negation, ► pp. 175 ff.
Breitbarth, Anne
2014. Indefinites in the scope of negation. In The History of Low German Negation, ► pp. 55 ff.
Bulatović, Stefan, Anja Schüppert & Charlotte Gooskens
2019. Receptive multilingualism versus ELF: How well do Slovenes understand Croatian compared to Croatian speakers’ English?
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2018. Co-constructing meaning in international meetings – an approach to plurilingual interactions. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 21:7 ► pp. 788 ff.
2017. Linguistic and extra-linguistic predictors of mutual intelligibility between Germanic languages. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 40:2 ► pp. 123 ff.
Grünthal, Riho
2020. The spread zones and contacts of medieval Finnic in the Northeastern Baltic Sea area: Implications for the rate of language change. Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 6:2
Härmävaara, Hanna-Ilona
2017. Official Language Policy as a Factor in Using Receptive Multilingualism Among Members of an Estonian and a Finnish Student Organization. In Language Policy Beyond the State [Language Policy, 14], ► pp. 201 ff.
Marx, Nicole
2012. Reading across the Germanic languages: Is equal access just wishful thinking?. International Journal of Bilingualism 16:4 ► pp. 467 ff.
2023. ‘It is natural for everyone to speak their language’. Lingua receptiva in the Polish-Czech borderland – a sociolinguistic approach. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 44:3 ► pp. 197 ff.
Rehbein, Jochen, Jan D. ten Thije & Anna Verschik
2012. Lingua receptiva (LaRa) – remarks on the quintessence of receptive multilingualism. International Journal of Bilingualism 16:3 ► pp. 248 ff.
Sanmartín, Lourdes Barquín
2024. Leveraging AI and Pluralistic Approaches for Language Teaching. In AI in Language Teaching, Learning, and Assessment [Advances in Educational Technologies and Instructional Design, ], ► pp. 300 ff.
ten Thije, Jan D.
2013. Lingua Receptiva (LaRa). International Journal of Multilingualism 10:2 ► pp. 137 ff.
2018. Early Modern migrants in a language contact setting: Characteristics of the Dutch Heusch correspondence (1664–1665)
. Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 4:2 ► pp. 253 ff.
Verschik, Anna
2012. Practising receptive multilingualism: Estonian–Finnish communication in Tallinn. International Journal of Bilingualism 16:3 ► pp. 265 ff.
Walkden, George & Anne Breitbarth
2019. Complexity as L2-difficulty: Implications for syntactic change. Theoretical Linguistics 45:3-4 ► pp. 183 ff.
Şimşek, Çiğdem Sağın & Elena Antonova Ünlü
2019. A hearer-based analysis of Turkish–Azerbaijani receptive multilingual communication. International Journal of Bilingualism 23:4 ► pp. 843 ff.
[no author supplied]
2014. Preface. In The History of Low German Negation, ► pp. viii ff.
[no author supplied]
2014. List of tables. In The History of Low German Negation, ► pp. ix ff.
[no author supplied]
2014. List of figures. In The History of Low German Negation, ► pp. xii ff.
[no author supplied]
2014. Series preface. In The History of Low German Negation, ► pp. vii ff.
[no author supplied]
2014. Copyright Page. In The History of Low German Negation, ► pp. iv ff.
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