References
Abu Dhabi manual of uniform traffic control devices. (2020). Abu Dhabi Government – Department of Municipalities and Transports, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Al-Madani, H., & ai (2002). Assessment of drivers’ comprehension of traffic signs based on their traffic, personal and social characteristics. Janahi, A. Transportation Research Record, 51, 63–76. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Al-Madani, H. (2004). Comprehension of signs: Driver demographic and traffic safety characteristics. The human factor of transport signs, 1691–183. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Al-Omari, B. H., Barqawi, N. R., & Abu-Lebdeh, G. (2001). Driver Comprehension of Selected Traffic Signs in Jordan. In Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington DC.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Almuhajri, M. (2013). Arabic E-reading: Studies on Legibility and Readability for Personal Digital Assistants [Masters Thesis]. Concordia University.
Bateman, S., Gutwin, C., & Nacenta, M. (2008). Seeing things in the clouds: The effect of visual features on tag cloud selections. In Proceedings of the Nineteenth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia (pp. 193–202). ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Beier, S., & Oderkerk, C. A. T. (2019). Smaller visual angles show greater benefit of letter boldness than larger visual angles. Acta Psychologica, 1991, 102904. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Beier, S., & Oderkerk, C. A. T. (2021). High letter stroke contrast impairs letter recognition of bold fonts. Applied Ergonomics, 971, 103499. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Beier, S., Sand, K., & Starrfelt, R. (2017). Legibility implications of embellished display typefaces. Visible Language, 51(1), 112–133.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bernard, J. B., Kumar, G., Junge, J., & Chung, S. T. (2013). The effect of letter-stroke boldness on reading speed in central and peripheral vision. Vision research, 841, 33–42. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Burmistrov, I., Zlokazova, T., Ishmuratova, I., & Semenova, M. (2016). Legibility of light and ultralight fonts: Eye tracking study. In Proceedings of the 9th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (pp. 1–6). ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Chahine, N. (2012). Reading Arabic: Legibility Studies of Arabic Script [PhD Thesis]. Leiden University.
Dobres, J., Chahine, N., & Reimer, B. (2017). Effects of ambient illumination, contrast polarity, and letter size on text legibility under glance-like reading. Applied Ergonomics, 601, 68–73. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Dobres, J., Chahine, N., Reimer, B., Gould, D., Mehler, B., & Coughlin, J. F. (2016). Utilizing psychophysical techniques to investigate the effects of age, typeface design, size and display polarity on glance legibility. Ergonomics, 59(10), 1377–1391. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Dobres, J., Chrysler, S. T., Wolfe, B., Chahine, N., & Reimer, B. (2017). Empirical assessment of the legibility of the Highway gothic and Clearview signage fonts. Transportation Research Record, 2624(1), 1–8. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Dubai Traffic Control Devices Manual (2015). Road Transport Authority. Dubai, United Arab Emirates.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Farell, B., & Pelli, D. G. (1999). Psychophysical methods, or how to measure a threshold and why. In R. H. S. Carpenter & J. G. Robson (Eds.). [URL], Vision research: A practical guide to laboratory methods. Oxford University Press.
Ganayim, D., & Ibrahim, R. (2013). How do typographical factors affect reading text and comprehension performance in Arabic? Human Factors, 55(2), 323–332. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Garvey, P., Klena, M., Eie, W., Meeker, D., & Pietrucha, M. The Legibility of the Clearview Typeface System versus Standard Highway Alphabets on Negative- and Positive-Contrast Signs (2015). Thomas D. Larson Pennsylvania Transportation Institute. Pennsylvania State University.
Garvey, P. M., Pietrucha, M. T., & Meeker, D. (1997). Effects of font and capitalization on legibility of Guide signs. Transportation Research Record, 1605(1), 73–79. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ghadban, N. R., Abdella, G. M., Alhajyaseen, W., et al. (2018). Analyzing the impact of human characteristics on the comprehensibility of road traffic signs. Khalifa, K. N. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Bandung, Indonesia (pp. 2210–2219).
Holick, A., Chrysler, S., Park, E., & Carlson, P. Evaluation of the Clearview font for negative contrast traffic signs. Federal Highway Administration/TX-06/0-4984-1 (2006). Texas Transportation Institute, and College Station (pp. 1–130).![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Institute of Transportation Engineers (1992). Traffic engineering handbook. In J. L. Pline (Ed.). Prentice Hall.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ismail, A. A. I. (2012). Comprehension of posted highway traffic signs in Iraq. Tikrit Journal of engineering Sciences, 191, 62–70. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lund, O. (1999). Knowledge construction in typography: The case of legibility research and the legibility of sans serif typefaces [PhD Thesis]. University of Reading.
Mahgoub, A. O., & Choe, P. (2020, December). Comparing design preference of guide road signs by native Arabic speakers and international speakers in the State of Qatar. In IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM) 2020. IEEE (pp. 504–508). ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
Miles, J., Kotwal, B., Hammond, S., & Ye, F. (2014). Evaluation of guide sign font. Texas A&M transportation institute.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Mohammed, H., & Toum, A. (2017). Role of Arabic typography in improving readability of traffic signs [Translated] (2017)-6732. University of Science and Technology (Sudan) (SUST) Journal of Humanities, 18(1) (pp. 271–292). ISSN (text): 1858–6724. e-ISSN (online).![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jordan manual on devices: Road signs, signals, and road markings. (2001). Ministry of Public Work and Housing.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Pelli, D. G., & Farrell, B. (1995). Psychophysical methods. In M. Bass (Ed.), Handbook of optics, 1. Fundamentals, techniques, and design (pp. 291.1–29.13). McGraw-Hill.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Qatar traffic manual (2016). Civil Engineering Department, Ministry of Public Work.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Sheedy, J. E., Subbaram, M. V., Zimmerman, A. B., & Hayes, J. R. (2005). Text legibility and the letter superiority effect. Human Factors, 47(4), 797–815. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Slattery, T. J., & Rayner, K. (2010). The influence of text legibility on eye movements during reading. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(8), 1129–1148. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
United Nations (2021). THE 17 GOALS – Sustainable Development Goals. United Nations – Department of Economic and Social Affairs – Sustainable Development. [URL]
Taamneh, M., & Alkheder, S. (2018). Traffic sign perception among Jordanian drivers: An evaluation study. Transport Policy, 661, 17–29. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Tinker, M. A. (1963). Influence of simultaneous variation in size of type, width of line, and leading for newspaper type. Journal of Applied Psychology, 47(6), 380–382. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Tinker, M. A. (1964). Legibility of print. Iowa State University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)