Article published in:

Portuguese-Spanish Interfaces: Diachrony, synchrony, and contact
Edited by Patrícia Amaral and Ana Maria Carvalho
[Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 1] 2014
► pp. 65–94

Judeo-Spanish in contact with Portuguese

A historical overview

Aldina Quintana | Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Judeo-Spanish is the language spoken by Sephardim, the descendants of the Jews who were expelled from the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon in 1492 and found refuge in the Ottoman Empire. Judeo-Spanish has been in contact with several languages and is itself the outcome of pervasive contact among Ibero-Romance languages. This paper focuses on the contact between Judeo-Spanish and Portuguese following the immigration of Portuguese Jews and Crypto-Jews to the Ottoman Empire from the late 15th century to the 18th century. The outcome of these contacts was the integration of linguistic patterns and lexical items from Portuguese into Judeo-Spanish via accommodation in the pre-koine, or later through other pathways, before Portuguese speakers definitively shifted to Judeo-Spanish.

Published online: 30 October 2014
https://doi.org/10.1075/ihll.1.05qui

References

Andrade Neta, N.F.

(2012) Aprender español es fácil porque hablo portugués: Ventajas y desventajas de los brasileños para aprender español. Cuadernos Cervantes de la Lengua Española, 3, 17 pp. Retrieved June 12, 2012, from <www.cuadernoscervantes.com/lc_portugues.html>

Arbell, M.

(2002a) Los djudios de Avilona (Valona) en Albania. Aki Yerushalayim, 69, 13–14.

(2002b) The Jewish communities of Vlora (Valona, Avalona) and its role in the Adriatic. Presented at The Fourth Conference Society and Culture of the Jews on the East of the Adriatic Coast , Dubrovnik, August 2002. Unpublished manuscript (14 pp).

Ariza, M.

(1994) Sobre fonética histórica del español. Madrid: Arco/Libros.

Astre, F.

(2010) Dhimma. In N.A. Stillman (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World (Vol. 2; pp. 70–72). Leiden: Brill.

Benbassa, E., & Rodrigue, A.

(2000) Sephardi Jewry: A history of the Judeo-Spanish community, 14th–20th Centuries. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.

Bonfil, R.

(1993) Los judíos españoles y portugueses en Italia. In H. Beinart (Ed.), El legado de Sefarad (Vol. 2; pp. 223–247). Jerusalem: Magnes Press.

Brito, A.M.

(2003) Frases interrogativas. In M. Mira Mateus, A. Brito, I. Duarte, & I. Hub Faria, Gramática da Língua Portuguesa (7th ed.; pp. 460–479). Lisboa: Editorial Caminho.

Campo, J.E.

(2009) Dhimmi (from the Arabic ahl al-dhimma, people of the treaty). In J.E. Campo, Encyclopedia of Islam (pp. 194–196). New York, NY: Facts On File.

Crews, C.

(1935) Recherches sur le Judéo-Espagnol dans les Pays Balkaniques. Paris: Droz.

Curnow, T.J.

(2001) What language features can be ‘borrowed’? In A.Y. Aikhenvald & R.M.W. Dixon (Eds.), Areal diffusion and genetic inheritance. Problems in comparative linguistics (pp. 412–436). Oxford: OUP.

Dubin, L.C.

(2006) ‘Wings on their feet... and wings on their head’: Reflections on the study of port Jews. In D. Cesarani & G. Romain (Eds.), Jews and port cities, 1590–1990. Commerce, community and cosmopolitanism (pp. 14–30). London: Vallentine Mitchell.

Faingold, E.

(1996) Child language, creolization, and historical change: Spanish in contact with Portuguese. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.

Fishman, J.A.

(1967) Bilingualism with and without diglossia; Diglossia with and without bilingualism. Journal of Social Issues, 23, 29–38.

(1999) Sociolinguistics. In J.A. Fishman (Ed.), Handbook of language and ethnic identity (pp. 152–163). Oxford: OUP.

Franco, M.

(1897) Essai sur l’histoire des Israélites de l’empire Ottoman depuis les origines jusqu’ à nos jours. Paris: Librairie A. Durlacher.

Gabinsky, M.A.

(2008) Algunos enigmas de la especificidad lingüística común rumano-judeoespañola. Revista de Filología Románica, 25, 157–163.

Giles, H., & Smith, P.

(1979) Accommodation theory: Optimal levels of convergence. In H. Giles & N. St. Clair (Eds.), Language and social psychology (pp. 45–65). Oxford: Blackwell.

Levy, A.

(2010) Millet. In N.A. Stillman (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic world (Vol. 3; pp. 423–428). Leiden: Brill.

Kaplan, Y.

(1993) Los sefardíes en el noroeste de Europa y en el Nuevo Mundo. In H. Beinart (Ed.), El legado de Sefarad (Vol. 2; pp. 249–297). Jerusalem: Magnes Press.

Kerswill, P., & Williams, A.

(2000) Creating a new town koine: Children and language change in Milton Keynes. Language in Society, 29, 65–115.

Koch, P., & Oesterreicher, W.

(2007) Lengua hablada en la Romania: Español, francés, italiano. Madrid: Gredos.

Kovačec, A.

. (1972–1973). Un texto judeoespañol de Dubrovnik. Studia Romanica et Anglica Zagrabiensia, 33–36, 501–531.

Lehmann, M.B.

(2005) A Livornese “port Jew” and the Sephardim of the Ottoman empire. Jewish Social Studies, 11(2), 51–76.

(2007) “Levantinos” and other Jews: Reading H. Y. D. Azulai’s travel diary. Jewish Social Studies, 13(3), 1–34.

Liebl, C.

(2009) Judeo-Spanish from the Balkans: The recordings by Julius Subak (1908) and Max A. Luria (1927). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Lipski, J.M.

(2006) Too close for comfort? The genesis of “Portuñol/Portunhol”. In T. Face & C. Klee (Eds.), Selected proceedings of the 8th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (pp. 1–22). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.

(2012) Geographical and social varieties of Spanish: An overview. In I. Hualde, A. Olarrea, & E. O’Rouke (Eds.), The handbook of Hispanic linguistics (pp. 1–26). Oxford: Blackwell.

Luria, M.

(1930) A study of the Monastir dialect of Judeo-Spanish based on oral material collected in Monastir, Yugo-Slavia. New York, NY: Instituto de las Españas.

Minervini, L.

(2006) EI desarrollo histórico del judeoespañol. Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana (RILI), 8, 13–34.

Munteanu Colán, D.

(2002) Vectores en el contacto lingüístico. Dominio hispano. Revista de Filología Española, 82(1), 63–85.

Penny, R.

(1992) Dialect contact and social networks in Judeo-Spanish. Romance Philology, 46, 125–140.

(2000) Variation and change in Spanish. Cambridge: CUP.

Quintana [Rodríguez], A.

(2006) Geografía lingüística del judeoespañol: Estudio sincrónico y diacrónico. Bern: Peter Lang.

Quintana, A.

(2002) Geografía lingüística del judeoespañol de acuerdo con el léxico. Revista de Filología Española, 82(1), 105–138.

(2004) EI sustrato y el adstrato portugueses en judeoespañol. Judenspanisch, 8, 167–192.

(2007) Responsa testimonies and letters written in the 16th Century Spanish spoken by Sephardim. Hispania Judaica Bulletin, 5, 283–301.

(2009) Aportación lingüística de los romances aragonés y portugués a la coiné judeoespañola. In D. Bunis (Ed.), Languages and literatures of Sephardic and Oriental Jews (pp. 211–273). Jerusalem: Misgav Yershalayim, The Bialik Institute.

(2012) ‘La muerte avla por mi boca’. Marcel Cohen y la agonía del judeoespañol. eHumanista (Journal of Iberian Studies edited by the department of Spanish and Portuguese, University of California, Santa Barbara), 20, 296–320. Retrieved April 18, 2012, from <www.ehumanista.ucsb.edu/>

Ray, J.

(2008) New approaches to the Jewish Diaspora: The Sephardim as a sub-ethnic group. Jewish Social Studies, 15(1), 10–31.

Révah, I.-S.

(1954) Le lexique de M. Almosnino: Contribution à l’histoire du castillan. Mémoire présenté pour l’obtention du diplôme de l’Ecole Partique des Hautes-Etudes Ve section. Paris. Unpublished manuscript.

(1961) Formation et évolution des parlers judéo-espagnols des Balkans. Ibérida, 6, 173–196.

Romeu Ferré, P.

(1998) Moisés Almosnino: Crónica de los Reyes Otomanos. Barcelona: Tirocinio.

Ross, M.

(2001) Contact-induced change in Oceanic languages in North-West Melanesia. In A.Y. Aikhenvald & R.M.W. Dixon (Eds.), Areal diffusion and genetic inheritance: Problems in comparative linguistics (pp. 134–166). Oxford: OUP.

Salminen, T.

(2007) Endangered languages in Europe. In M. Brenzinger (Ed.), Language diversity endangered (pp. 205–232). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Sankoff, G.

(2007) Linguistic outcomes of language contact. In J.K. Chambers, P. Trudgill, & N. Schilling-Estes (Eds.), The handbook of language variation and change. Oxford: Blackwell 2003 Blackwell Reference Online. 31 December 2007 www.blackwellreference.com/subscriber/tocnode?id=g9781405116923_chunk_g978140511692334

Schmid, B.

(2007) De Salónica a Ladinokomunita: El judeoespañol desde los umbrales del siglo XX hasta la actualidad. In G. Colon & L. Gimeno Betí (Eds.), Ecología lingüística i desaparació de llengües (pp. 9–33). Castelló de la Plana: Universitat Jaume I.

Siegel, J.

(1985) Koines and koineization. Language in Society, 14, 357-378.

Subak, J.

(1906) Judenspanisches aus Salonikki, mit einem Anhange: Judenspanisches aus Ragusa. Wissenschaftliche Beilage zum LX. Jahresbericht über die Handelssektion der k. k. Handels- und Nautischen Akademie in Triest 1905–1906. Triest: Handelssektion der k. k. Handels- und Nautischen Akademie.

Tadić, Ð.

(1937) Jevreji u Dubrovniku do polovine XVII stoljeca. Sarajevo: La Benevolencia.

Teyssier, P.

(1984) História da língua portuguesa . Lisboa: Livraria Sá da Costa Editora.

Thomason, S.G., & Kaufman, T.

(1988) Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.

Trudgill, P.

(1986) Dialects in contact. Oxford: Blackwell.

Valera, C.

(1602) La Biblia, que es, los sacros libros del Vieio y Nvevo Testamento: Revista y conferida con los textos Hebreos y Griegos y con diversas translaciones. Por Cypriano de Valera. Amsterdam: Casa de Lorenço Iacobi.

Van Coetsem, F.

(1988) Loan phonology and the two transfer types in language contact. Dordrecht: Foris.

Vàrvaro, A., & Minervini, L.

(2007) Orígenes del judeoespañol (I): Textos. Revista de Historia de la Lengua Española, 2, 147–172.

(2008) Orígenes del judeoespañol (II): Comentario lingüístico. Revista de Historia de la Lengua Española, 3, 149–195.

Wagner, M.L.

(1930) Caracteres generales del judeoespañol de Oriente. Madrid: Hernando.

(1950) As influências recíprocas entre o português e o judeo-espanhol. Língua Portuguesa, 15, 189–195.

Winford, D.

(2003) An introduction to contact linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.

(2005) Contact-induced changes: Classification and processes. Diachronica, 22(2), 373–427.