Article published in:
Spanish-English Codeswitching in the Caribbean and the US
Edited by Rosa E. Guzzardo Tamargo, Catherine M. Mazak and M. Carmen Parafita Couto
[Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 11] 2016
► pp. 139–168

The role of unintentional/involuntary codeswitching

Did I really say that?

| The Pennsylvania State University
Most research on codeswitching (CS), especially in intrasentential contexts, has focused on fluent bilinguals, implicitly assumed to have enough competence in each language so that CS is voluntary (even if not always carefully planned). There are other forms of bilingual CS that are not consistent with the ability to voluntarily sustain a conversation in a single language. The present study compares fluent and low-fluency Spanish-English switching from bilinguals of varying degrees of competence in Spanish. The study devotes special attention to unintended and apparently involuntary lapses into the L1 involving configurations larger than simple lexical insertions. An analysis reveals qualitative differences between fluent and low-fluency Spanish-English switching, and tentatively suggests that different mechanisms underlie each type of language switching.
Keywords: involuntary codeswitching, second language learners, fluency, intrasentential codeswitching, componential analysis
Published online: 07 September 2016
https://doi.org/10.1075/ihll.11.06lip
References

References

Aaron, J.
(2004) So respetamos una tradición del uno al otro. So and entonces in New Mexican bilingual discourse. Spanish in Context, 1, 161–179. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Abutalebi, J.
(2008) Neural aspects of second language representation and language control. Acta Psychologica, 126, 466–478. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Abutalebi, J., Brambati, S., Annoni, J.-M., Moro, A., Cappa, S., & Perani, D.
(2007) The neural cost of the auditory perception of language switches: an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study in bilinguals. The Journal of Neuroscience, 27(50), 13762–13769. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Abutalebi, J., Cappa, S., & Perani, D.
(2001) The bilingual brain as revealed by functional neuroimaging. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4, 179–190. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Abutalebi, J., & Green, D.
(2007) Bilingual language production: the neurocognition of language representation and control. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 20, 242–275. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Altarriba, J., Kroll, J., Sholl, A., & Rayner, K.
(1996) The influence of lexical and conceptual constraints on reading mixed-language sentences: evidence from eye fixations and naming times. Memory and Cognition, 24, 477–492. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, A.. et al.
(1991) The HCRC map task corpus. Language and Speech, 34, 351–366.Google Scholar
Anderson, T.
(2006) Spanish-English bilinguals’ attitudes toward codeswitching: Proficiency, grammaticality and familiarity. (Unpublished PhD dissertation). The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.Google Scholar
Antón, M., & Dicamilla, F.
(1998) Socio-cognitive functions of L1 collaborative interaction in the L2 classroom. Canadian Modern Language Review, 54, 314–353. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Antón-Méndez, I.
(2011) “Whose? L2-English speakers’ possessive pronoun gender errors.” Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 14, 318–331. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Auer, P.
(1999) From codeswitching via language mixing to fused lects: toward a dynamic typology of bilingual speech. International Journal of Bilingualism, 3, 309–322. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Azuma, S., & Meier, R.
(1997) Open class and closed class: Sentence-imitation experiments on intrasential codeswitching. Applied Psycholinguistics, 18, 257–276. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Backus, A.
(2003) Units in code switching: evidence for multimorphemic elements in the lexicon. Linguistics, 41, 83–132. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Barkin, F.
(1976). Language switching in Chicano Spanish: linguistic norm awareness. LEKTOS: Interdisciplinary working papers in language sciences, special issue, 46–64. Louisville, KY: University of Louisville.Google Scholar
Belazi, H., Rubin, E., & Toribio, A.J.
(1994) Codeswitching and X-bar theory: The functional head constraint. Linguistic Inquiry, 25, 221–238.Google Scholar
Bentahila, A., & Davies.E.
(1983) The syntax of Arabic-French codeswitching. Lingua, 59, 301–330. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bentahila, A., & Davies,E.
(1992) Codeswitching and language dominance. Advances in Psychology, 83, 443–468. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Berk-Seligson, S.
(1986) Linguistic constraints on intrasentential codeswitching: a study of Spanish/Hebrew bilingualism. Language in Society, 15, 313–348. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bernardini, P., & Schlyter, S.
(2004) Growing syntactic structure and code-mixing in the weaker language: The ivy hypothesis. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 7, 49–69. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bialystok, E.
(1983) Some factors in the selection and implementation of communication strategies. In C. Færch & G. Kasper (Eds.), Strategies in interlanguage communication (pp. 100–118). London: Longman.Google Scholar
Bialystok, E., & Sharwood Smith, M.
(1985) Interlanguage is not a state of mind: an evaluation of the construct for second-language acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 6, 101–117. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bock, K.
(1996) Language production: methods and methodologies. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 3, 395–421. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(2011) ‘How much correction of syntactic errors are there, anyway?’ Language and Linguistics Compass, 5/6, 322–335. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Boomer, D., & Laver, J.
(1968) Slips of the tongue. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 3, 2–12. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Boumans, L.
(1999) Codeswitching and the organisation of the mental lexicon. In G. Extra & L. Verhoeven (Eds.), Bilingualism and migration (pp. 281–299). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bruce-Novoa, J.
(1982) Bilingual Chicano poetry: a response to chaos. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Bybee, J.
(2006) From usage to grammar: the mind’s response to repetition. Language, 82, 323–355. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(2011) Usage-based theory and grammaticalization. In H. Narrog (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of grammaticalization (pp. 69–78). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cenoz, J.
(2001) The effect of linguistic distance, L2 status and age on cross-linguistic influence in third language acquisition. In J. Cenoz, B. Hufeisen, & U. Jessner (Eds.), Crosslinguistic influence in third language acquisition: psycholinguistic perspectives (pp. 8–20). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Chan, B.H.-S.
(2009) Codeswitching between typologically distinct languages. In B. Bullock & A.J. Toribio (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of linguistic codeswitching (pp. 182–198). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, N.
(1981) Lectures on government and binding. Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
(1995) The minimalist program. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Clyne, M.
(1967) Transference and triggering. The Hague: Nijhoff.Google Scholar
(1987) Constraints on code switching: How universal are they? Linguistics, 25, 739–764. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Corder, S.P.
(1967) The significance of learner’s errors. IRAL: International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 4, 161–170.Google Scholar
Corder, P.
(1973) The elicitation of interlanguage. In J. Svartvik, et al. (Eds.), Errata: papers in error analysis (pp. 36–53). Lund: Gleerup.Google Scholar
De Bot, Kees
(1992) A bilingual production model: Levelt’s ‘speaking’ model adapted. Applied Linguistics, 13, 1–24. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
De Bot, K. & Schreuder, R.
(1993) Word production and the bilingual lexicon. In R. Schreuder & B. Weltens (Eds.), The bilingual lexicon (pp. 191–214). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Dell, G.
(1986) A spreading-activation theory of retrieval in sentence production. Psychological Review, 93, 283–321. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Deuchar, M., Muysken, P., & Wang, S.-L.
(2007) Structured variation in codeswitching: towards an empirically based typology of bilingual speech patterns. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 10, 298–340. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Dewaele, J.-M.
(1998) Lexical inventions: French interlanguage as L2 vs. L3. Applied Linguistics, 19, 471–490. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(2001) Activation or inhibition? The interaction of L1, L2 and L3 on the language mode continuum. In J. Cenoz, B. Hufeisen, & U. Jessner (Eds.), Crosslinguistic influence in third language acquisition: psycholinguistic perspectives (pp. 69–89). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Dijkstra, T., & van Heuven, W.J.B.
(2002) The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: from identification to decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5, 175–197. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
DiPietro, R.
(1977) Codeswitching as a verbal strategy among bilinguals. In F. Eckman (Ed.), Current themes in linguistics: Bilingualism, experimental linguistics and language typologies. Washington, DC: Hemisphere.Google Scholar
(1978) Codeswitching as a verbal strategy among bilinguals. In M. Paradis (Ed.), Aspects of bilingualism (pp. 275–282). Columbia, SC: Hornbeam Press.Google Scholar
DiSciullo, A.M., Muysken, P., & Singh, R.
(1986) Government and code-mixing. Journal of Linguistics, 22, 1–24. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Doron, E.
(1983) On a formal model of codeswitching. Texas Linguistic Forum, 22, 35–59.Google Scholar
Dussias, P.
(2003) Spanish-English code mixing at the auxiliary phrase: Evidence from eye-movement data. Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana, 1(2), 7–34.Google Scholar
Eid, M.
(1988) Principles for codeswitching between standard and Egyptian Arabic. Al-cArabiyya, 21, 51–79.Google Scholar
Eliasson, S.
(1995) Grammatical and lexical switching in Maori ‘grasshopper speech.’Summer school codeswitching and language contact Ljouwert/Leeuwarden 14–17 September 1994 (pp. 45–57). Ljouwert/Leeuwarden: Fryske Academy.Google Scholar
Færch, C., & Kasper, G.
(1986) Cognitive dimensions of language transfer. In E. Kellerman & M. Sharwood Smith (Eds.), Crosslinguistic influence in second-language acquisition (pp. 49–65). Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Festman, J., & Münte, T.
(2012) Cognitive control in Russian-German bilinguals. Frontiers in Psychology, 3. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Fishman, J., & Herasimchuk, E.
(1969) The multiple prediction of phonological variables in a speech community. American Anthropologist, 71, 648–657. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Flyman-Mattsson, A., & Burenhult, N.
(1999) Codeswitching in second language teaching of French. Lund University Working Papers in Linguistics, 47, 59–72.Google Scholar
Fromkin, V.
(1971) The non-anomalous nature of anomalous utterances. Language, 47, 27–52. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1973) Slips of the tongue. Scientific American, 229, 110–117. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(Ed.) (1973) Speech errors as linguistic evidence. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Fuller, J.
(2001) The principle of pragmatic detachability: English-origin discourse markers in Pennsylvania German. Linguistics, 39, 351–369. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gawlitzek-Maiwald, I., & Tracy, R.
(1996) Bilingual bootstrapping. Linguistics, 34, 901–926. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Giauque, G., & Ely, C.
(1990) Codeswitching in beginning foreign language teaching. In R. Jacobson & C. Faltis (Eds.), Language distribution: Issues in bilingual schooling (pp. 174–184). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Giesbers, H.
(1989) Codeswitching tussen dialect en standaardtaal. Amsterdam: P. J. Meertens-Instituut voor Dialectologie, Volkskunde en Naamkunde.Google Scholar
Golan, T., & Ferreira, V.
(2009) Should I stay or should I switch? A cost-benefit analysis of voluntary language switching in young and aging bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35, 640–665. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Green, D.
(1986) Control, activation and resource: A framework and a model for the control of speech in bilinguals. Brain and Language, 27, 210–223. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Grosjean, F.
(1989) Neurolinguists, beware! The bilingual is not two monolinguals in one person. Brain and Language, 36, 3–15. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(2001) The bilingual’s language modes. In J. Nichol (Ed.), Language processing in the bilingual (pp. 1–25). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Grosjean, F., & Soares, C.
(1986) Processing mixed languages: some preliminary findings. In J. Vaid (Ed.), Language processing in bilinguals: psycholinguistic and neuropsychological perspectives (pp. 145–179). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Gumperz, J.
(1969) How can we describe and measure the behavior of bilingual groups? In L. G. Kelly (Ed.), Description and measurement of bilingualism (pp. 242–249). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Gumperz, J., & Hernández-Chávez, E.
(1970) Cognitive aspects of bilingual communication. In W. Howell Whiteley (Ed.), Language use and social change (pp. 111–125). London: Published for the International African Institute by Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Guzzardo Tamargo, R.
(2012) Linking comprehension costs to production patterns during the processing of mixed language. (Unpublished PhD dissertation). The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.Google Scholar
Halmari, H.
(1997) Government and codeswitching: Explaining American Finnish. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hancock, M.
(1997) Behind classroom code switching: layering and language choice in L2 learner interaction. TESOL Quarterly, 31, 217–235. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hasselmo, N.
(1970) Codeswitching and modes of speaking. In G. Gilbert (Ed.), Texas studies in bilingualism (pp. 179–210). Berlin: De Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hermaans, D., Bongaerts, T., de Bot, K., & Schreuder, R.
(1998) Producing words in a foreign language: Can speakers prevent interference from their first language? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 213–229. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hlavac, J.
(2006) Bilingual discourse markers: Evidence from Croatian-English codeswitching. Journal of Pragmatics, 38, 1870–1900. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hopper, P.
(1987) Emergent grammar. Berkeley Linguistic Society, 13, 139–157. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hulstijn, J., & Hulstijn, W.
(1984) Grammatical errors as a function of processing constraints and explicit knowledge. Language Learning, 34, 23–43. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Jacobson, R.
(1977) The social implications of intra-sentential codeswitching. In R. Romo & R. Paredes (Eds.), New directions in Chicano scholarship (pp. 227–256). La Jolla, CA: Chicano Studies Program, University of California, San Diego.Google Scholar
(1978) Codeswitching in south Texas: Sociolinguistic considerations and pedagogical applications. Journal of the Linguistic Association of the Southwest, 3, 20–32.Google Scholar
Jake, J., Myers-Scotton, C., & Gross, S.
(2002) Making a minimalist approach to codeswitching work: Adding the Matrix Language. Bilingualism: language and cognition, 5, 69–91. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Joshi, A.
(1985) Processing of sentences with intrasentential code switching. In D. Dowty, L. Karttunen, & A. Zwicky (Eds.), Natural language parsing: Psychological, computational and theoretical perspectives (pp. 190–205). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Keller, G.
(1976) Towards a stylistic analysis of bilingual texts: From Ernest Hemingway to contemporary Boricua and Chicano literature. In M. Beck (Ed.), The analysis of Hispanic texts: Current trends in methodology (pp. 130–149). Jamaica, NY: Bilingual Press.Google Scholar
(1979) The literary strategems available to the bilingual Chicano writer. In F. Jiménez (Ed.), The identification and analysis of Chicano literature (pp. 262–316). Ypsilanti, MI: Bilingual Press/Editorial Bilingüe.Google Scholar
Kim, M.
(2008) Are cases of unconventional codeswitching useless? Proceedings from the Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 44(2), 139–149.Google Scholar
Klavans, J.
(1985) The syntax of code-mixing: Spanish and English. In L. King & C. Maley (Eds.), Proceedings of the Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (pp. 213–231). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kolers, P.
(1963) Interlingual word associations. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 2, 291–300. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kroll, J.
(1993) Accessing conceptual representations for words in a second language. In R. Schreuder & B. Veltens (Eds.), The bilingual lexicon (pp. 27–52). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kroll, J., Bobb, S., Misra, M., & Guo, R.
(2008) Language selection in bilingual speech: Evidence for inhibitory processes. Acta Psychologica, 128, 416–430. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kroll, J., Dussias, P., Bogulski, C., & Valdes Kroff, J.
(2011) Juggling two languages in one mind: what bilinguals tell us about language processing and its consequences for cognition. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 56, 229–262. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lance, D.
(1975) Spanish-English codeswitching. In E. Hernández-Chávez, A. Cohen, & A. Beltramo (Eds.), El lenguaje de los chicanos (pp. 138–153). Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Levelt, W.
(1989) Speaking: From intention to articulation. Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books/The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Levelt, W., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A.
(1999) A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 1–75. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Levine, G.
(2003) Student and instructor beliefs and attitudes about target language use, first language use, and anxiety: Report of a questionnaire study. The Modern Language Journal, 87, 343–364. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Li, P.
(2002) Bilingualism is in dire need of formal models. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5, 213. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Liebscher, G., & Dailey-O’Cain, J.
(2003) Conversational repair as a role-defining mechanism in classroom interaction. The Modern Language Journal, 87, 375–390. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(2004) Learner codeswitching in the content-based foreign language classroom. The Canadian Modern Language Review / La Revue Canadienne des Langues Vivantes, 60, 501–525. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lin, A.
(1990) Teaching in two tongues: language alternation in foreign language classrooms. Research Report No. 3, Hong Kong City Polytechnic, Department of English.Google Scholar
Lipski, J.M.
(1978) Bilingual language switching and the problem of linguistic competence. In M. Paradis (Ed.), Aspects of bilingualism (pp. 250–264). Columbia, SC: Hornbeam Press.Google Scholar
(1982) Spanish‑English language switching in speech and literature: Theories and models. Bilingual Review, 9, 191–212.Google Scholar
(1985) Linguistic aspects of Spanish‑English language switching. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University, Center for Latin American Studies.Google Scholar
(1987) El español del Río Sabinas: Vestigios del español mexicano en Luisiana y Texas. Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica, 35, 111–128.Google Scholar
(1988) Sabine River Spanish: Vestigial 18th century Mexican Spanish in Texas and Louisiana. Southwest Journal of Linguistics, 8, 5–24.Google Scholar
(1990) Sabine River Spanish: A neglected chapter in Mexican‑American dialectology. In J. Bergen (Ed.), Spanish in the United States: Sociolinguistic issues (pp. 1–13). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
(2005) Codeswitching or borrowing? No sé so no puedo decir, you know . In L. Sayahi & M. Westmoreland (Eds.), Selected Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics, (pp. 1–15). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
(2008) Searching for the origins of Uruguayan Fronterizo dialects: Radical code-mixing as “fluent dysfluency.” Journal of Portuguese Linguistics, 8, 5–46.Google Scholar
(2009) “Fluent dysfluency” as congruent lexicalization: a special case of radical code-mixing. Journal of Language Contact, 2, 1–39. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(2014) Spanish-English codeswitching among low-fluency bilinguals: Towards an expanded typology. Sociolinguistic Studies, 8, 23–55. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lüdi, G.
(2003) Codeswitching and unbalanced bilingualism. In J.-M. Dewaele, A. Housen, & L. Wei (Eds.), Bilingualism: Beyond basic principles (pp. 174–188). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Macaro, E.
(2001) Analysing student teachers’ codeswitching in foreign language classrooms: Theories and decision making. The Modern Language Journal, 85, 531–548. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Macnamara, J.
(1967) The bilingual’s linguistic performance: A psychological overview. Journal of Social Issues, 23, 58–77. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
MacSwan, J.
(1999) A minimalist approach to intrasentential code switching. New York, NY: Garland Press.Google Scholar
(2000) The architecture of the bilingual language faculty: Evidence from intrasentential code switching. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 3, 37–54. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(2004) Codeswitching and linguistic theory. In T. Bhatia & W. Ritchie (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism (pp. 283–310). Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
(2005) Codeswitching and generative grammar: A critique of the MLF model and some remarks on “modified minimalism.” Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 8, 1–22. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Mahootian, S., & Santorini, B.
(1996) Code switching and the complement/adjunct distinction. Linguistic Inquiry, 27, 464–479.Google Scholar
Martin, P.
(2003) Bilingual encounters in the classroom. In J.-M. Dewaele, A. Housen, & L. Wei (Eds.), Bilingualism: Beyond basic principles (pp. 67–87). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Martin-Jones, M.
(2000) Bilingual classroom interaction: A review of recent research. Language Teaching, 33, 1–9. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Matras, Y.
(1998) Utterance modifiers and universals of grammatical borrowing. Linguistics, 36, 281–331. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(2000) Mixed languages: A functional–communicative approach. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 3(02), 79–99. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
McClure, E., & Wentz, J.
(1975) Functions of codeswitching among Mexican-American children. In R. Grossman, L.J. San & T. Vance (Eds.), Papers from the Parasession on functionalism (pp. 421–432). Chicago, IL: Chicago Linguistic Society.Google Scholar
McMenamin, J.
(1973) Rapid codeswitching among Chicano bilinguals. Orbis, 22, 474–487.Google Scholar
Meisel, J.
(1983) Transfer as a second-language strategy. Language and Communication, 3, 11–46. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Moreno, E., Federmeier, K., & Kutas, M.
(2002) Switching languages, switching palabras (words): An electrophysiological study of code switching. Brain and Language, 80, 188–207. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, S.
(2003) Second language transfer during third language acquisition. Working Papers in TESOL and Applied Linguistics (Columbia University), 3(1), 1–21.Google Scholar
Muysken, P.
(1999) Three process of borrowing: borrowability revisited. In G. Extra & L. Verhoeven (Eds.), Bilingualism and migration (pp. 229–246). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(2000) Bilingual speech: A typology of code-mixing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Myers-Scotton, C.
(1992) Comparing codeswitching and borrowing. In C. Eastman (Ed.), Codeswitching (pp. 19–39). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
(1997) Dueling languages: Grammatical structure in codeswitching (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
(1999) Compromise structural strategies in codeswitching. In G. Extra & L. Verhoeven (Eds.), Bilingualism and migration (pp. 211–227). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Myers-Scotton, C., & Jake, J.
(1995) Matching lemmas in a bilingual language competence and production model: Evidence from intrasentential code switching. Linguistics, 33, 981–1024. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Nait M’Barek, M., & Sankoff, D.
(1988) Le discourse mixte arabe/français: emprunts ou alternances de langue? Canadian Journal of Linguistics//Revue Canadienne de Linguistique, 33, 143–154.Google Scholar
Neufeld, G.
(1976) The bilingual’s lexical store. IRAL: The International Review of Applied Linguistics, 14, 15–35. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Nishimura, M.
1986 Intra-sentential codeswitching: the case of language assignment. In J. Vaid (Ed.), Language processing in bilinguals: psycholinguistic and neuropsychological perspectives (pp. 123–143). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Paradis, M.
(1981) Neurolinguistic organization of a bilingual’s two languages. In J. Copeland & P. Davis (Eds.), The seventh LACUS forum (pp. 486–494). Columbia, SC: Hornbeam Press.Google Scholar
(1985) On the representation of two languages in one brain. Language Sciences, 7, 1–39. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1987) The assessment of bilingual aphasia. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
(1993) Linguistic, psycholinguistic, and neurolinguistic aspects of “interference” in bilingual speakers: The activation threshold hypothesis. International Journal of Psycholinguistics, 9, 133–145.Google Scholar
(2004) A neurolinguistic theory of bilingualism. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Peñalosa, F.
(1980) Chicano sociolinguistics: A brief introduction. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Petersen, J.
(1988) Word-internal codeswitching constraints in a bilingual child’s grammar. Linguistics, 26, 479–493. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Pfaff, C.
(1979) Constraints on language mixing: intrasentential codeswitching and borrowing in Spanish/English. Language, 55, 291–318. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Poplack, S.
(1980) Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en español. Linguistics, 18, 581–618. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Potowski, K.
(2009) Forms and functions of codeswitching by dual immersion students: A comparison of heritage speaker and L2 children. In M. Turnbull & J. Dailey-O’Cain (Eds.), First language use in second and foreign language learning (pp. 87–114). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Potowski, K., & Bolyanatz, M.
(2012) Reactions to (in)felicitous codeswitching: heritage speakers vs. L2 learners. In K. Geeslin & M. Díaz-Campos (Eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 14th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (pp. 116–129). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. www​.lingref​.com, document #2660.Google Scholar
Poulisse, N.
(1993) A theoretical account of lexical communication strategies. In R. Schreuder & B. Weltens (Eds.), The bilingual lexicon (pp. 157–189). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1997) Language production in bilinguals. In A.M.B. de Groot & J.F. Kroll (Eds.), Tutorials in bilingualism: Psycholinguistic perspectives (pp. 201–224). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
(1999) Slips of the tongue: Speech errors in first and second language production. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(2000) Slips of the tongue in first and second language production. Studia Linguistica, 54,136–149. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Poulisse, N., & Bongaerts, T.
(1994) First language use in second language production. Applied Linguistics, 15, 36–57. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Poulisse, N, Bongaerts, T., & Kellerman, E.
(1984) On the use of compensatory strategies in second language performance. Interlanguage Studies Bulletin, 8, 70–105.Google Scholar
Pratt, C.
(2004) El español del noroeste de Luisiana: Pervivencia de un dialecto amenazado. Madrid: Editorial Verbum.Google Scholar
Rayfield, J.R.
(1970) The languages of a bilingual community. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Redlinger, W.
(1976) A description of transference and codeswitching in Mexican-American English and Spanish. In G. Keller, R. Teschner, & S. Viera (Eds.), Bilingualism in the bicentennial and beyond (pp. 41–52). Jamaica, NY: Bilingual Press/Editorial Bilingüe.Google Scholar
Reyes, R.
(1976) Language mixing in Chicano bilingual speech. In D. Bowen & J. Ornstein (Eds.), Studies in southwest Spanish (pp. 183–188). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Ringbom, H.
(1983) Borrowing and lexical transfer. Applied Linguistics, 4, 207–212. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1987) The role of the first language in foreign language learning. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Roelofs, A.
(1992) A spreading-activation theory of lemma retrieval in speaking. Cognition, 42, 107–142. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1997) The WEAVER model of word-form encoding in speech production. Cognition, 64, 249–284. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(2002) How do bilinguals control their use of languages? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5, 214–215. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Said-Mohand, A.
(2006) A sociolinguistic study of the markers ‘como,’ ‘entonces,’ and ‘tú sabes’ in the speech of United States bilinguals. (Unpublished PhD dissertation). University of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Salmons, J.
(1990) Bilingual discourse marking: codeswitching, borrowing, and convergence in some German-American dialects. Linguistics, 28, 453–480. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Sankoff, D., & Poplack, S.
(1981) A formal grammar for codeswitching. Papers in Linguistics, 14, 3–46. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Selinker, L., & Baumgartner-Cohen, B.
(1995) Multiple language acquisition: ‘Damn it, why can’t I keep these two languages apart?’ Language , Culture and Curriculum, 8, 115–121. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Shoemaker, J.
(1988) The “broken” Spanish of Ebarb: A study in language death. (Unpublished MA thesis). Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.Google Scholar
Sridhar, S.N., & Sridhar, K.K.
(1980) The syntax and psycholinguistics of bilingual code mixing. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 34, 407–416. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Stark, L.
(1980) Notes on a dialect of Spanish spoken in northern Louisiana. Anthropological Linguistics, 22(4), 63–76.Google Scholar
Tarone, E., Cohen, A., & Dumas, G.
(1983) A closer look at some interlanguage terminology: a framework for communication strategies. In C. Færch & G. Kasper (Eds.), Strategies in interlanguage communication (pp. 4–14). London: Longman.Google Scholar
Timm, L.
(1975) Spanish-English codeswitching: el porqué y how-not-to. Romance Philology, 28, 473–482.Google Scholar
Toribio, A.J.
(2001a) Accessing bilingual codeswitching competence. International Journal of Bilingualism, 5, 403–436. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(2001b) On the emergence of bilingual code-mixing competence. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4, 203–231. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Torres, L.
(2002) Bilingual discourse markers in Puerto Rican Spanish. Language in Society, 31, 65–83. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Truscott, J., & Sharwood Smith, M.
(2004) Acquisition by processing: A modular perspective on language development. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 7, 1–20. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Valdés-Fallis, G.
(1976a) Social interaction and codeswitching patterns: A case study in Spanish-English alternatives. In G. Keller, R. Teschner, & S. Viera (Eds.), Bilingualism in the bicentennial and beyond (pp. 53–85). Jamaica, NY: Bilingual Press/Editorial Bilingüe.Google Scholar
(1976b) Codeswitching in bilingual Chicano poetry. Hispania, 59, 877–885. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1978a) Codeswitching and language dominance: Some initial findings. General Linguistics, 18, 90–104.Google Scholar
(1978b) Codeswitching among bilingual Mexican-American women: Towards an understanding of sex-related language alternation. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 17, 65–72.Google Scholar
Van der Meij, M., Cuetos, F., Carreiras, M., & Barber, H.
(2011) Electrophysiological correlates of language switching in second language learners. Psychophysiology, 48, 44–54. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Van Gelderen, E., & MacSwan, J.
(2008) Interface conditions and codeswitching: An F-movement analysis of pronouns and lexical DPs. Lingua, 118, 765–776. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Van Hest, E., Poulisse, N., & Bongaerts, T.
(1997) Self-repair in L1 and L2 production: an overview. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 117–118, 85–115.Google Scholar
Van Heuven, W., Schriefers, H., Dijkstra, T., & Hagoort, P.
(2008) Language conflict in the bilingual brain. Cerebral Cortex, 18, 2706–2716. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Vildomec, V.
(1963) Multilingualism. Leyden: A. W. Sythoff.Google Scholar
Vogel, T.
(1992) Englisch und Deutsch gibt es immer Krieg. Zielsprache Deutsch, 23, 95–99.Google Scholar
Wakefield, J.Jr., Bradley, P., Lee Yom, B.-H., & Doughtie, E.
(1975) Language switching and constituent structure. Language and Speech, 18, 14–19.Google Scholar
Wei, L.
(2001) Lemma congruence checking between languages as an organizing principle in intrasentential codeswitching. International Journal of Bilingualism, 5, 153–173. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Williams, S., & Hammarberg, B.
(1998) Language switches in L3 production: Implications for a polyglot speaking model. Applied Linguistics, 19, 295–333. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Woolford, E.
(1983) Bilingual codeswitching and syntactic theory. Linguistic Inquiry, 13, 519–535.Google Scholar
Cited by

Cited by other publications

Lipski, John M.
2020.  In Hispanic Contact Linguistics [Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 22], ► pp. 236 ff. Crossref logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 26 september 2020. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.