Cover not available
Part of
Hispanic Contact Linguistics: Theoretical, methodological and empirical perspectives
Edited by Luis A. Ortiz López, Rosa E. Guzzardo Tamargo and Melvin González-Rivera
[Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 22] 2020
► pp. 11–42

Chapter 1
The New Spanishes in the context of contact linguistics

Toward a unified approach

| The Ohio State University
Weinreich (1953) argued that a comprehensive model of language contact must integrate linguistic, sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic approaches. This paper discusses how such a model can be applied to the contact languages that arose in the Spanish colonies as a result of contact between Spanish and various other languages. These contact languages include close approximations to Peninsular Spanish, Afro-Hispanic varieties, “indigenized” varieties and of course creoles. I argue that all these contact varieties should be amenable to description and analysis within the same framework. To this end, I discuss the ways in which Weinreich’s model of an integrated approach can be linked to a naturalistic second language acquisition (NSLA) account of the formation of the contact varieties of Spanish.
Keywords: Spanish contact varieties, naturalistic SLA, social ecology, language processing, imposition
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.The natural SLA framework
  • 3.Social factors in the emergence of naturalistic second language varieties
    • 3.1Social factors in the emergence of Hispanic colonial dialects
  • 4.Substrate inputs to the formation of Spanish-related creoles
  • 5.SLA processes at work in the formation of creoles
  • 6.The psycholinguistic mechanisms of change in contact language formation
    • 6.1Processing constraints on the acquisition of TL structures
    • 6.2L1 influence and processing in creole formation and other cases of naturalistic SLA
  • 7.Mechanisms of imposition in cases of naturalistic SLA
  • 8.The need for future research on Spanish-related contact languages
  • 9.Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 14 February 2020
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/ihll.22.01win
References (104)
References
Andersen, R. (1980). Creolization as the acquisition of a second language as a first language. In A. Valdmann & A. Highfield (Eds.), Theoretical orientations in Creole studies (pp. 273–295). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
(Ed.). (1983). Pidginization and creolization as language acquisition. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Arends, J. (2001). Social stratification and network relations in the formation of Sranan. In N. Smith & T. Veenstra (Eds.), Creolization and contact (pp. 291–308). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Baker, P. (1990). Off target? Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 5(1), 107–119. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
P. Bakker, & M. Yaron (Eds.). (2013). Contact languages: A comprehensive guide. Berlin: De Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Biagui, N.-B., & Nicolas, Q. (2013). Casamance Creole. In S. Michaelis, P. Maurer, M. Haspelmath, & M. Huber (Eds.), The survey of Pidgin & Creole languages (2(3), pp. 40–49). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bock, K., & Levelt, W. (1994). Language production: Grammatical encoding. In M. A. Gernsbacher (Ed.), Handbook of psycholinguistics (pp. 945–984). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K. (2004). Dynamic typology and vernacular universals. In B. Kortmannm (Ed.), Dialectology meets typology: Dialect grammar from a cross-linguistic perspective (pp. 127–145). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Clements, C. (2009). Linguistic legacy of Spanish and Portuguese: Colonial expansion and language change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Coelho, F. A. (1880–1886). Os dialectos românicos ou neolatinos na África, Asia, e América. Bolletim da Sociedade de Geografica de Lisboa. Republished in J. Morais-Barbosa (Ed.), Estudos linguísticos crioulos (1967). Lisbon: Academia Internacional de Cultura Portuguesa.Google Scholar
De Bot, K. (2001). A bilingual production model: Levelt’s ‘speaking’ model adapted. In L. Wei (Ed.), The bilingualism reader (pp. 420–441). London: Routledge. Reprint of De Bot. (1992). Applied Linguistics, 13, 1–24.Google Scholar
Diaz-Campos, M., & Clements, C. (2005). Mainland Spanish colonies and creole genesis: The Afro-Venezuelan area revisited. In S. Lotfi & M. Westmoreland (Eds.), Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics (pp. 41–53). Someville, MA: Cascadilla.Google Scholar
(2008). A creole origin for Barlovento Spanish? A linguistic and sociohistorical inquiry. Language in Society, 37, 351–383. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Field, F. (2004). Second language acquisition in creole genesis: The role of processability. In G. Escure & A. Schwegler (Eds.), Creoles, contact, and language change: Linguistic and social implications (pp. 127–160). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fernandez, M. (2011). Chabacano en Tayabas: Implicaciones para la historia de los criollos hispano-filipinos. Revista Internacional de Linguistica Iberoamericana, 17, 189–218.Google Scholar
(2012). Leyenda e historia del chabacano de Ermita. UniverSOS: Revista de Lenguas Indigenas y Universos Culturales, 9, 9–4/65–70. Retrieved from <[URL]>
Fernández, M., & Sippola, E. (2017). A new window into the history of Chabacano: Two unknown mid-19th century texts. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 32(2), 304–338. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Filpulla, M., Klemola, J., & Sharma, D. (2017). The Oxford handbook of World Englishes. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Frake, C. O. (1971). Lexical origins and semantic structure in Philippine Creole Spanish. In D. Hymes (Ed.), Pidginization and creolization of languages (pp. 223–242). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goodman, M. (1987). The Portuguese element in the American creoles. In G. G. Gilbert (Ed.), Pidgin and Creole languages: Essays in memory of John E. Reinecke (pp. 361–405). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Grant, A. (2002). El chabacano zamboangueño: Una lengua mezclada. Papia, 12, 7–40.Google Scholar
(2011). Substrate influences in Mindanao Chabacano. In C. Lefebvre (Ed.), Typological studies in language: Creoles, their substrates, and language typology (pp. 303–324). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hagemeijer, T. (2013). Santome. In S. Michaelis, P. Maurer, M. Haspelmath, & M. Huber (Eds.), The survey of Pidgin and Creole languages (pp. 50–58). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hagemeijer, T., & Ogie, O. (2011). Edo influence on Santome: Evidence from verb serialization. In Lefebvre, C. (Ed.), Creoles, their substrates, and language typology (pp. 37–60). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Helms-Park, R. (2003). Transfer in SLA and creoles: The implications of causative serial verbs in the interlanguage of Vietnamese ESL learners. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 25, 211–244. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hesseling, D. C. (1897). Het Hollandsch in Zuid-Afrika. De Gids, 60(1), 138–162. Reprinted in English in D. Hesseling, On the origin and formation of Creoles: A miscellany of articles (1979). Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma.Google Scholar
Hickey, R. (Ed). (2010). The Handbook of Language Contact. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hulstijn, J. (1990). A comparison between information processing and the analysis/control approaches to language learning. Applied Linguistics, 11, 30–45. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, B. (2008). Papiamentu: A diachronic analysis of its core morphology. Phrasis, 2008(2), 59–82.Google Scholar
(2009a). The origins of Old Portuguese features in Papiamentu. In N. Faraclas, R. Severing, C. Weijer, & L. Echteld (Eds.), Leeward voices: Fresh perspectives on Papiamentu and the literatures and cultures of the ABC Islands (pp. 11–38). Curaçao: FPI/ UNA.Google Scholar
(2009b). The Upper Guinea origins of Papiamentu: Linguistic and historical evidence. Diachronica, 26, 319–379. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2010a). Upper Guinea Creole: Evidence in favor of a Santiago birth. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 26(2), 289–343. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2010b). Los verbos estativos en el papiamento y el caboverdiano de Santiago. Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana VIII, 2(16), 129–155.Google Scholar
Jarvis, S., & Pavlenko, A. (2008). Crosslinguistic influence in language and cognition. New York, NY: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Johanson, L. (2002). Contact-induced change in a code-copying framework. In M. C. Jones & E. Esch (Eds.), Language change: The interplay of internal, external and extra-linguistic factors (pp. 285–313). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kouwenberg, S. (2006). L1 Transfer and the cut-off point for L2 acquisition processes in creole formation. In C. Lefebvre, L. White, & C. Jourdan (Eds.), L2 acquisition and Creole genesis (pp. 205–219). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lang, J. (2009). Les langues des autres dans la créolisation: Théorie et exemplification par le créole d’empreinte wolof à l’île Santiago du Cap Vert. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.Google Scholar
(2013). Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago. In S. Michaelis, P. Maurer, M. Haspelmath, & M. Huber (Eds.), The survey of Pidgin and Creole languages (p. 3–11). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lefevbre, C., White, L., & Jourdan, C. (Eds.). (2006). L2 acquisition and Creole genesis. Dialogues. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Léglise, I., & Chamoreau, C. (Eds.) (2013). The interplay of variation and change in contact settings. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Levelt, W. (1989). Speaking: From intention to articulation. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
(1993). Accessing words in speech production: Stages, processes and representations. In W. Levelt (Ed.), Lexical access in speech production (pp. 1–22). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Lipski, J. (1994). Latin American Spanish. New York, NY: Longman.Google Scholar
(2001). The place of Chabacano in the Philippine linguistic profile. Estudios de Sociolingüística, 2(2), 119–163.Google Scholar
(2004). El español de América: Los contactos bilingües. In R. Cano (Ed.), Historia de la lengua Española (pp. 1117–1138). Barcelona: Ariel.Google Scholar
(2005). A history of Afro-Hispanic language: Five centuries, five continents. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2008a). Afro-Bolivian Spanish. Frankfurt & Madrid: Vervuert & Iberoamericana. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2008b). Spanish-based creoles in the Caribbean. In S. Kouwenberg & J. V. Singler (Eds.), The handbook of Pidgin and Creole studies (pp. 541–564). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
(2009). Spanish-based creoles in the Caribbean. In S. Kouwenberg & J. Singler (Eds.), The handbook of Pidgin and Creole studies (pp. 543–564). Oxord: Wiley-Blackwell. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lipski, J., & Santoro, M. (2007). Zamboangueño Creole Spanish. In J. A. Holm & P. L. Patrick (Eds.), Comparative Creole syntax (pp. 373–398). London: Battlebridge.Google Scholar
Martinus, E. F. (1996). The kiss of a slave: Papiamentu’s West-African connections (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Mather, P.-A. (2006). Second language acquisition and creolization: Same (i-) processes, different (e-) results. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 21(2), 231–274. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Matras, Y. (2009). Language contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Maurer, P. (2009). Principense: Grammar, text and vocabulary of the Afro-Portugese Creole of the Island of Principe, Gulf of Guinea. London: Battlebridge.Google Scholar
McWhorter, J. (2000). The missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the birth of plantation contact languages. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
MacWhinney, B. (1997). Second language acquisition and the Competition Model. In J. Kroll & A. de Groot (Eds.), Tutorials in bilingualism: Psycholinguistic perspectives (pp. 113–142). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
(2005). A unified model of language acquisition. In J. F. Kroll & A. M. B. de Groot (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 49–67). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
(2008). A Unified Model. In P. Robinson & N. Ellis (Eds.), Handbook of cognitive linguistics and second language acquisition (pp. 341–371). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Megenney, W. W. (1983). La influencia del portugués en el palenquero colombiano. Thesaurus, 28, 548–563.Google Scholar
Mintz, S. W. (1971). The socio-historical background to pidginization and creolization. In D. Hymes (Ed.), Pidginization and creolization of languages (pp. 481–96). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mufwene, S. (2001). The ecology of language evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2008). Language evolution: Contact, competition, and change. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
(2013). Driving forces in English contact linguistics. In D. Schreier & M. Hundt (Eds.), English as a contact language (pp. 204–221). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
(2014). Language ecology, language evolution, and the actuation question. In T. Äfarli A. & B. Mælhum (Eds.), The sociolinguistics of grammar (pp. 13–35). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mufwene, S., & Vigouroux, C. B. (2013). Individuals, populations, and timespace: Perspectives on the ecology of language. In F. Gadet (Ed.), Construction des connaises sociolinguistiques: Du terrain au positionnement théretique (pp. 111–137). Brussels: EME & intercommunications.Google Scholar
Munteanu, D. (1996). El papiamento, lengua criolla hispánica. Madrid: Gredos.Google Scholar
Odlin, T. (1989). Language transfer: Crosslinguistic influence in language learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1990). Word-order transfer, metalinguistic awareness, and constraints on foreign language learning. In B. Van Patten & J. F. Lee (Eds.), Second language acquisition/Foreign language learning (pp. 95–117). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Pienemann, M. (1999). Language processing and second language development: Processability Theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Plag, I. (2008a). Creoles as interlanguages: Inflectional morphology. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 23(1), 114–135. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2008b). Creoles as interlanguages: Syntactic structures. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 23(2), 307–328. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2011). Creolization and admixture: Typology, feature pools, and second language acquisition. In P. Bhatt & T. Veenstra (Eds.), Creoles and typology. Special Issue of Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 26(1), 89–110. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Quint, N. (2000a). Grammaire de la langue cap-verdienne. Paris: l’Harmattan.Google Scholar
(2000b). Le cap verdien: Origines et devenir d’une langue métisse. Paris: l’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Roberts, S. (2004). The role of style and identity in the development of Hawai’ian Creole English. In G. Escure & A. Schwegler (Eds.), Creoles, contact and language change: Linguistic and social implications (pp. 331–350). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Roelofs, A. (1993). A spreading-activation theory of lemma retrieval in speaking. In W. J. M. Levelt (Ed.), Lexical access in speech production (pp. 107–142). Cambridge MA – Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Sanchez, L. (2006). Bilingual grammars and creoles: Similarities between functional convergence and morphological elaboration. In C. Lefebvre, L. White & C. Jourdan (Eds.), L2 acquisition and Creole genesis: Dialogues (pp. 277–294). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schang, Emmanuel. (2000). L’émergence des créoles portugais du Golfe de Guinée (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Université de Nancy II.Google Scholar
Schuchardt, H. (1882). Kreolische Studien I. Ueber das Negerportugiesische von S. Thomé (Westafrika). Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien, 101(2), 889–917.Google Scholar
Schumann, J. H. (1978). The pidginization process: A model for second language acquisition. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Schwartz, A. L., & Kroll, J. (2006). Language processing in bilingual speakers. In M. J. Traxler & M. A. Gernsbacher (Eds.), Handbook of psycholinguistics (2nd ed., pp. 967–999). Amsterdam: Elsevier. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schwegler, A. (1996a). Chi ma nkongo: Lengua y rito ancestrales en El Palenque de San Basilio (Colombia). Frankfurt: Vervuert.Google Scholar
(1996b). La doble negación dominica y la genesis del español caribeño. Hispanic Linguistics, 8, 246–315.Google Scholar
(2006). Bozal Spanish: Captivizing new evidence from a contemporary source (Afro-Cuban “Palo Monte”). In L. L. Thornburg & J. M. Fuller (Eds.), Studies in Contact linguistics: Essays in honor of Glenn. G. Gilbert (pp. 71–101). Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
(2010). Pidgin and Creole studies: Their interface with Hispanic and Lusophone linguistics. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 3(2), 1–51. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sessarego, S. (2013). On the non-Creole bases for Afro-Bolivian Spanish. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 28(2), 363–407. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2014). On Chota Valley Spanish origin: Linguistic and sociohistorical evidence. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 29(1), 86–133. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Siegel, J. (2006). Links between SLA and Creole studies: Past and present. In C. Lefevbre, L. White, & C. Jourdan (Eds.), L2 acquisition and Creole genesis. Dialogues (pp. 15–46). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2008). The emergence of Pidgin and Creole languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Siemund, P., & Kintana, N. (Eds.). (2008). Language contact and contact languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Silva-Corvalán, C. (1998). On borrowing as a mechanism of syntactic change. In A. Schwegler, B. Tranel, & M. Uribe-Etxebarria (Eds.), Romance linguistics: Theoretical perspectives (pp. 225–246). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Singler, J. (2008). The sociohistorical context of creole genesis. In S. Kouwenberg & J. V. Singler (Eds.), The handbook of Pidgin and Creole studies (pp. 332–358). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Spitz, W. (2001). Hiligaynon/Ilongo. Munich: Lincom.Google Scholar
Sprouse, R. A. (2006). Full transfer and relexification: Second language acquisition and creole genesis. In C. Lefebvre, L. White, & C. Jourdan (Eds.), L2 acquisition and Creole genesis. Dialogues (pp. 169–183). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Steinkrüger, P. (2008). The puzzling case of Chabacano: Creolization, substrate, mixing and secondary contact. Studies in Philippine Languages and Cultures, 9, 142–147.Google Scholar
Thomason, S., & Kaufman, T. (1988). Language contact, creolization and genetic linguistics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
van Coetsem, F. (1988). Loan phonology and the two transfer types in language contact. Dordrecht: Foris. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2000). A general and unified theory of the transmission process in language contact. Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar
Weinreich, U. (1953). Languages in contact: Findings and problems. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Weinreich, U., Labov, W., & Herzog, M. I. (1968). Empirical foundations for a theory of change. In W. P. Lehman & Y. Malkiel, Directions for historical linguistics: A symposium (pp. 95–188). Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Winford, D. (2008). Processes of creolization and related contact-induced change. Journal of Language Contact, Thema 2, 124–145. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2013). On the unity of contact phenomena: The case for imposition. In de C. Féral (Ed.), In and out of Africa: Languages in question. In honour of Robert Nicolaï, 1: Language contact and epistemological issues (43–71). Louvain: Peeters.Google Scholar
(2017). The ecology of language and the new Englishes: Toward an integrative framework. In A. Mauranen, J. Klemola, S. Vetchinnikova, & Filppula, M. (Eds.), Changing English: Global and local perspectives (pp. 25–55). Berlin: De Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cited by (3)

Cited by three other publications

Geeslin, Kimberly L., Travis Evans-Sago, Stephen Fafulas & Tom Goebel-Mahrle
2024. Chapter 3. The second language acquisition of variation in adulthood and language change. In Lifespan Acquisition and Language Change [Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics, 14], ► pp. 64 ff. DOI logo
Raynor, Eliot
2024. Chapter 11. The contact origin(s) of ‘hand’ and ‘foot’ > ‘limb’ in Antioquian Spanish. In Lifespan Acquisition and Language Change [Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics, 14], ► pp. 264 ff. DOI logo
Sanz-Sánchez, Israel
2024. Chapter 1. Language acquisition across the lifespan in historical sociolinguistics. In Lifespan Acquisition and Language Change [Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics, 14], ► pp. 2 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 29 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.