Chapter 1
The New Spanishes in the context of contact linguistics
Toward a unified approach
Weinreich
(1953) argued that a comprehensive model of language
contact must integrate linguistic, sociolinguistic and
psycholinguistic approaches. This paper discusses how such a model
can be applied to the contact languages that arose in the Spanish
colonies as a result of contact between Spanish and various other
languages. These contact languages include close approximations to
Peninsular Spanish, Afro-Hispanic varieties, “indigenized” varieties
and of course creoles. I argue that all these contact varieties
should be amenable to description and analysis within the same
framework. To this end, I discuss the ways in which Weinreich’s
model of an integrated approach can be linked to a naturalistic
second language acquisition (NSLA) account of the formation of the
contact varieties of Spanish.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.The natural SLA framework
- 3.Social factors in the emergence of naturalistic second language
varieties
- 3.1Social factors in the emergence of Hispanic colonial
dialects
- 4.Substrate inputs to the formation of Spanish-related
creoles
- 5.SLA processes at work in the formation of creoles
- 6.The psycholinguistic mechanisms of change in contact language
formation
- 6.1Processing constraints on the acquisition of TL
structures
- 6.2L1 influence and processing in creole formation and other
cases of naturalistic SLA
- 7.Mechanisms of imposition in cases of naturalistic SLA
- 8.The need for future research on Spanish-related contact
languages
- 9.Conclusion
-
Notes
-
References
References (104)
Andersen, R.
(
1980)
Creolization
as the acquisition of a second language as a first
language. In
A. Valdmann &
A. Highfield (Eds.),
Theoretical
orientations in Creole
studies (pp. 273–295). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Andersen, R.
(Ed.) (
1983)
Pidginization
and creolization as language
acquisition. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Baker, P.
(
1990)
Off
target? Journal of Pidgin and
Creole
Languages, 5(1), 107–119.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
P. Bakker, & M. Yaron
(Eds.) (
2013)
Contact
languages: A comprehensive
guide. Berlin: De Gruyter.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Biagui, N.-B., & Nicolas, Q.
(
2013)
Casamance
Creole. In
S. Michaelis,
P. Maurer,
M. Haspelmath, &
M. Huber (Eds.),
The
survey of Pidgin & Creole
languages (2(3), pp. 40–49). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bock, K., & Levelt, W.
(
1994)
Language
production: Grammatical
encoding. In
M. A. Gernsbacher (Ed.),
Handbook
of
psycholinguistics (pp. 945–984). New York: Academic Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Chambers, J. K.
(
2004)
Dynamic
typology and vernacular
universals. In
B. Kortmannm (Ed.),
Dialectology
meets typology: Dialect grammar from a cross-linguistic
perspective (pp. 127–145). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Clements, C.
(
2009)
Linguistic
legacy of Spanish and Portuguese: Colonial expansion and
language
change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Coelho, F. A.
(
1880–1886)
Os
dialectos românicos ou neolatinos na África, Asia, e
América. Bolletim da Sociedade de
Geografica de Lisboa. Republished
in
J. Morais-Barbosa (Ed.),
Estudos
linguísticos
crioulos (1967) Lisbon: Academia Internacional de Cultura Portuguesa.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
De Bot, K.
(
2001)
A
bilingual production model: Levelt’s ‘speaking’ model
adapted. In
L. Wei (Ed.),
The
bilingualism
reader (pp. 420–441). London: Routledge. Reprint
of
De Bot (1992)
Applied
Linguistics, 13, 1–24.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Diaz-Campos, M., & Clements, C.
(
2005)
Mainland
Spanish colonies and creole genesis: The Afro-Venezuelan
area
revisited. In
S. Lotfi &
M. Westmoreland (Eds.),
Proceedings
of the Second Workshop on Spanish
Sociolinguistics (pp. 41–53). Someville, MA: Cascadilla.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Diaz-Campos, M., & Clements, C.
(
2008)
A
creole origin for Barlovento Spanish? A linguistic and
sociohistorical
inquiry.
Language in
Society, 37, 351–383.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fernandez, M.
(
2011)
Chabacano
en Tayabas: Implicaciones para la historia de los criollos
hispano-filipinos.
Revista
Internacional de Linguistica
Iberoamericana, 17, 189–218.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fernandez, M.
(
2012)
Leyenda
e historia del chabacano de
Ermita.
UniverSOS: Revista de
Lenguas Indigenas y Universos
Culturales, 9, 9–4/65–70. Retrieved
from
[URL]
Fernández, M., & Sippola, E.
Filpulla, M., Klemola, J., & Sharma, D.
(
2017)
The
Oxford handbook of World
Englishes. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Frake, C. O.
(
1971)
Lexical
origins and semantic structure in Philippine Creole
Spanish. In
D. Hymes (Ed.),
Pidginization
and creolization of
languages (pp. 223–242). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Goodman, M.
(
1987)
The
Portuguese element in the American
creoles. In
G. G. Gilbert (Ed.),
Pidgin
and Creole languages: Essays in memory of John E.
Reinecke (pp. 361–405). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Grant, A.
(
2002)
El
chabacano zamboangueño: Una lengua
mezclada.
Papia, 12, 7–40.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hagemeijer, T.
(
2013)
Santome. In
S. Michaelis,
P. Maurer,
M. Haspelmath, &
M. Huber (Eds.),
The
survey of Pidgin and Creole
languages (pp. 50–58). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hagemeijer, T., & Ogie, O.
Helms-Park, R.
(
2003)
Transfer
in SLA and creoles: The implications of causative serial
verbs in the interlanguage of Vietnamese ESL
learners.
Studies in Second
Language
Acquisition, 25, 211–244.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hesseling, D. C.
(
1897)
Het
Hollandsch in Zuid-Afrika.
De
Gids, 60(1), 138–162. Reprinted
in English in
D. Hesseling,
On
the origin and formation of Creoles: A miscellany of
articles (1979) Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hickey, R.
(Ed) (
2010)
The
Handbook of Language
Contact. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hulstijn, J.
(
1990)
A
comparison between information processing and the
analysis/control approaches to language
learning.
Applied
Linguistics, 11, 30–45.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jacobs, B.
(
2008)
Papiamentu:
A diachronic analysis of its core
morphology.
Phrasis 2008(2), 59–82.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jacobs, B.
(
2009a)
The
origins of Old Portuguese features in
Papiamentu. In
N. Faraclas,
R. Severing,
C. Weijer, &
L. Echteld (Eds.),
Leeward
voices: Fresh perspectives on Papiamentu and the literatures
and cultures of the ABC
Islands (pp. 11–38). Curaçao: FPI/ UNA.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jacobs, B.
(
2010b)
Los
verbos estativos en el papiamento y el caboverdiano de
Santiago.
Revista
Internacional de Lingüística
Iberoamericana VIII,
2(16), 129–155.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jarvis, S., & Pavlenko, A.
(
2008)
Crosslinguistic
influence in language and
cognition. New York, NY: Routledge.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Johanson, L.
(
2002)
Contact-induced
change in a code-copying
framework. In
M. C. Jones &
E. Esch (Eds.),
Language
change: The interplay of internal, external and
extra-linguistic
factors (pp. 285–313). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lang, J.
(
2009)
Les
langues des autres dans la créolisation: Théorie et
exemplification par le créole d’empreinte wolof à l’île
Santiago du Cap
Vert. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lang, J.
(
2013)
Cape
Verdean Creole of
Santiago. In
S. Michaelis,
P. Maurer,
M. Haspelmath, &
M. Huber (Eds.),
The
survey of Pidgin and Creole
languages (p. 3–11). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lefevbre, C., White, L., & Jourdan, C.
(Eds.) (
2006)
L2
acquisition and Creole genesis.
Dialogues. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Léglise, I., & Chamoreau, C.
Levelt, W.
(
1989)
Speaking:
From intention to
articulation. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Levelt, W.
(
1993)
Accessing
words in speech production: Stages, processes and
representations. In
W. Levelt (Ed.),
Lexical
access in speech
production (pp. 1–22). Oxford: Blackwell.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lipski, J.
(
1994)
Latin
American Spanish. New York, NY: Longman.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lipski, J.
(
2001)
The
place of Chabacano in the Philippine linguistic
profile.
Estudios de
Sociolingüística, 2(2), 119–163.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lipski, J.
(
2004)
El
español de América: Los contactos
bilingües. In
R. Cano (Ed.),
Historia
de la lengua
Española (pp. 1117–1138). Barcelona: Ariel.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lipski, J.
(
2005)
A
history of Afro-Hispanic language: Five centuries, five
continents. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lipski, J.
(
2008a)
Afro-Bolivian
Spanish. Frankfurt & Madrid: Vervuert & Iberoamericana.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lipski, J.
(
2008b)
Spanish-based
creoles in the
Caribbean. In
S. Kouwenberg &
J. V. Singler (Eds.),
The
handbook of Pidgin and Creole
studies (pp. 541–564). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lipski, J.
(
2009)
Spanish-based
creoles in the
Caribbean. In
S. Kouwenberg &
J. Singler (Eds.),
The
handbook of Pidgin and Creole
studies (pp. 543–564). Oxord: Wiley-Blackwell.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lipski, J., & Santoro, M.
(
2007)
Zamboangueño
Creole
Spanish. In
J. A. Holm &
P. L. Patrick (Eds.),
Comparative
Creole
syntax (pp. 373–398). London: Battlebridge.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Martinus, E. F.
(
1996)
The
kiss of a slave: Papiamentu’s West-African
connections (Unpublished
doctoral
dissertation). University of Amsterdam.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Matras, Y.
(
2009)
Language
contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Maurer, P.
(
2009)
Principense:
Grammar, text and vocabulary of the Afro-Portugese Creole of
the Island of Principe, Gulf of
Guinea. London: Battlebridge.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
McWhorter, J.
(
2000)
The
missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the birth of plantation
contact languages. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
MacWhinney, B.
(
1997)
Second
language acquisition and the Competition
Model. In
J. Kroll &
A. de Groot (Eds.),
Tutorials
in bilingualism: Psycholinguistic
perspectives (pp. 113–142). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
MacWhinney, B.
(
2005)
A
unified model of language
acquisition. In
J. F. Kroll &
A. M. B. de Groot (Eds.),
Handbook
of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic
approaches (pp. 49–67). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
MacWhinney, B.
(
2008)
A
Unified
Model. In
P. Robinson &
N. Ellis (Eds.),
Handbook
of cognitive linguistics and second language
acquisition (pp. 341–371). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Megenney, W. W.
(
1983)
La
influencia del portugués en el palenquero
colombiano.
Thesaurus, 28, 548–563.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Mintz, S. W.
(
1971)
The
socio-historical background to pidginization and
creolization. In
D. Hymes (Ed.),
Pidginization
and creolization of
languages (pp. 481–96). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Mufwene, S.
(
2001)
The
ecology of language
evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Mufwene, S.
(
2008)
Language
evolution: Contact, competition, and
change. London: Continuum.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Mufwene, S.
(
2013)
Driving
forces in English contact
linguistics. In
D. Schreier &
M. Hundt (Eds.),
English
as a contact
language (pp. 204–221). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Mufwene, S., & Vigouroux, C. B.
(
2013)
Individuals,
populations, and timespace: Perspectives on the ecology of
language. In
F. Gadet (Ed.),
Construction
des connaises sociolinguistiques: Du terrain au
positionnement
théretique (pp. 111–137). Brussels: EME & intercommunications.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Munteanu, D.
(
1996)
El
papiamento, lengua criolla
hispánica. Madrid: Gredos.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Odlin, T.
(
1989)
Language
transfer: Crosslinguistic influence in language
learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Odlin, T.
(
1990)
Word-order
transfer, metalinguistic awareness, and constraints on
foreign language
learning. In
B. Van Patten &
J. F. Lee (Eds.),
Second
language acquisition/Foreign language
learning (pp. 95–117). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Pienemann, M.
(
1999)
Language
processing and second language development: Processability
Theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Quint, N.
(
2000a)
Grammaire
de la langue
cap-verdienne. Paris: l’Harmattan.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Quint, N.
(
2000b)
Le
cap verdien: Origines et devenir d’une langue
métisse. Paris: l’Harmattan.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Roelofs, A.
(
1993)
A
spreading-activation theory of lemma retrieval in
speaking. In
W. J. M. Levelt (Ed.),
Lexical
access in speech
production (pp. 107–142). Cambridge MA – Oxford: Blackwell.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Schang, Emmanuel
(
2000)
L’émergence
des créoles portugais du Golfe de
Guinée (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation). Université de Nancy II.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Schuchardt, H.
(
1882)
Kreolische
Studien I. Ueber das Negerportugiesische von S. Thomé
(Westafrika).
Sitzungsberichte
der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu
Wien, 101(2), 889–917.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Schumann, J. H.
(
1978)
The
pidginization process: A model for second language
acquisition. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Schwartz, A. L., & Kroll, J.
(
2006)
Language
processing in bilingual
speakers. In
M. J. Traxler &
M. A. Gernsbacher (Eds.),
Handbook
of psycholinguistics (2nd
ed., pp. 967–999). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Schwegler, A.
(
1996a)
Chi
ma nkongo: Lengua y rito ancestrales en El Palenque de San
Basilio
(Colombia). Frankfurt: Vervuert.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Schwegler, A.
(
1996b)
La
doble negación dominica y la genesis del español
caribeño.
Hispanic
Linguistics, 8, 246–315.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Schwegler, A.
(
2006)
Bozal
Spanish: Captivizing new evidence from a contemporary source
(Afro-Cuban “Palo
Monte”). In
L. L. Thornburg &
J. M. Fuller (Eds.),
Studies
in Contact linguistics: Essays in honor of Glenn. G.
Gilbert (pp. 71–101). Bern: Peter Lang.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Schwegler, A.
(
2010)
Pidgin
and Creole studies: Their interface with Hispanic and
Lusophone
linguistics.
Studies in
Hispanic and Lusophone
Linguistics, 3(2), 1–51.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Siegel, J.
(
2008)
The
emergence of Pidgin and Creole
languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Siemund, P., & Kintana, N.
Singler, J.
(
2008)
The
sociohistorical context of creole
genesis. In
S. Kouwenberg &
J. V. Singler (Eds.),
The
handbook of Pidgin and Creole
studies (pp. 332–358). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Spitz, W.
(
2001)
Hiligaynon/Ilongo. Munich: Lincom.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Steinkrüger, P.
(
2008)
The
puzzling case of Chabacano: Creolization, substrate, mixing
and secondary
contact.
Studies in
Philippine Languages and
Cultures, 9, 142–147.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Thomason, S., & Kaufman, T.
(
1988)
Language
contact, creolization and genetic
linguistics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
van Coetsem, F.
(
1988)
Loan
phonology and the two transfer types in language
contact. Dordrecht: Foris.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
van Coetsem, F.
(
2000)
A
general and unified theory of the transmission process in
language
contact. Heidelberg: Winter.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Weinreich, U.
(
1953)
Languages
in contact: Findings and
problems. The Hague: Mouton.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Weinreich, U., Labov, W., & Herzog, M. I.
(
1968)
Empirical
foundations for a theory of
change. In
W. P. Lehman &
Y. Malkiel,
Directions
for historical linguistics: A
symposium (pp. 95–188). Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Winford, D.
(
2008)
Processes
of creolization and related contact-induced
change.
Journal of Language
Contact, Thema 2, 124–145.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Winford, D.
(
2013)
On
the unity of contact phenomena: The case for
imposition. In
de C. Féral (Ed.),
In
and out of Africa: Languages in question. In honour of
Robert Nicolaï, 1: Language contact and epistemological
issues (43–71). Louvain: Peeters.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Winford, D.
(
2017)
The
ecology of language and the new Englishes: Toward an
integrative
framework. In
A. Mauranen,
J. Klemola,
S. Vetchinnikova, &
Filppula, M. (Eds.),
Changing
English: Global and local
perspectives (pp. 25–55). Berlin: De Gruyter.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cited by (3)
Cited by 3 other publications
Geeslin, Kimberly L., Travis Evans-Sago, Stephen Fafulas & Tom Goebel-Mahrle
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 28 june 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.