Index

• absolute questions 191–192, 194–196, 203–205, 207–208, 214–216

• acoustic 223–225, 228–231, 233–234, 236, 239, 247–249, 251

• African American English 105, 117, 185

• age 21, 38–39, 69, 117, 168–170

• agreement 17–18, 22, 63–65, 128–134, 137, 144, 159, 272, 276, 292–293

• Aguaruna10

• Aikhenvald 7–8, 10–14, 17–21, 23, 25–27, 82, 108, 113–114, 155, 262

• Alcázar18

• allophones 69, 73, 237, 245, 249

• Amazon 1–11, 15–16, 81–82, 108–114, 231, 259–262, 265

• Amazonian languages 7–8, 89, 108–111, 129, 189, 217, 281, 289

• Amazonian Spanish 15, 61–63, 105–106, 127, 155–159, 191–192, 217–218, 261–263, 281, 293–294

• American Spanish 18, 57–58, 61, 67–68, 70–71, 74, 76, 185, 251–252, 289

• Amerindian languages49

• Amuesha10

• Anchieta8

• Andean languages 18, 262

• Andean Spanish 15, 60, 64–65, 113, 156, 159, 183–185, 224, 260–263, 281

• Andes 8–9, 73, 113, 159–160, 179–181, 185, 217, 259, 261–263, 265

• Andrade Ciudad18

• animacy 48–49, 89, 130, 139, 142, 144, 149–150, 171–173, 175–177, 293

• Arawá 7–8, 10–11, 14

• Arawak languages 8, 13, 17

• archives 83, 90, 94–95

• argument marking 129, 131, 133, 136, 150

• Asháninka Campa10

• Ashéninka-Perené 127–150, 159, 181, 262

• Asian American English106

• assibilation 68, 70–71

• attitudes 18–19, 25, 38, 71, 82, 109, 111–112, 115, 294

• availability constraints43

• Aymara 18, 58, 224, 262–265, 267, 281

• Babel 18, 263, 273

• Baniwa 12, 14, 22–23

• Barasano20

• Baré 13–14

• Bark (scale) 236–237, 242–243, 256–257

• Baxter22

• Beier 82, 90, 93–94

• Bessa Freire14

• Bezerra12

• bilingual(ism) 35–36, 58, 85, 113–116, 127–131, 156–159, 249–251, 260, 289–291

• Black South African English106

• Boas19

• Bolaños9

• Bollé15

• Bora 8, 11, 62–63, 108, 110, 114, 163, 262, 289

• borderland37

• boundary tones 196–197, 203, 211–214

• Braggio17

• Brazilian Portuguese 15, 22, 172, 181, 292, 294

• Brinton13

• Bunte 18, 23

• Burgos11

• Cajun English 106, 110, 117

• Campos22

• Caquetio13

• Carib languages8

• Carlin14

• Castelnau11

• Chapacura 7, 9, 63

• Chicham 8, 63

• Chickasaw 83, 85–88, 97–98

• Christino 17, 29

• clitics (doubling, CLD) 127–132, 146, 159, 171, 291

• Colombia 8–12, 38, 62–63, 108–109, 158–160, 260, 291–292

• colonization 11, 60, 266, 268–269, 271, 275, 277–280

• Comandancia 157, 164–168, 181, 183–185, 291

• community-based (language research) 82, 90, 95, 97–98, 100–102, 285

• comunidades nativas 266, 268–269

• convergence 41, 49, 59, 113, 128, 131, 145, 148–150, 157

• copula choice46

• Creoles 9, 15, 18, 42–43, 48, 74

• Crevels 7, 82, 155, 160

• cross-linguistic influence 39–40, 43–44, 47, 51

• Cruz, da 13–14

• Cunha, da 8, 15

• d’Ans11

• dative 48–50, 128, 132, 141–142, 162, 165, 172, 175, 181, 291

• de Granda 18, 59, 263

• deaffrication63

• delateralization 223–225, 229–230, 237, 246, 249

• Denevan10

• depalatalization 223–225, 229, 237, 246–247, 249–252

• Desano 20, 89

• Dettoni18

• dialect contact 106, 109, 112–113, 116, 118, 132

• differential object marking (DOM) 127–130, 140–143, 291

• diglossia 21, 36

• diminutives273

• direct object 48, 66, 127–128, 130–134, 136, 145–147, 159, 177

• Dixon 7, 11–12, 14, 17, 108, 155, 262

• Dobyns10

• documentation 81–97, 287–288, 294–295

• dominant languages 155, 157

• Dorian 17, 119

• double negation 66–67

• dreams 19, 24

• Dubert15

• duration 225, 229–230, 233–234, 236–237, 241–249, 251, 258

• Dutch 9, 106, 109

• early peak 197, 201, 203–204, 211, 214–215

• East Tukanoan languages 13, 16, 20–22

• echo questions 192, 194–196, 211–216

• Ecuador 8, 15, 38, 49, 60, 62–63, 68, 71, 74–75, 84, 109, 224, 229–230, 251, 290

• Emmerich 16–17

• endangered 13–14, 21, 83, 85, 90, 94–95, 119, 133, 155, 193, 295

• English 8–9, 19, 23, 25, 37, 45–49, 105–106, 109–110, 137, 226

• English-Only Movement115

• Epps 9, 82, 108–109

• ergativity146

• estar ‘to be’ 43, 46–47

• ethnicity 105–107, 109–110, 112, 117–119

• ethnographic 85, 87, 259–261, 267

• ethnolect 15–18, 20, 26–27, 116

• ethnolinguistic repertoire 106, 116, 294

• European conquest 10, 14

• European languages 8, 109, 115

• evidentiality 21, 23, 25, 27, 89, 182

• extended peak 201–202, 205–207, 209, 216, 288

• extralinguistic 157, 223–225, 229–230, 251

• F1 225, 228–230, 234–236, 238–240, 243, 246–249, 251, 256–258

• F2 228–230, 234–240, 243, 246–249, 251, 256–258

• F3 228–230, 234, 236, 239–240, 243, 246, 248–249, 257–258

• Feature Reassembly 128, 146, 159

• Feedback Loop 83, 85–89, 97

• Ferguson21

• Fitzgerald 82–83, 85–86, 90, 94, 96–97, 294

• focalizing ser 68, 75–76

• Fontaine14

• formant 225, 228, 230, 233–234, 236–237, 242–243, 246, 248–251, 258

• fortition63

• four heights214

• Franchetto 16, 82–83, 89–90, 95, 108

• French 9, 12, 14, 62, 106, 109–110, 115, 117

• Galvão18

• Galves15

• Garifuna10

• gemination 68, 72

• gender (agreement) 17–18, 22, 48–49, 63–64, 117–118, 128–129, 162, 250–251, 272, 276

• glide transition 225, 230

• Gomez-Imbert 21, 23, 25–26

• Granberry11

• Green 14, 105

• Green & Green14

• Guahibo 8, 63

• Guajiro10

• Guaraní (Tupí) 8–10, 12, 18, 38, 49, 58, 60, 63, 65, 110

• Gurinji Kriol14

• Harakmbet8

• Heckenberger 9, 16

• Hemming 9–13

• hertz 229, 236–237

• Holm22

• Huni-Kuin17

• Iatê8

• identity 37–38, 59–60, 68, 106–107, 116–119, 226, 288, 293–294

• imperfect learning111

• inanimate 48–49, 130, 138–140, 143, 156, 158, 171–172, 176–177, 179–181

• Indian English27

• Indigenous languages 12–18, 38, 57–58, 81, 108, 136, 155, 216, 224, 262

• information source 18, 20, 23–27

• see also evidentiality

• initial pre-nuclear position 199, 201, 203–204, 207, 209–210, 215–216

• input 40, 42–43, 46–47, 85, 131, 157, 163, 171

• instrumental motivation 41–42

• intensity of contact111

• interethnic 266, 269, 272, 279

• interlanguage 40, 42, 275–276

• interrogative 172, 195–196, 207, 210, 288

• intonation 191–192, 194, 203–204, 206, 208–209, 211–212, 215, 288–289

• intonational patterns and ToBI (H, !H%, ¡H%, H%, HL-, L, L%, L+>H*, L+H:*, L+H*) 197–216

• Iquito 93–94, 193, 216–217

• Iquitos Spanish 192–194, 196–200, 202–204, 206–207, 209, 211–218, 288–290

• Isbell9

• Jara Yupanqui 15, 63, 157, 160, 164, 173–174, 180–181, 183–184, 262, 288–289

• Jarawara9

• Jê languages8

• Jeberos292

• Jensen12

• Jewish American English 106, 117

• Jivaroan 8, 10

• Joyce13

• Kagwahib 9, 12

• Kaingang13

• Kamaiurá14

• Kampa12

• Kany 18, 74–75

• Karajá8

• Kari’jna 83, 89

• Kashibo-Kakataibo289

• Kashinawa17

• Katuquina9

• Kaufman 7, 41, 110, 157, 225–226, 265

• Kawapanan8

• Kendall 18, 23

• koineization59

• Kokama 90, 262, 288

• Kolehmainen27

• Kracke 12, 18–19, 24

• Kuikuro9

• Kukama 90–93

• Kulina11

• Kwakiutl19

• La Convención 259–263, 265–267, 269–270, 272, 281, 290

• labialization63

• Lacan19

• Lange27

• language contact 16, 35–48, 59, 64, 82, 109–112, 132, 155–157, 223–227, 262

• language death119

• language loss14

• language shift 38, 82, 84, 106, 109, 114–116, 169, 226

• language variation 105–106, 109–110, 112, 116, 119

• late peak 197, 199–200, 203–204, 213, 215

• Latino English 106, 110

• leísmo 48, 158–159, 174–175, 179–181, 291–292

• lexical borrowings41

• Light Warlbiri14

• Lima Spanish 180, 201, 289, 290, 294

• lingua franca 13–14, 16, 61, 64, 260, 269, 272, 279

• loans8

• local or extralocal orientation117

• locative 26, 140, 143, 149, 261, 276, 280, 291

• loísmo 158, 159, 175, 181, 184, 185

• Loreto 15, 133, 159, 166, 168, 180, 192–193, 261

• Loukotka 7, 10, 12–13

• Lucchesi 15, 17

• Lumbee English106

• Macedo17

• Macro-Jê languages8

• macrodialects60

• Makushi13

• Manao13

• Mandawaka13

• Maori English106

• Mapoyo 92–93

• Martius13

• Matsigenka 259–262, 265–281, 290

• Maurer15

• Mawayana14

• Maxacalí8

• McConvell14

• Meakins14

• Megenney22

• Meggers9

• Meinako17

• Mello 22, 291

• Meriläinen27

• mestizos 108, 158

• migration 8, 11, 38, 112–113, 158–159, 193, 216–217, 260–263, 265–266, 281

• minority languages 119, 155

• missionaries 11, 14

• monolingual 24, 47–48, 109, 111, 130, 158–161, 192, 232, 263, 289

• Monolingual Amazonian Spanish218

• mood contrast 45–47

• Moreira Neto11

• morphosyntax 75, 165, 183, 291

• motosidad 263, 272

• Nambiquara 8, 10

• Naro 15, 22

• national languages 9, 15, 20, 27, 37, 109, 295

• Natterer13

• Neves9

• Nhêengatú14

• non-inversion 68, 73

• North Arawak 8, 14

• Northern Kampa12

• nuclear configuration 196–197, 203, 207–208, 210–216, 289

• nuclear position 191, 199–201, 203–207, 209–211, 215–216

• null direct objects 156, 165, 172

• O’Shannessy14

• Olbertz18

• Oliveira14

• Oliver13

• Omagua9

• OV (word order) 161, 165, 173, 181–182, 184, 280

• Paiute 19, 23

• Paiva 16–17

• palatal lateral 223–225, 228, 231, 236–237, 244, 246, 249, 251, 290

• palatalization 68, 71, 223, 229, 234

• Palikur 9, 14

• pan-Hispanic 111, 157, 164, 166, 183–185, 252

• Panoan 8, 10, 17, 92, 108, 133, 193, 217

• Parintintin 9, 12, 18

• Passe13

• Payne 13, 134–135, 148–149, 160–163, 165, 181, 183

• Peba-Yagua 8, 63

• Pereira Scherre 15, 22

• Peru 8–12, 62–63, 82–83, 109–110, 133, 157–159, 251, 263, 294

• Peruvian Amazonian Spanish 156–160, 214, 218, 220, 262

• Petersen9

• phonemes 70, 73, 227, 234

• phones 236, 239–240, 242, 246–248

• phonology 21, 90, 111, 192, 196–197, 262, 288

• Piratapuya20

• Pitch accents 195–198, 200, 202–203, 207, 209, 211–212, 214–216, 288

• plosive realization 68, 73

• Portuguese 14–27, 37, 66, 110, 172, 292

• pre-nuclear position 199, 201, 203–207, 209–210, 215–216

• Present Perfect 160, 173–174, 178–179, 273, 280, 292

• Project Amazonas vii, 155, 161, 166–167

• pronominal questions 192, 194–196, 206–211, 214–215

• properties 46–47, 50, 64, 146, 148, 150, 156–166, 287

• Pucallpa 62, 191–194, 196–200, 202–204, 206–209, 211–218, 265

• Pucallpa Spanish 191–194, 196, 198, 200, 203–204, 211, 216–217

• Quechua / Quichua 18, 49, 58, 110, 128, 173, 193, 224, 259–267

• Queixalós 11, 15, 62, 82, 154

• race 106–108, 271

• Ramírez-Cruz 15, 113–114, 145–146, 156, 158, 292

• reduplication 128, 140–145, 148, 291

• regional languages37

• regionality117

• Reich14

• reinforcement principles43

• religiosity117

• Renault-Lescure 11, 14–15, 82

• repository95

• revitalization 82–90, 92–97, 166, 294–295

• Riionheimo27

• Río Orosa 166, 168

• Rivet11

• Rodrigues 8, 10–11, 13–15, 22

• Romance languages 20, 171

• Roosevelt9

• Rosenblat11

• Rouse 11, 13

• Sá Amado17

• Sabané Nambiquara10

• Schiffrin21

• Schmidt-Riese14

• second language acquisition 35, 39–40, 109, 113, 116, 156

• segment 67, 72, 164, 229–230, 233–234, 243–246, 249, 251

• Seki 14, 16–17

• seseo60

• Shipibo 108, 114, 127–129, 131, 133–134, 136–137, 139–141, 144–147, 291–293

• Shipibo-Konibo / Conibo 10, 191, 193, 217–218, 262, 289

• Shuar 84–85

• Siegel43

• Silva 89, 172

• Silva-Corvalán 45–46, 168

• Silverman9

• simplification 18, 40, 43, 47, 49–50, 59, 67, 112, 114, 223–224

• Siriano20

• social class 48, 117

• social predictors of language contact111

• sociolinguistic landscape 1, 269

• Sorensen 20, 33

• Sorowaha14

• South America 8, 11, 15, 37, 66, 74, 116, 157, 262

• Southern Paiute 19, 23

• speakers’ attitudes111

• specificity 45, 50, 130–132, 171–173, 176–177

• spirantization 288, 290

• Spix13

• standard 15, 18, 22, 163–165, 191

• Stenzel 21, 23, 26, 82, 89–90, 93–95

• stigmatization289

• subjunctive 22, 45–46, 73–74

• substrate (influence) 15, 18, 113, 157, 163, 185, 227, 272, 288

• syllable 67, 71, 195–197, 200–201, 205, 210, 233, 272, 288–289

• Tacana9

• Taino 11, 13

• Tapirapé10

• Tariana 12–13, 20–27, 113

• Taruma14

• Tastevin11

• Tatuyo 25–26

• Tehnarim 9, 12

• Terêna13

• third language290

• Tikuna 10, 13, 63, 108, 114, 145–146, 158, 180

• Timbira17

• Tovar & Tovar7

• training (language revitalization) 83–96

• transition (phonology) 225, 228–231, 234–237, 239–244, 246, 248–251

• transitivity 48, 63–64, 148, 291

• Trask17

• Travis18

• Trumai16

• Tukano / Tukanoan languages 13–14, 16, 20–22, 25–26, 63

• Tunayana14

• Tupinambá 8, 15

• Tuyuca20

• typology 144, 182, 293

• urban 9, 14–15, 136, 193, 217–218, 231, 263

• Valenzuela 82, 93, 133, 160, 183, 190, 292

• Valle Verde Yavapai19

• Vallejos 82, 90–92, 109, 157, 262, 273, 288, 293

• valorization 91, 93–94

• Vaupés Portuguese 22–26

• Vaupés River Basin linguistic area 12, 16, 20, 27

• velarization 68–70, 72, 230, 290

• verbal arts 89–90

• Vescelius11

• Villalón 82, 92–93

• vitality (language) 16, 27, 83–84, 94, 96, 155

• vocalization 68, 71

• vos / voseo 68, 74, 75

• vowel 71–73, 195, 224–225, 228–230, 233–234, 276, 288

• VSO 161, 182

• Wagley10

• Wai Wai (or Waiwai)14

• Wainuma13

• Wanano (or Kotiria)20

• Warekena (of Xié) 13–14

• Waujá17

• Wayuu-naiki10

• Weber25

• Weinreich 18, 110

• WH-questions 192, 213

• Witoto / Witotoan 8, 11, 63

• Wojtylak11

• word order 108, 161, 173, 182–184, 204, 273, 280, 293

• Xerente Akwe17

• Yabaana13

• Yagua 8, 63, 108, 155–171, 262, 289, 291–292

• Yamada 82–83, 86–91, 95, 97

• Yanesha’10

• Yanomami 8, 63

• Yawalapiti 16–17

• yeísmo 224, 237, 244, 246, 249–252

• yes-no questions 192, 204

• Yucuna14

• Yumana13

• Zaparo8

• zheismo 68, 69