References
Abney, S. (1987). The English Noun Phrase in its Sentential Aspect. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. MIT.
Alexiadou, A. (2001). Functional Structure in Nominals: Nominalization and Ergativity. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Arche, M.J. (2006). Individuals in Time. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Arnaus Gil, L. (2013). La selección copulativa y auxiliar: Las lenguas romances (español – italiano – catalán – francés) y el alemán en contacto. Su adquisición en niños bilingües y trilingües.Tübingen: Narr.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Arnaus Gil, L. (To appear). Acquisitional advantages of simultaneous 3L1 trilingual children: The Spanish copulas SER and ESTAR. Educational Linguistics.
Arnaus Gil, L., Eichler, N., Jansen, V., Patuto, M., & Müller, N. (2012). The syntax of code switching and the left periphery of DPs: Mixed DPs containing an adjective. Evidence from bilingual child language. In K.L. Geeslin & M. Díaz-Campos (Eds.), Proceedings from the Hispanic Linguistics Symposium 2010. (pp. 242–257). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Austin, J. (2001). Language Differentiation and the Development of Morphosyntax in Bilingual Children Acquiring Basque and Spanish. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
Barnes, J. (2011). The influence of child-directed speech in early trilingualism. International Journal of Multilingualism, 8(1), 42–62. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Barreña, A. (1997). Desarrollo diferenciado de sistemas gramaticales en un niño vasco-español bilingüe. In A.T. Pérez-Leroux & W. Glass (Eds.), Contemporary Perspectives on the Acquisition of Spanish (pp. 55–74). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Becker, M. (2000). The Development of the Copula in Child English: The Lightness of be. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Los Angeles.
Bernstein, J. (2001). The DP hypothesis: Identifying clausal properties in the nominal domain. In M. Baltin & C. Collins (Eds.), The Handbook of Contemporary Syntactic Theory (pp. 536–561). Malden, MA: Blackwell. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bouchard, D. (1998). The distribution and interpretation of adjectives in French: a consequence of bare phrase structure. Probus, 10, 139–183. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bouchard, D. (2002). Adjectives, Number and Interfaces: Why Languages Vary. Oxford: Elsevier Science. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Brucart, J.M. (2012). Copular alternation in Spanish and Catalan attributive sentences. Linguística. Revista de Estudos Linguísticos da Universidade do Porto, 7, 9–43.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bruhn de Garavito, J. (2009). Eventive and stative passives: The role of transfer in the acquisition of ser and estar by German and English L1 speakers. In J. Collentine, M. Garcia, B. Lefford, & F. Marcos Marin (Ed.), Selected Proceedings of the 11th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (pp. 27–38). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Camacho, J. (2012). Ser and estar: The individual/stage level distinction and aspectual predication. In J.I. Hualde, A. Olarrea, & E. O’Rourke (Eds.), The Handbook of Spanish Linguistics (pp. 453–476). Oxford: Blackwell. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cantone, K.F., Kupisch, T., Müller, N., & Schmitz, K. (2008). Rethinking language dominance in bilingual children. Linguistische Berichte, 215, 307–343.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Carlson, G. (1977). Reference to kinds in English. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Castro, D., & Gavruseva, E. (2003). Finiteness and aspect in Spanish/English bilingual acquisition. First Language, 23, 171–192. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cinque, G. (1995). Posizione del soggetto nel DP italiano. In C. Lupu & L. Renzi (Eds.), Studi Rumeni e Romanzi (pp. 436–46). Padova: Unipress.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cinque, G. (2010). The Syntax of Adjectives. A Comparative Study. Linguistic Inquiry Monographs. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Corpas, R. (2007). ‘Ser’ and ‘estar’ in early child Spanish. Paper presented in Ontario Dialogues on the Acquisition of Spanish. University of Ottawa, March 2 2007.
Crain, S., & Thornton, R. (1998). Investigations in Universal Grammar: A Guide to Experiments on the Acquisition of Syntax and Semantics. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
de Miguel, E. (1999). El Aspecto Léxico. In I. Bosque & V. Demonte (Eds.), Gramática Descriptiva de la Lengua Española, Vol. 2 (pp. 2977–3060). Madrid: Espasa Calpe.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
de Miguel, E. (2004). Qué significan aspectualmente algunos verbos y qué pueden llegar a significar. In J.L. Cifuentes & C. Marimón (Eds.), Estudios de Lingüística: El verbo (pp. 167–206). Alicante: Estudios de Lingüística de la Universidad de Alicante.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Demonte, V. (2008). Meaning-form correlations and adjective position in Spanish. In C. Kennedy & L. McNally (Eds.), The Semantics of Adjectives and Adverbs (pp. 71–100). Oxford: OUP.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ezeizabarrena, M.J. (1996). Adquisición de la morfología verbal en euskera y castellano por niños bilingües. Vitoria: Servicio Editorial del País Vasco.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ezeizabarrena, M.J. (1997a). Infinitivos verbales en el lenguaje de los niños bilingües. In L. Díaz & C. Pérez (Eds.), Views on the Acquisition and Use of a Second Language (pp. 177–190). Barcelona: Universidad Pompeu Fabra.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ezeizabarrena, M.J. (1997b). Morfemas de concordancia con el sujeto y con los objetos del castellano infantil. In A.T. Pérez-Leroux & W. Glass (Eds.), Contemporary Perspectives on the Acquisition of Spanish (pp. 21–63). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ezeizabarrena, M.J. (2002). Root infinitives in two pro-drop languages. In A.T. Pérez-Leroux & J. Liceras (Eds.), The Acquisition of Spanish Morphosyntax. The L1/L2 Connection (pp. 35–66). Dordrecht: Kluwer. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fernández Fuertes, R., & J. Liceras. (2008). Copula omission in the English developing grammar of English/Spanish bilingual children. Paper presented in International Conference on Models of Interaction in Bilinguals. Bangor, Wales, UK. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
Fernández Fuertes, R., & Liceras, J. (2010). Subject and copulas: The directionality of interlinguistic influence. Paper presented in 16. Wuppertaler Linguistisches Kolloquium. Languages in Contact: Cross-linguistic Influence on Different Domains in Bilingual First Language Acquisition. Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Germany.
Fernández Leborans, M.J. (1999). La predicación: Las oraciones copulativas. In I. Bosque & V. Demonte (Eds.), Gramática descriptiva de la Lengua Española (pp. 2358–2460). Madrid: Espasa Calpe.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gallego, A., & Uriagereka, J. (2011). The Lexical Syntax of Ser and Estar. Ms. Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona & University of Maryland.
Gavarró, A. (2003). Economy and word order patterns in English-Dutch acquisition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6(1), 69–79. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gumiel-Molina, S., & Pérez-Jiménez, I. (2012). Aspectual composition in ser/estar + adjective structures: Adjectival scalarity and verbal aspect in copular constructions. Borealis, 1, 33–62. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hauser-Grüdl, N., Arencibia Guerra, L., Witzmann, F., Leray, E., & Müller, N. (2010). Cross-linguistic influence in bilingual children: Can input frequency account for it? Lingua, 120(11), 2638–2650. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hernández Pina, F. (1979). Etapas en la adquisición del lenguaje infantil. Infancia y Aprendizaje, 8, 23–32. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hernández Pina, F. (1984). Teorías psicosociolingüísticas y su aplicación a la adquisición del español como lengua materna. Siglo XXI, Madrid. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Holtheuer, C. (2009). Learning Ser and Estar: A Study of Production and Comprehension in Chilean Spanish. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Australian National University, Canberra.
Hulk, A., & Müller, N. (2000). Crosslinguistic influence at the interface between syntax and pragmatics. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 3(3), 227–244. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hulk, A., & Zuckerman, S. (2000). The interaction between input and economy: Acquiring optionality in French wh-questions. In S.C. Howell, S.A. Fish & T. Keith-Lucas (Eds.), Proceedings of the 24th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 438–449). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hyams, N. (2001). Now you hear it, now you don’t: The nature of optionality in child language. In A.H.-J. Do, L. Domínguez, & A. Johansen (Eds.), Proceedings of the 25th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp.34–58). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Idiazábal, I. (1996). First stages in the acquisition of noun phrase determiners by a Basque-Spanish bilingual child. In C. Silva-Corvalán (Ed.), Spanish in Four Continents: Studies in Language Contact and Bilingualism (pp. 243–259). Washington DC: Georgetown University Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kayne, R. (1994). The Antisymmetry of Syntax.Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Krasinski, E. (2005). The acquisition of ser and estar in a bilingual child. In L.A. Ortiz López & M. Lacorte (Eds.), Contactos y contextos lingüísticos. El español en los Estados Unidos y en contacto con otras lenguas (pp. 217–226). Madrid & Frankfurt: Iberoamericana & Vervuert. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Larrañaga, M.P. (2000). Ergative Sprachen, akkusative Sprachen. Der Erwerb des Kasus bei bilingualen Kindern. Frankfurt: Vervuert. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lema, J. (1995). Distinguishing copular and aspectual auxiliaries: Spanish ser and estar. In J. Amastae, G. Goodall, M. Montalbetti, & M. Phinney (Eds.), Contemporary Research in Romance Linguistics: Papers from the XXII Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages, El Paso/Juárez, February 22–24, 1992. (pp. 257–274). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
Liceras, J., Fernández Fuertes, R., de la Fuente, A.A., & Tercedor Sánchez, M. (2010). Lexically-based interlinguistic influence at the syntax-semantic interface: Copula omission in the English grammar of English-Spanish bilinguals. In C. Borgonovo, M. Español-Echevarría, & P. Prévost (Eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 12th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (pp. 183–193). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lleó, C. (2001b). The transition from prenominal fillers to articles in German and Spanish. In M. Almgren, A. Barreña, M.J. Ezeizabarrena, I. Idiazábal, & B. McWhinney (Eds.), Research on Child Language Acquistion. Proceedings of the 8th Conference of the International Association for the Study of Child Language (pp. 713–737). Somerville. MA: Cascadilla Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
MacWhinney, B. 2000. The CHILDES Project: Tools for Analyzing Talk. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Marín, R. (2004). Entre ser y estar. Madrid, Arco Libros.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Montanari, S. (2009). Multi-word combinations and the emergence of differentiated ordering patterns in early trilingual development. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12(4), 503–519. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Müller, N., & Hulk, A. (2001). Crosslinguistic influence in bilingual language acquisition: Italian and French as recipient languages. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4(1), 1–22. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Müller, N., & Patuto, M. (2009). Really competence-driven cross-linguistic influence in bilingual first language acquisiton? The role of the language combination. In P. Bernardini, V. Egerland, & J. Granfeld (Eds.), Mélanges plurilingues offerts à Suzanne Schlyter à l′occasion de son 65ème anniversaire (pp. 299–319), Études Romanes de Lund 85. Lund: Lunds Universitet, Språch- ochlitteraturcentrum Romanska.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Müller, N., Kupisch, T., Schmitz, K., & Cantone, K. (2011). Einführung in die Mehrsprachigkeitsforschung. Deutsch, Französisch, Italienisch. Tübingen: Gunter Narr. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Müller, N. (Ed.) (in prep.). Code-Switching: Spanisch, Französisch, Italienisch. Eine Einführung. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
Patuto, M. (2013). Der Erwerb des Subjekts in (Nicht-) Nullsubjektsprachen. Die Rolle des Spracheneinflusses und der Sprachdominanz bei bilingual deutsch-italienisch, deutsch-spanisch und französisch-italienisch aufwachsenden Kindern. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Picallo, C. (2002). L’adjectiu i el sintagma adjectival. In J. Solà, M–R. Lloret, J. Mascaró, & M. Pérez-Saldanya (Eds.), Gramàtica del català contemporani, Vol. 2 (pp. 1643–1688). Barcelona: Empúries.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ramos Alfarín, J.R. (2008). Sintaxi. L’atribució. In J. Solà, M.R. Lloret, J. Mascaró, & M. Pérez Saldanya (Eds.) Gramàtica del català contemporani, Vol. 2. Barcelona: Editorial Empúries.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rizzi, L. (1993/1994). Some notes on linguistic theory and language development: The case of root infinitives. Language Acquisition, 3, 371–393. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rizzi, S., Arnaus Gil, L., Repetto, V., Geveler, J., & Müller, N. (2013). Adjective placement in bilingual Romance-Romance and Romance-German children. Studia Linguistica, 67(1), 127–147. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Schmeißer, A., Hager, M., Arnaus Gil, L., Jansen, V., Geveler, J., Eichler, N., Patuto. M., & Müller, N. (To appear). Related but different: The two concepts of language dominance and language proficiency. In C. Silva-Corvalán & J. Treffers-Daller (Eds.), Language Dominance in Bilinguals: Issues of Operationalization and Measurement. Cambridge: CUP.
Schmitt, C. (1992). Ser and estar: A matter of aspect. NELS 22 Proceedings, 411–426. Amherst, MA: GLSA.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Schmitt, C., & Miller, K. (2007). Making discourse dependent decisions: The case of the copulas ser and estar in Spanish. Lingua, 117(11), 1907–1929. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Schmitt, C., Holtheuer, C., & Miller, K. (2004). Acquisition of ser and estar in Spanish: Learning lexico-semantics, syntax and discourse. In A. Brugos, L. Micciulla, and C.E. Smith, Proceedings of the 28th annual Boston University Conference on Language Development, Online Supplement. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
Sera, M.D. (1992). To be or to be. Journal of Memory and Language, 31, 408–427. 10.1016/0749-596x%2892%2990021-o ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Sera, M.D., Bales, D.W., & del Castillo Pintado, J. (1997). Ser helps speakers identify “real” properties. Child Development, 68, 820–831. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Serratrice, L. & Sorace, A. (2003). Overt and null subjects in monolingual and bilingual language acquisition. In B. Beachley, A. Brown, & F. Conlin (Eds.), Proceedings of the 27th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 739–750). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Serratrice, L., Sorace, A., & Paoli, S. (2004). Crosslinguistic influence at the syntax-pragmatics interface: Subjects and objects in Italian-English bilingual and monolingual acquisition. Bilingualism Language and Cognition, 7, 183–205. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Silva-Corvalán, C. (2003). Linguistic consequences in reduced input in bilingual first language acquisition. In S. Montrul & F. Ordóñez (Eds.), Linguistic Theory and Language Development in Hispanic Languages (pp. 375–397). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Silva-Corvalán, C., & Montanari, S. (2008). The acquisition of ser, estar (and be) by a Spanish-English bilingual child: The early stages. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 11, 341–360. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Sorrace, A., & Serratrice, L. (2009). Internal and external interfaces in bilingual language development: Beyond structural overlap. International Journal of Bilingualism, 13(2), 195–210. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Vila, I., & Cortés, M. (1991). Aspectos relativos al desarrollo lexical y morfosintáctico de los bilingües familiares. In I. Idiazábal (Ed.), Adquisición del lenguaje en niños bilingües y monolingües – Hizkuntz Jabekuntza Haur Elebidun eta Elebakarretan (pp. 109–127). San Sebastián: Servicio Editorial de la U.P.V.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wexler, K. (1994). Optional infinitives, head movement and the economy of derivations. In D. Lightfoot & N. Hornstein (Eds.), Verb Movement (pp. 305–350). Cambridge: CUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wexler, K. (1998). Very early parameter setting and the unique checking constraint: A new explanation of the optional infinitive stage. Lingua, 106, 23–79. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zagona, K. (2009). Ser and estar: Phrase structure and aspect. Proceedings of 2008. Chronos y Cahiers Chronos (pp. 1–25). Austin, TX: University of Texas.
Zuckerman, S. (2001). The Acquisition of Optional Movement. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Groningen, The Netherlands.