Index

• affect 11, 14, 24, 102–103, 117, 121, 126, 131, 211, 230

• affection 13–14, 16–17, 21–25

• affectivity16

• Afro-Andean Spanish173

• Afro-Hispanic languages155

• allophone 98, 103, 127, 142

• allophones 4, 98, 127, 130–131, 133, 149–150, 216

• Amazonian lowlands195

• American English 127–128, 130

• American Spanish 1, 6–7, 16, 18, 48–49, 51, 66–67, 201–202, 208–209, 225

• Andean highlands195

• Andean Spanish 69–71, 74, 79, 87, 90–92, 173, 177

• Andes 71, 92, 230, 238

• animacy 4, 57–58, 68

• Aragon53

• Argentina 15, 26–27, 34, 44, 48, 50–51, 53, 123, 208, 219, 222, 224, 226, 238, 245

• Argentine Spanish174

• Argentinean Spanish175

• Argentinian Spanish12

• Arizona 102, 122

• Asturian-Leonese198

• Asunción 243–244, 246–247, 249–250, 257, 259, 266, 272–273

• asymmetrical exchanges17

• asymmetrical relationships 13, 15–16, 21

• attenuation 72, 74, 91

• attitude 4–5, 7, 126, 129, 132, 136, 200, 225

• attitudes 4–5, 16, 25, 97, 100–102, 104, 122, 125–126, 129–130, 132–133, 135, 137, 142, 145–148, 150–151, 178, 182–184, 188, 207, 209, 212–213, 220, 223–224, 230, 237, 273

• authority 21, 24, 211, 214, 225, 233

• Autosegmental-Metrical model155

• Aymara 227–228

• baseball 3, 11, 13, 17–19, 22, 24

• Basque 162, 175

• bilingual education 5, 229, 236, 238, 241, 243–244, 246, 252, 255–256, 264, 271–273

• bilingualism 7, 92, 149, 157, 174, 177, 179, 181, 183, 200–201, 231–232, 236–238, 241, 243, 246–247, 253, 269, 273

• Boaco 11, 13–14, 17

• Bogotá 174–175, 207

• Bolivia 163, 246

• Bolivian Spanish 155, 176, 178–179

• border 11, 102, 196, 208, 216

• borders 208–209, 225

• Brazil 27, 196, 216, 244–245

• Buenos Aires 34, 43–44, 46, 59, 123, 174–175, 208, 222, 224, 226, 238, 245

• Cabo Rojo 129, 132

• Caguas128

• Canary Islands53

• Caribbean 46, 152, 156, 176–177, 181–184, 186, 188, 191, 194–195, 198–201, 209–211

• Castañer 131, 201

• castilianization232

• Catalan 101, 175, 177, 179, 216

• Central America 12, 15, 25, 27, 216

• Chiapas15

• Chicagoland 194, 201

• Chihuahua103

• Chile 1, 8, 46, 50, 53, 97–98, 100, 102–103, 106, 119–123, 217, 219

• Chilean Spanish 4, 97, 100, 104, 120

• Chinchano Spanish155

• Chocó Spanish 155, 178

• Chota Valley Spanish 8, 155, 178

• classroom 2, 6, 224, 229, 285

• Colombia 1, 15, 40, 48, 50, 69, 71, 92, 162–163, 174–175, 195–196, 208, 216, 225, 268, 271, 273

• Colombian Spanish210

• Colorado Spanish52

• command 13, 15, 17, 21, 23–24, 38, 42, 72

• commands 11, 21–22, 32, 39, 43, 72, 92

• Concepción 102–103, 123, 249–250, 256–259, 273

• conjugations18

• co-officialization 241–242, 252–253

• copula 275–276

• copulas6

• Córdoba 27, 34

• correctness 211–213, 222, 232

• Costa Rican Spanish 23, 195

• creole 156–157, 162, 170, 172–173, 175–179, 183, 191, 195, 201–202

• creoles 179, 184, 201, 239

• creolization 156–157, 170, 178

• cross-dialectal variation68

• Culle227

• Cuzco 230–231, 235, 237

• datives 47, 54, 67

• deaffrication 97–98, 102–104

• (de)creolization173

• dialectal analysis5

• dialectal areas208

• dialectal differences 52, 58, 222

• dialectal diversity229

• dialectal features195

• dialectal frequencies54

• dialectal surveys185

• dialectal variants30

• dialectal variation 6, 68, 224

• diminutive 17, 23–25

• discourse accessibility 47, 55

• discourse-phonology interface 4, 8, 155, 178

• discrimination238

• doblaje 213, 218–219, 224

• doblajes 213, 224–225

• Dominican Republic 1, 194

• Dominican Spanish 198, 203

• dubbing 207–208, 213–214, 216–218, 220–221, 223, 225

• Ecuador 4, 7, 51, 69, 71, 79, 90, 92–93, 163, 273

• Ecuadorian Spanish 69, 90–92

• education 5–6, 66, 100, 102, 104, 128, 132, 134–135, 173, 186, 200–201, 203, 227–229, 231, 233, 235–236, 238–239, 241–246, 252, 254–256, 264, 271–274

• educational practices5

• El Salvador 12, 26, 48, 51, 196

• elicitation task 125, 137, 141–142, 146–147

• empowerment 18, 22–25

• encomienda 243–245

• Equatorial Guinea162

• erre arrastrá 137

• exclusion 235–236, 272

• Family-of-Sentences test 77, 84

• fieldwork 1, 17–18, 33–34

• formality 3, 11–12, 24, 200

• forms of address 3, 11, 16, 26, 29–30, 32–33, 40, 42–46

• fronterizo Spanish196

• functionally-motivated variation52

• Generalized Conversational Implicature 75, 80, 88

• global media conglomerates207

• globalization 5, 207, 218, 222–224

• government 5, 42, 184, 213, 217, 227, 233, 235–236

• grammar explanation285

• grammar explanations 275, 277

• grammatical contrasts280

• Grand Rapids129

• Guaraní 5–6, 78, 216, 241–274

• Guatemala 1, 12

• Guaynabo147

• Honduras 12, 15, 188, 201

• hyperarticulation210

• hypercorrection 1, 3, 65, 186, 198, 200

• Ibero-Romance 175–176, 179, 198

• identity 3, 26, 33, 37, 40, 43, 45, 60–61, 125–126, 129–130, 132, 134, 147–150, 153, 184, 188, 234, 236, 238

• ideologies 2, 5, 225, 227–233, 236–239

• ideology 208, 211, 214, 227–235, 238–239, 245

• imperative 15, 17, 23, 57, 69–70, 73–76, 88, 90

• imperatives 17, 44, 71–74, 76, 80, 88–89

• implicature 4, 75, 80, 87–88, 90–92

• Inca 227, 230–231

• Inca Empire 227, 230

• Incas235

• indexical field 125–126, 134–135, 147–149, 151, 153

• indexical fields 4, 125–126, 129, 134–135, 150–151

• indigenous language 6, 230, 241, 255–256

• indigenous languages 122, 181, 183, 191, 201, 228, 234–238, 241, 252, 255

• Interface Hypothesis157

• intonation 1, 8, 70, 155, 157, 162–163, 172, 174–178, 222

• intuition 3–4, 211

• intuitions 54, 69, 78, 90

• Italian 162, 175, 179, 200

• Japanese189

• Jesuit mission244

• Jesuit missions244

• Jesuits 244–245

• Kichwa 71–72

• language attitude5

• language attitudes 101, 122, 137, 182, 184, 189, 212, 223–224

• language contact 7, 72, 91–92, 173, 177–179, 181, 194–195, 198–199, 202, 274

• language ideology 227–230, 233, 235, 238

• language planning 7, 122, 227, 229, 235, 272–273

• language policies 236, 239

• language policy 2, 5, 227–230, 233, 237–239, 244, 246–247, 253, 255, 272

• lateralization 127–129

• latifundistas 245

• Latin America 1, 7, 25–27, 30, 33, 37, 47–48, 50, 65, 176, 183, 208–209, 217–218, 220–221, 223, 225, 273

• lexical markers25

• Lima 176, 200, 228, 233–234, 239

• linguistic attitudes 100–101, 122

• linguistic ideology232

• linguistic marketplace229

• literacy 5–6, 200, 241–243, 245–247, 254–255, 262, 271–272

• Madrid 26, 44, 46, 49, 67–68, 92–93, 152, 175–179, 200–203, 224, 226, 239

• Managua 7, 26–27, 183–184, 200–203

• marketing 3, 5, 29–34, 37, 40, 46, 207–209, 214, 216

• Matagalpa183

• matched guise 125, 133, 136–137, 141, 145, 224

• matched-guise technique 97, 100–102, 104, 107

• Mayagüez 43–46, 125

• Medellín 40, 46

• media 26, 92, 207–208, 210, 213, 216, 223–225, 235, 244, 253–254

• Mestizo 184, 244

• Mestizos 92, 184

• Mexican Spanish 47–48, 51, 53–54, 56, 63–64, 135, 176, 194, 198–199, 210, 216, 226

• Mexico 1, 7, 27, 47–48, 51–53, 56–57, 65, 68, 102–103, 153, 162, 200–201, 207, 216, 220, 273

• Mexico City 47, 153, 200

• Mexico DF207

• Miami 26, 207, 209, 216–217, 221, 223–224

• Miskitu 5, 181–185, 187–189, 191, 194–202

• Misumalpan language family187

• mitigation 11, 13–18, 20–25

• mixed effects67

• mixed-effects logistic regression3

• Mochica227

• monolingualism 227, 232, 235, 246–247

• Monterrey 47, 56–57, 62, 64

• Montevideo 3, 29–32, 34, 39, 42–46, 203, 208

• mood 6, 58, 73, 275, 278, 280

• morphosyntactic variation 3, 64, 176, 208

• motherese 16, 23–24

• multilingualism 229, 235

• multimedia networks216

• Nahuatl183

• negotiation 3, 11, 25, 43, 45, 91

• negotiations 11–13, 17, 25

• neutral Spanish 100, 207

• neutralization 51, 64, 127, 151–153, 194, 207–208

• New Mexican Spanish 216, 226

• Nicaragua 3, 5, 7, 11–18, 24, 26–27, 50, 181–184, 186, 188, 195–196, 198–203

• Nicaraguan Spanish 3, 5, 11–13, 18, 181–182, 185–186, 188–189, 194, 200

• normative variant63

• normativity 173, 224, 232

• Nuclear Stress Rule 161–162

• null element63

• object clitics47

• Obligatory Local Effect 76–78, 85, 91

• Ometepe183

• orthography 208, 212

• Palenquero 162, 174, 176

• Panama 122, 162, 219

• panhispanismo 229

• Paraguay 5–7, 15, 216, 241, 243–259, 269, 271–274

• parasitic plural55

• Patillas132

• pedagogical grammar275

• pedagogy 2, 6, 229

• P-effect55

• Peninsular Spanish68

• perception 2, 4–5, 26, 97, 100–101, 104, 119, 121–122, 125–126, 129, 135, 141–143, 175, 177, 199, 208, 212, 236

• perceptions 4, 100, 107–108, 120, 122, 151, 153, 207, 209, 212, 223–224, 228, 234, 273

• periphrasis 4, 69

• Peru 1, 5, 50, 163, 174, 227–231, 233–235, 238

• Peruvian Spanish 155, 168, 174, 177–178, 202

• Philippines 189, 195

• phrase boundaries 157, 164, 168

• phrase boundary 155, 159–161

• pitch accent 155, 158–161, 164–166, 168–170, 172

• pluralization 48, 52, 55, 60–62, 64–65

• politeness 3, 7, 12–15, 17–18, 20–21, 23–24, 26, 29–34, 43–46, 69–70, 72, 74, 76, 91–92, 134

• Ponce 127–129, 132, 148–150, 152

• Portuguese 78, 174–175, 177–178, 198, 200, 216, 249–250

• power dynamics 183–184

• power negotiation 3, 11

• pragmatic variation 2–4, 91

• pragmatics 25–26, 30, 67, 69–70, 74, 87, 89–92

• prescriptive norms3

• prestige 5–6, 40, 46, 101–102, 121, 128, 198, 208–209, 222, 230–232, 235–237, 244, 272

• prestige 5–6, 40, 46, 101–102, 121, 128, 198, 208–209, 222, 230–232, 235–237, 244, 272

• preterit/imperfect contrast 282, 284

• projective content 69, 76–78, 86, 90, 93

• pronominal variation 3, 25

• Puerto Rican Spanish 43, 125–126, 129–133, 151–153, 198

• Puerto Rico 4, 7, 43–46, 50, 125, 127–131, 133, 136–137, 151–152, 201–202, 210, 276

• Quechua 71, 162, 198, 227–228, 230–231, 235, 237–239

• Quichua 71, 91–92, 198, 201

• reconfiguration 4–5

• registers 49, 53, 58

• reivindicación 244, 247

• request 11–15, 17–18, 20–24, 31, 71–72

• requests 13–14, 18, 72, 92

• resyllabification 209–210, 214–215

• rhotic 4, 125, 128, 191–192, 194–196, 199–202

• rhotic production 4, 191–192, 194, 202

• Rioplatense accent222

• River Plate33

• rule 161–162, 195, 277, 279, 284

• rules 5–7, 42, 73, 159, 181–182, 195, 198, 200, 275–276, 285–287

• Salcedo 2, 5, 71, 227

• San Juan 4, 128, 132, 147, 149

• Sanjuaneros 127, 133

• Santiago de Chile 8, 46, 53, 123

• second-language acquisition 155–156

• semilingualism 6, 241–242, 256, 264, 266, 269–271

• sinalepha 209–210, 214–215

• social meaning 30, 32, 125–126, 135, 151, 224

• social stratification 97, 120, 130, 133, 152, 201

• socioeconomic background 18, 150

• socioeconomic class 17, 130–131, 224

• socioeconomic group 17, 132

• socioeconomic groups 130, 132

• socioeconomic hierarchy21

• socioeconomic levels 54, 128

• socioeconomic status 100, 103–104, 121, 131

• sociolinguistics 2, 7, 26, 45–46, 68, 97, 122, 127, 151–153, 174–175, 178, 201–202, 225, 246

• sociophonological variation 122, 126

• solidarity 3, 11–12, 14–15, 18, 20–21, 24–26, 29–34, 43–45, 200

• sound substitution 189–190

• South America 26, 68, 183, 228

• Spain 1, 26, 30, 33, 44, 46, 67–68, 92, 101, 122, 152, 175–179, 183, 200, 202–203, 216, 224, 226, 239, 244–245, 272

• speech act32

• speech acts 3, 88, 91–92

• standard language 211–212, 229, 235

• standard Spanish 5, 74, 83, 170–171, 233, 237

• standardization 173, 207, 212, 220, 225, 235

• stigma 5, 66, 128

• stigmatized variant 104, 121

• subjunctive 58, 73, 275–276, 278–281, 285, 287

• substrate 155, 162, 170–172

• Summer Seminars Abroad for Spanish Teachers286

• superiority 22, 183, 232, 235, 237

• syntax 48, 67, 92, 157, 172, 178–179, 201

• tense 6, 32, 57–58, 66, 73, 203, 275, 281–282, 284–285, 287

• Turkey 218–219

• Turkish 218, 221

• uniformity 211–212

• universal 5, 172, 174, 178, 182, 201, 207, 252–253, 274

• Universal declaration of linguistic rights 252–253, 274

• universals 7, 45, 182

• Uruguay 1, 3, 15, 29–30, 32, 35, 37–39, 41, 43, 46, 50, 196, 203, 208, 216, 244–245

• Uruguayan Spanish40

• ustedeo 3, 11–25, 27, 45

• Valencian101

• Valparaíso 104–105

• variable production 4, 125

• variable rule195

• variable rules 181–182, 195, 198, 200

• Veneto162

• Venezuela 15, 48, 50, 52, 101–102, 162, 216–217

• Venezuelan Spanish 122, 224

• Veracruz 194, 199

• verb conjugations18

• verbal hygiene229

• verbal politeness 30, 32

• Viña del Mar 104–105

• voseo 1, 3, 11–25, 27, 30, 32, 37–40, 44–46, 222, 224

• website 276, 281–282, 286

• websites 2, 6, 222, 275, 277, 286

• Yauco132

• Yucatan 177, 195, 202

• Yucatan Peninsula195

• Yucatec Maya162

• Yungas 156, 163

• Yungueño Spanish 155, 177