Chapter 9
The variable use of first-person-singular subject forms during an
academic year abroad
The goal of the current study was to investigate
the variable use and development of first-person-singular subject
forms in additional-language Spanish before and at the end of an
academic year in Spain. Our data came from the LANGSNAP corpus (
http://langsnap.soton.ac.uk). We examined oral
semi-guided interviews from 16 participants. We coded all contexts
of first-person-singular subject forms, either the personal pronoun
yo or an unexpressed subject
(
K = 3,571), for 11 independent variables. Our
mixed-effects model showed that a range of linguistic factors
(polarity, clause type, referent continuity, and perseveration) and
individual characteristics (engagement with English and placement
type) impacted the variable use of first-person-singular subjects
and that the use of these subject forms changed over the course of
an academic year in Spain.
Article outline
- Introduction
- Background
- Sociolinguistic variation
- Subject expression in Spanish
- The current study
- Method
- Corpus
- Data coding and analysis
- Results
- Discussion
- Conclusion
-
Notes
-
References
References (65)
References
Abreu, L. (2009). Spanish
subject personal pronoun use by monolinguals, bilinguals,
and second language
learners (Unpublished
doctoral
dissertation). University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Baker-Smemoe, W., Dewey, D. P., Bown, J., & Martinsen, R. A. (2014). Variables
affecting L2 gains during study
abroad. Foreign Language
Annals, 47, 464–486.
Bayley, R., & Tarone, E. (2012). Variationist
perspectives. In S. M. Gass & A. Mackey (Eds.), The
Routledge handbook of second language
acquisition (pp. 41–56). London: Routledge.
Bayley, R., & Pease-Álvarez, L. (1997). Null
pronoun variation in Mexican-descent children’s narrative
discourse. Language Variation
and
Change, 9, 349–371.
Bentivoglio, P., & Sedano, M. (1987). Estudio
sociolingüístico de
Caracas. Unpublished manuscript.
Bowden, H. W. (2016). Assessing
second language oral proficiency for
research. Studies in Second
Language
Acquisition, 38, 647–675.
Cameron, R. (1995). The
scope and limits of switch-reference as a constraint on
pronominal subject
expression. Hispanic
Linguistics, 6, 1–27.
Carvalho, A., Orozco, R., & Shin, N. L. (Eds.) (2015). Subject
pronoun expression in
Spanish. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Cook, V. (1992). Evidence
for multicompetence. Language
Learning, 42, 557–591.
DeKeyser, R. (2007). Study
abroad as foreign language
practice. In R. DeKeyser (Ed.), Practice
in a second language: Perspectives from applied linguistics
and cognitive
psychology (pp. 208–226). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dewey, D. P. (2017). Measuring
social interaction during study abroad: Quantitative methods
and
challenges. System, 71, 49–59.
The Douglas Fir
Group. (2016). A
transdisciplinary framework for SLA in a multilingual
world. The Modern Language
Journal, 100(Supplement 2016), 19–47.
Edmonds, A., Gudmestad, A., & Metzger, T. (2020). A
longitudinal study of grammatical-gender marking in French
as an additional
language. Applied
Linguistics, 41, 733–755.
Enríquez, E. V. (1984). El
pronombre personal sujeto en la lengua española hablada en
Madrid. Madrid: Instituto de Cervantes.
Freed, B., Dewey, D., Segalowitz, N., & Halter, R. (2004). The
language contact
profile. Studies in Second
Language
Acquisition, 26, 349–356.
Geeslin, K. L. (2000). A
new approach to the second language acquisition of copula
choice in
Spanish. In R. Leow & C. Sanz (Eds.), Spanish
applied linguistics at the turn of the millennium: Papers
from the 1999 Conference on the L1 & L2 Acquisition of
Spanish and
Portuguese (pp. 50–66). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
Geeslin, K. L. (2003). A
comparison of copula choice in advanced and native
Spanish. Language
Learning, 53, 703–764.
Geeslin, K. L., Fafulas, S., & Kanwit, M. (2013). Acquiring
geographically-variable norms of use: The case of the
present perfect in Mexico and
Spain. In C. Howe, S. Blackwell, & M. Quesada (Eds.), Selected
proceedings of the 15th Hispanic Linguistics
Symposium (pp. 205–220). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Geeslin, K., García-Amaya, L., Hasler, M., Henrikson, N., & Killam, J. (2012). A
study of the second language acquisition of the present
perfect in an immersion
context. In K. Geeslin & M. Díaz-Campos (Eds.), Selected
proceedings of the 14th Hispanic Linguistics
Symposium (pp. 197–215). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Geeslin, K. L., & Gudmestad, A. (2008). Comparing
interview and written elicitation task in native and
non-native data: Do speakers do what we think they
do? In J. Bruhn de Garavito & E. Valenzuela (Eds.), Selected
proceedings of the Hispanic Linguistics
Symposium (pp. 64–77). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Geeslin, K., Linford, B., & Fafulas, F. (2015). Variable
subject expression in second language Spanish: Uncovering
the developmental sequence and predictive linguistic
factors. In A. M. Carvalho, R. Orozco & N. L. Shin (Eds.), Subject
pronoun expression in Spanish: A cross-dialectal
perspective (pp. 193–212). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Geeslin, K., Linford, B., Fafulas, S., Long, A., & Díaz-Campos, M. (2013). The
L2 development of subject form variation in Spanish: The
individual vs. the
group. In J. Cabrelli Amaro, G. Lord, A. de Prada Pérez, & J. E. Aaron (Eds.), Selected
proceedings of the 16th Hispanic Linguistics
Symposium (pp. 156–174). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Geeslin, K. L. with Long, A. Y. (2014). Sociolinguistics
and second language acquisition: Learning to use language in
context. New York, NY: Routledge.
Gudmestad, A. (2014). Variationist
approaches to second language
Spanish. In K. L. Geeslin (Ed.), Handbook
of Spanish second language
acquisition (pp. 80–95). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Gudmestad, A., & Edmonds, A. (2016). Variable
future-time reference in French: A comparison of learners in
a study-abroad and a foreign-language
context. Canadian Journal of
Linguistics, 61(3), 259–285.
Gudmestad, A., Edmonds, A., & Metzger, T. (2019). Using
variationism and learner corpus research to investigate
grammatical gender marking in additional-language
Spanish. Language
Learning, 69(4), 911–949.
Gudmestad, A., Edmonds, A., & Metzger, T. (2021). Moving
beyond the native-speaker bias in the analysis of variable
gender marking. Frontiers in
Communication, 6, 165.
Gudmestad, A., House, L., & Geeslin, K. L. (2013). What
a Bayesian analysis can do for SLA: New tools for the
sociolinguistic study of subject expression in L2
Spanish. Language
Learning, 63(3), 371–399.
Howard, M. (2012). The
advanced learner’s sociolinguistic profile: On issues of
individual differences, second language exposure conditions,
and type of sociolinguistic
variable. The Modern Language
Journal, 96, 20–33.
Iwasaki, N. (2019). Individual
differences in study abroad research: Sources, processes and
outcomes of students’ development in language, culture and
personhood. In M. Howard (Ed.), Study
abroad, second language acquisition and
interculturality (pp. 237–262). Clevenon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Kalocsai, K. (2011). The
show of interpersonal involvement and the building of
rapport in an ELF community of
practice. In A. Archibald, A. Cogo, & J. Jenkins (Eds.), Latest
trends in English as a lingua franca
research (pp. 113–138). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Kanwit, M., Fafulas., & Geeslin, K. (2015). The
role of geography in the SLA of variable structures: A look
at the present perfect, the copula contrast, and the present
progressive in Mexico and
Spain. Probus, 27, 307–348.
Kanwit, M., & Solon, M. (2013). Acquiring
variation in future-time expression abroad in Valencia,
Spain and Mérida,
Mexico. In J. Cabrelli Amaro, G. Lord, A. de Prada Pérez, & J. E. Aaron (Eds.), Selected
proceedings of the 16th Hispanic linguistics
symposium (pp. 206–221). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Kinginger, C. (2012). Enhancing
language learning in study
abroad. Annual Review of
Applied
Linguistics, 31, 58–73.
Klein, W. (1998). The
contribution of second language acquisition
research. Language
Learning, 48, 527–550.
Knouse, S. M. (2012). The
acquisition of dialectal phonemes in a study abroad context:
The case of the Castilian
theta. Foreign Language
Annals, 45, 512–542.
Lafford, B., & Collentine, J. (2006). The
effects of study abroad and classroom contexts on the
acquisition of Spanish as a second language: From research
to
application. In B. Lafford & R. Salaberry (Eds.), Spanish second language acquisition: From research findings to
teaching
applications (pp. 103–126). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Linford, B. G. (2016). The
second-language development of dialect-specific
morpho-syntactic variation in Spanish during study
abroad. (Unpublished
doctoral
dissertation). Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.
Long, A. Y. (2016). The
acquisition of sociolinguistic competence by Korean learners
of Spanish: Development and use of the copula, subject
expression, and intervocalic
stops. (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation). Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.
McManus, K., Mitchell, R., Tracy-Ventura, N. (2014). Understanding
insertion and integration in a study abroad context: The
case of English-peaking sojourners in
France. Revue française de
linguistique
appliquée, 19(2), 97–116.
Mitchell, R., McManus, K., & Tracy-Ventura, N. (2015). Placement
type and language learning during residence
abroad. In R. Mitchell, N. Tracy-Ventra, & K. McManus (Eds.), Social
interaction, identity and language learning during residence
abroad (pp. 115–137). Amsterdam: Eurosla Monographs Series.
Mitchell, R., Tracy-Ventura, N., & McManus, K. (2017). Anglophone
students abroad: Identity, social relationships, and
language learning. New York, NY: Routledge.
Orozco, R. (2015). Pronominal
variation in Colombian costeño
Spanish. In A. M. Carvalho, R. Orozco, & N. Lapidus Shin (Eds.), Subject
pronoun expression in Spanish: A cross-dialectal
perspective (pp. 17–37). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Ortega, L. (2014). Ways
forward for a bi/multilingual turn in
SLA. In S. May (Ed.), The
multilingual turn: Implications for SLA, TESOL, and
bilingual
education (pp. 32–53). New York: Routledge.
Otheguy, R., & Zentella, A. C. (2012). Spanish
in New York: Language contact, dialect leveling, and
structural
continuity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Otheguy, R., Zentella, A. C., & Livert, D. (2007). Language
and dialect contact in Spanish in New York: Toward the
formation of a speech
community. Language, 83, 770–802.
Papatsiba, V. (2006). Study
abroad and experiences of cultural distance and proximity:
French Erasmus
students. In M. Byram & A. Weng (Eds.), Living
and studying abroad: Research and
practice (pp. 108–133). Clevendon: Multilingual Matters.
Prada Pérez, Ana de. (2015). First
person singular subject pronoun expression in Spanish in
contact with
Catalan. In A. M. Carvalho, R. Orozco, & N. Lapidus Shin (Eds.), Subject
pronoun expression in Spanish: A cross-dialectal
perspective (pp. 121–142). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Quesada, M. L. (2014). Subject
pronouns in second language
Spanish. In K. L. Geeslin (Ed.), The
handbook of Spanish second language
acquisition (pp. 253–268). Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.
Quesada, M. L., & Blackwell, S. E. (2009). The
L2 acquisition of null and overt Spanish subject pronouns: A
pragmatic
approach. In J. Collentine, M. García, B. Lafford, & F. M. Martín (Eds.), Selected
proceedings of the 11th Hispanic Linguistics
Symposium (pp. 117–130). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
R Core
Team. R: A Language and Environment
for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2020. URL [URL]
Regan, V., Howard, M., & Lemée, I. (2009). The
acquisition of sociolinguistic competence in a study abroad
context. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Rothman, J. (2009). Pragmatic
deficits with syntactic consequences?: L2 pronominal
subjects and the syntax-pragmatics
interface. Journal of
Pragmatics, 41, 951–973.
Salgado-Robles, F. (2018). Efectos
del context de inmersión en la competencia sociolingüística
de EL2: La adquisición del laísmo
madrileño. Círculo de
Lingüística Aplicada a la
Comunicación, 74, 307–332.
Shin, N. (2012). Variable
use of Spanish subject pronouns by monolingual children in
Mexico. In K. L. Geeslin & M. Díaz-Campos (Eds.), Selected
proceedings of the 14th Hispanic Linguistics
Symposium (pp. 130–141). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Smith, T. J., & McKenna, C. M. (2013). A
comparison of logistic regression pseudo R2
indices. Multiple Linear
Regression
Viewpoints, 39(2), 17–26.
Swain, M., & Deters, P. (2007). “New”
mainstream SLA theory: Expanded and
enriched. The Modern Language
Journal, 91, 820–836.
Torres Cacoullos, R., & Travis, C. (2010). Variable
yo expression in New Mexico: English
influence? In S. Rivera-Mills & D. Villa Crésap (Eds.), Spanish
of the U.S. southwest: A language in
transition (pp. 189–210). Madrid, Spain: Iberoamericana/Vervuert.
Tragant, E. (2012). Change
or stability in learners’ perceptions as a result of study
abroad. In C. Munoz (Ed.), Intensive
exposure experiences in second language
learning (pp. 161–190). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Travis, C. (2007). Genre
effects on subject expression in Spanish: Priming in
narrative and
conversation. Language
Variation and
Change, 19, 101–135.