References
Abreu, L.
(2009) Spanish subject personal pronoun use by monolinguals, bilinguals, and second language learners (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Baker-Smemoe, W., Dewey, D. P., Bown, J., & Martinsen, R. A.
(2014) Variables affecting L2 gains during study abroad. Foreign Language Annals, 47, 464–486. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bayley, R., & Tarone, E.
(2012) Variationist perspectives. In S. M. Gass & A. Mackey (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of second language acquisition (pp. 41–56). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bayley, R., & Pease-Álvarez, L.
(1997) Null pronoun variation in Mexican-descent children’s narrative discourse. Language Variation and Change, 9, 349–371. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bentivoglio, P., & Sedano, M.
(1987) Estudio sociolingüístico de Caracas. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Bowden, H. W.
(2016) Assessing second language oral proficiency for research. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 38, 647–675. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cameron, R.
(1995) The scope and limits of switch-reference as a constraint on pronominal subject expression. Hispanic Linguistics, 6, 1–27.Google Scholar
Cameron, R., & Flores-Ferrán, N.
Carvalho, A., Orozco, R., & Shin, N. L.
(Eds.) (2015) Subject pronoun expression in Spanish. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Cook, V.
(1992) Evidence for multicompetence. Language Learning, 42, 557–591. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
DeKeyser, R.
(2007) Study abroad as foreign language practice. In R. DeKeyser (Ed.), Practice in a second language: Perspectives from applied linguistics and cognitive psychology (pp. 208–226). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dewey, D. P.
(2017) Measuring social interaction during study abroad: Quantitative methods and challenges. System, 71, 49–59. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Díaz-Campos, M., & Geeslin, K. L.
The Douglas Fir Group
(2016) A transdisciplinary framework for SLA in a multilingual world. The Modern Language Journal, 100(Supplement 2016), 19–47. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Edmonds, A., Gudmestad, A., & Metzger, T.
(2020) A longitudinal study of grammatical-gender marking in French as an additional language. Applied Linguistics, 41, 733–755. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Enríquez, E. V.
(1984) El pronombre personal sujeto en la lengua española hablada en Madrid. Madrid: Instituto de Cervantes.Google Scholar
Fernández, J., & Tapia, A. M. G.
(2016) An appraisal of the Language Contact Profile as a tool to research local engagement in study abroad. Study Abroad Research in Second language Acquisition and International Education, 1(2), 248–276. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Freed, B., Dewey, D., Segalowitz, N., & Halter, R.
(2004) The language contact profile. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26, 349–356. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Geeslin, K. L.
(2000) A new approach to the second language acquisition of copula choice in Spanish. In R. Leow & C. Sanz (Eds.), Spanish applied linguistics at the turn of the millennium: Papers from the 1999 Conference on the L1 & L2 Acquisition of Spanish and Portuguese (pp. 50–66). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
(2003) A comparison of copula choice in advanced and native Spanish. Language Learning, 53, 703–764. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Geeslin, K. L., Fafulas, S., & Kanwit, M.
(2013) Acquiring geographically-variable norms of use: The case of the present perfect in Mexico and Spain. In C. Howe, S. Blackwell, & M. Quesada (Eds.), Selected proceedings of the 15th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (pp. 205–220). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Geeslin, K., García-Amaya, L., Hasler, M., Henrikson, N., & Killam, J.
(2012) A study of the second language acquisition of the present perfect in an immersion context. In K. Geeslin & M. Díaz-Campos (Eds.), Selected proceedings of the 14th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (pp. 197–215). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Geeslin, K. L., & Gudmestad, A.
(2008) Comparing interview and written elicitation task in native and non-native data: Do speakers do what we think they do? In J. Bruhn de Garavito & E. Valenzuela (Eds.), Selected proceedings of the Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (pp. 64–77). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Geeslin, K., Linford, B., & Fafulas, F.
(2015) Variable subject expression in second language Spanish: Uncovering the developmental sequence and predictive linguistic factors. In A. M. Carvalho, R. Orozco & N. L. Shin (Eds.), Subject pronoun expression in Spanish: A cross-dialectal perspective (pp. 193–212). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Geeslin, K., Linford, B., Fafulas, S., Long, A., & Díaz-Campos, M.
(2013) The L2 development of subject form variation in Spanish: The individual vs. the group. In J. Cabrelli Amaro, G. Lord, A. de Prada Pérez, & J. E. Aaron (Eds.), Selected proceedings of the 16th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (pp. 156–174). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Geeslin, K. L. with Long, A. Y.
(2014) Sociolinguistics and second language acquisition: Learning to use language in context. New York, NY: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gudmestad, A.
(2014) Variationist approaches to second language Spanish. In K. L. Geeslin (Ed.), Handbook of Spanish second language acquisition (pp. 80–95). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Gudmestad, A., & Edmonds, A.
(2016) Variable future-time reference in French: A comparison of learners in a study-abroad and a foreign-language context. Canadian Journal of Linguistics, 61(3), 259–285. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gudmestad, A., Edmonds, A., & Metzger, T.
(2019) Using variationism and learner corpus research to investigate grammatical gender marking in additional-language Spanish. Language Learning, 69(4), 911–949. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2021) Moving beyond the native-speaker bias in the analysis of variable gender marking. Frontiers in Communication, 6, 165. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gudmestad, A., House, L., & Geeslin, K. L.
(2013) What a Bayesian analysis can do for SLA: New tools for the sociolinguistic study of subject expression in L2 Spanish. Language Learning, 63(3), 371–399. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Howard, M.
(2012) The advanced learner’s sociolinguistic profile: On issues of individual differences, second language exposure conditions, and type of sociolinguistic variable. The Modern Language Journal, 96, 20–33. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Iwasaki, N.
(2019) Individual differences in study abroad research: Sources, processes and outcomes of students’ development in language, culture and personhood. In M. Howard (Ed.), Study abroad, second language acquisition and interculturality (pp. 237–262). Clevenon, UK: Multilingual Matters. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kalocsai, K.
(2011) The show of interpersonal involvement and the building of rapport in an ELF community of practice. In A. Archibald, A. Cogo, & J. Jenkins (Eds.), Latest trends in English as a lingua franca research (pp. 113–138). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar
Kanwit, M., Fafulas., & Geeslin, K.
(2015) The role of geography in the SLA of variable structures: A look at the present perfect, the copula contrast, and the present progressive in Mexico and Spain. Probus, 27, 307–348. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kanwit, M., & Solon, M.
(2013) Acquiring variation in future-time expression abroad in Valencia, Spain and Mérida, Mexico. In J. Cabrelli Amaro, G. Lord, A. de Prada Pérez, & J. E. Aaron (Eds.), Selected proceedings of the 16th Hispanic linguistics symposium (pp. 206–221). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Kinginger, C.
(2012) Enhancing language learning in study abroad. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 31, 58–73. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Klein, W.
(1998) The contribution of second language acquisition research. Language Learning, 48, 527–550. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Knouse, S. M.
(2012) The acquisition of dialectal phonemes in a study abroad context: The case of the Castilian theta. Foreign Language Annals, 45, 512–542. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lafford, B., & Collentine, J.
(2006) The effects of study abroad and classroom contexts on the acquisition of Spanish as a second language: From research to application. In B. Lafford & R. Salaberry (Eds.), Spanish second language acquisition: From research findings to teaching applications (pp. 103–126). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Linford, B. G.
(2016) The second-language development of dialect-specific morpho-syntactic variation in Spanish during study abroad. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.
Linford, B. G., Zahler, S., & Whatley, M.
(2018) Acquisition, study abroad and individual differences: The case of subject pronoun variation in L2 Spanish. Study Abroad Research in Second Language Acquisition and International Education, 3, 243–274. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Long, A. Y.
(2016) The acquisition of sociolinguistic competence by Korean learners of Spanish: Development and use of the copula, subject expression, and intervocalic stops. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.
McManus, K., Mitchell, R., Tracy-Ventura, N.
(2014) Understanding insertion and integration in a study abroad context: The case of English-peaking sojourners in France. Revue française de linguistique appliquée, 19(2), 97–116. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, R., McManus, K., & Tracy-Ventura, N.
(2015) Placement type and language learning during residence abroad. In R. Mitchell, N. Tracy-Ventra, & K. McManus (Eds.), Social interaction, identity and language learning during residence abroad (pp. 115–137). Amsterdam: Eurosla Monographs Series.Google Scholar
Mitchell, R., Tracy-Ventura, N., & McManus, K.
(2017) Anglophone students abroad: Identity, social relationships, and language learning. New York, NY: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Orozco, R.
(2015) Pronominal variation in Colombian costeño Spanish. In A. M. Carvalho, R. Orozco, & N. Lapidus Shin (Eds.), Subject pronoun expression in Spanish: A cross-dialectal perspective (pp. 17–37). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Ortega, L.
(2014) Ways forward for a bi/multilingual turn in SLA. In S. May (Ed.), The multilingual turn: Implications for SLA, TESOL, and bilingual education (pp. 32–53). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Otheguy, R., & Zentella, A. C.
(2012) Spanish in New York: Language contact, dialect leveling, and structural continuity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Otheguy, R., Zentella, A. C., & Livert, D.
(2007) Language and dialect contact in Spanish in New York: Toward the formation of a speech community. Language, 83, 770–802. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Papatsiba, V.
(2006) Study abroad and experiences of cultural distance and proximity: French Erasmus students. In M. Byram & A. Weng (Eds.), Living and studying abroad: Research and practice (pp. 108–133). Clevendon: Multilingual Matters. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Prada Pérez, Ana de
(2015) First person singular subject pronoun expression in Spanish in contact with Catalan. In A. M. Carvalho, R. Orozco, & N. Lapidus Shin (Eds.), Subject pronoun expression in Spanish: A cross-dialectal perspective (pp. 121–142). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Quesada, M. L.
(2014) Subject pronouns in second language Spanish. In K. L. Geeslin (Ed.), The handbook of Spanish second language acquisition (pp. 253–268). Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar
Quesada, M. L., & Blackwell, S. E.
(2009) The L2 acquisition of null and overt Spanish subject pronouns: A pragmatic approach. In J. Collentine, M. García, B. Lafford, & F. M. Martín (Eds.), Selected proceedings of the 11th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (pp. 117–130). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
R Core Team
. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria 2020 URL [URL]
Regan, V., Howard, M., & Lemée, I.
(2009) The acquisition of sociolinguistic competence in a study abroad context. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rothman, J.
(2009) Pragmatic deficits with syntactic consequences?: L2 pronominal subjects and the syntax-pragmatics interface. Journal of Pragmatics, 41, 951–973. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Salgado-Robles, F.
(2018) Efectos del context de inmersión en la competencia sociolingüística de EL2: La adquisición del laísmo madrileño. Círculo de Lingüística Aplicada a la Comunicación, 74, 307–332. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Shin, N.
(2012) Variable use of Spanish subject pronouns by monolingual children in Mexico. In K. L. Geeslin & M. Díaz-Campos (Eds.), Selected proceedings of the 14th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium (pp. 130–141). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Smith, T. J., & McKenna, C. M.
(2013) A comparison of logistic regression pseudo R2 indices. Multiple Linear Regression Viewpoints, 39(2), 17–26.Google Scholar
Swain, M., & Deters, P.
(2007) “New” mainstream SLA theory: Expanded and enriched. The Modern Language Journal, 91, 820–836. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Torres Cacoullos, R., & Travis, C.
(2010) Variable yo expression in New Mexico: English influence? In S. Rivera-Mills & D. Villa Crésap (Eds.), Spanish of the U.S. southwest: A language in transition (pp. 189–210). Madrid, Spain: Iberoamericana/Vervuert. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tragant, E.
(2012) Change or stability in learners’ perceptions as a result of study abroad. In C. Munoz (Ed.), Intensive exposure experiences in second language learning (pp. 161–190). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Travis, C.
(2007) Genre effects on subject expression in Spanish: Priming in narrative and conversation. Language Variation and Change, 19, 101–135. DOI logoGoogle Scholar