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Article published In:
Compiling and analysing the Spoken British National Corpus 2014
Edited by Tony McEnery, Robbie Love and Vaclav Brezina
[International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 22:3] 2017
► pp. 319–344

The Spoken BNC2014

Designing and building a spoken corpus of everyday conversations

| Lancaster University
| Cambridge University Press
| Lancaster University
| Lancaster University
| Lancaster University

This paper introduces the Spoken British National Corpus 2014, an 11.5-million-word corpus of orthographically transcribed conversations among L1 speakers of British English from across the UK, recorded in the years 2012–2016. After showing that a survey of the recent history of corpora of spoken British English justifies the compilation of this new corpus, we describe the main stages of the Spoken BNC2014’s creation: design, data and metadata collection, transcription, XML encoding, and annotation. In doing so we aim to (i) encourage users of the corpus to approach the data with sensitivity to the many methodological issues we identified and attempted to overcome while compiling the Spoken BNC2014, and (ii) inform (future) compilers of spoken corpora of the innovations we implemented to attempt to make the construction of corpora representing spontaneous speech in informal contexts more tractable, both logistically and practically, than in the past.

Keywords: Spoken BNC2014, transcription, corpus construction, spoken corpora
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Similar existing corpora – why do we need a new one?
    • 2.1The Spoken British National Corpus 1994
    • 2.2Other British English corpora containing spoken conversational data
    • 2.3Justification for the Spoken BNC2014
  • 3.Corpus design and data collection
    • 3.1Opportunistic data collection
    • 3.2Recruitment of participants and audio recording
    • 3.3Metadata categories in the Spoken BNC2014
      • 3.3.1Name
      • 3.3.2Age
      • 3.3.3Gender
      • 3.3.4Accent/dialect
      • 3.3.5Occupation
      • 3.3.6Other metadata categories
  • 4.Transcribing the Spoken BNC2014
    • 4.1Developing the transcription scheme
    • 4.2Speaker identification
    • 4.3Converting the transcripts
  • 5.Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at [email protected].

Published online: 23 November 2017
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.22.3.02lov
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2021. Recent change in modality in informal spoken British English: 1990s–2010s. English Language and Linguistics 25:3 ► pp. 537 ff. DOI logo
Love, Robbie & Anna-Brita Stenstrom
2023. Corpus-pragmatic perspectives on the contemporary weakening of fuck: The case of teenage British English conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 216 ► pp. 167 ff. DOI logo
Love, Robbie & David Wright
2021. Specifying Challenges in Transcribing Covert Recordings: Implications for Forensic Transcription. Frontiers in Communication 6 DOI logo
Lustig, Andrew, Gavin Brookes & Daniel Hunt
2021. Linguistic Analysis of Online Communication About a Novel Persecutory Belief System (Gangstalking): Mixed Methods Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 23:3 ► pp. e25722 ff. DOI logo
Mahlberg, Michaela, Viola Wiegand, Peter Stockwell & Anthony Hennessey
2019. Speech-bundles in the 19th-century English novel. Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 28:4 ► pp. 326 ff. DOI logo
Malá, Markéta & Zuzana Ježková
2023. The Passive across Two Registers of Present-Day British English: A Corpus-Based Lexico-Grammatical Perspective. Prague Journal of English Studies 12:1 ► pp. 85 ff. DOI logo
McEnery, Tony, Vaclav Brezina & Helen Baker
2022. Usage Fluctuation Analysis. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics ► pp. 413 ff. DOI logo
McGillivray, Barbara & Gábor Mihály Tóth
2020. Word Meaning in Texts. In Applying Language Technology in Humanities Research, ► pp. 61 ff. DOI logo
Meyer, Charles F. & Gerald Nelson
2020. Data Collection. In The Handbook of English Linguistics, ► pp. 81 ff. DOI logo
Mikkelsen, Olaf & Stefan Hartmann
2022. Competing future constructions and the Complexity Principle. In Broadening the Spectrum of Corpus Linguistics [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 105], ► pp. 8 ff. DOI logo
Miller, Jim & Andreea S. Calude
2020. Speaking and Writing English. In The Handbook of English Linguistics, ► pp. 547 ff. DOI logo
Méndez-Naya, Belén
2019. Ofright heirs, right idiotsandbad data. The diachrony of the intensifying adjectiveright. Studia Neophilologica 91:3 ► pp. 273 ff. DOI logo
PARADIS, CARITA, VICTORIA JOHANSSON & NELE PÕLDVERE
2021. Special issue on spoken language in time and across time: introduction. English Language and Linguistics 25:3 ► pp. 449 ff. DOI logo
Põldvere, Nele, Johan Frid, Victoria Johansson & Carita Paradis
2021. Challenges of releasing audio material for spoken data: The case of the London-Lund Corpus 2. Research in Corpus Linguistics 9:1 ► pp. 35 ff. DOI logo
PÕLDVERE, NELE, VICTORIA JOHANSSON & CARITA PARADIS
2021. OnThe London–Lund Corpus 2: design, challenges and innovations. English Language and Linguistics 25:3 ► pp. 459 ff. DOI logo
RAUTIONAHO, PAULA & ROBERT FUCHS
2021. Recent change in stative progressives: a collostructional investigation of British English in 1994 and 2014. English Language and Linguistics 25:1 ► pp. 35 ff. DOI logo
REICHELT, SUSAN
2021. Recent developments of the pragmatic markers kind of and sort of in spoken British English. English Language and Linguistics 25:3 ► pp. 563 ff. DOI logo
Riccioni, Ilaria, Ramona Bongelli, Gill Philip & Andrzej Zuczkowski
2018. Dubitative questions and epistemic stance. Lingua 207 ► pp. 71 ff. DOI logo
Sanchez-Stockhammer, Christina & Peter Uhrig
2023. “I’m gonna get totally and utterly X-ed.” Constructing drunkenness. Yearbook of the German Cognitive Linguistics Association 11:1 ► pp. 121 ff. DOI logo
Schauer, Gila A.
2019. Literature Review. In Teaching and Learning English in the Primary School [English Language Education, 18], ► pp. 7 ff. DOI logo
Schmid, Hans-Jörg
2023. Multi-Dimensional Regularity Analysis: How the Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization Model can be applied to corpus data. Yearbook of the German Cognitive Linguistics Association 11:1 ► pp. 23 ff. DOI logo
SCHÜTZLER, OLE & JENNY HERZKY
2022. Modal verbs of strong obligation in Scottish Standard English. English Language and Linguistics 26:1 ► pp. 133 ff. DOI logo
Seoane, Elena & Douglas Biber
2021. Chapter 1. A corpus-based approach to register variation. In Corpus-based Approaches to Register Variation [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 103], ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Smith, Nicholas & Cathleen Waters
2018. From broadcast archive to language corpus: Designing and investigating a sociohistorical corpus from Desert Island Discs . ICAME Journal 42:1 ► pp. 167 ff. DOI logo
Smith, Nicholas & Cathleen Waters
2019. Variation and change in a specialized register. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 24:2 ► pp. 169 ff. DOI logo
Stratton, James M.
2020. A diachronic analysis of the adjective intensifierwellfrom Early Modern English to Present Day English. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 65:2 ► pp. 216 ff. DOI logo
Stratton, James M.
2021. ‘That's proper cool’. English Today 37:4 ► pp. 206 ff. DOI logo
Su, Hang
2021. Changing patterns of apology in spoken British English. Pragmatics and Society 12:3 ► pp. 410 ff. DOI logo
Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt & Alexandra Engel
2023. A variationist perspective on the comparative complexity of four registers at the intersection of mode and formality. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 19:1 ► pp. 79 ff. DOI logo
Sönning, Lukas & Manfred Krug
2022. Comparing Study Designs and Down-Sampling Strategies in Corpus Analysis. In Data and Methods in Corpus Linguistics, ► pp. 127 ff. DOI logo
Vartiainen, Turo
2021. Trends and Recent Change in the Syntactic Distribution of Degree Modifiers: Implications for a Usage-based Theory of Word Classes. Journal of English Linguistics 49:2 ► pp. 228 ff. DOI logo
Vartiainen, Turo & Mikko Höglund
2020. How to Make New Use of Existing Resources:. American Speech 95:4 ► pp. 408 ff. DOI logo
Vasheghani Farahani, Mehrdad
2020. Metadiscourse in Academic Written and Spoken English: A Comparative Corpus-Based Inquiry. Research in Language 18:3 ► pp. 319 ff. DOI logo
Wagner, Susanne
2019. Whyvery goodin India might bepretty goodin North America. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 24:4 ► pp. 445 ff. DOI logo
Wang, Huanyu & Yajuan Tang
2022. Online Corpus Construction of English Text Collection, Data Cleaning, and Similarity Analysis. Mobile Information Systems 2022 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Wang, Zhan & Gaowei Chen
2018. Chapter 4. Discourse performance in L2 task repetition. In Learning Language through Task Repetition [Task-Based Language Teaching, 11], ► pp. 97 ff. DOI logo
Weetman, Katharine, Jeremy Dale, Emma Scott & Stephanie Schnurr
2019. The Discharge Communication Study: research protocol for a mixed methods study to investigate and triangulate discharge communication experiences of patients, GPs, and hospital professionals, alongside a corresponding discharge letter sample. BMC Health Services Research 19:1 DOI logo
Weetman, Katharine, Jeremy Dale, Emma Scott & Stephanie Schnurr
2020. Adult patient perspectives on receiving hospital discharge letters: a corpus analysis of patient interviews. BMC Health Services Research 20:1 DOI logo
Winter, Tatjana & Elen Le Foll
2022. Testing the pedagogical norm. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 8:1 ► pp. 31 ff. DOI logo
Woodin, Greg, Bodo Winter, Jeannette Littlemore, Marcus Perlman & Jack Grieve
2024. Large-scale patterns of number use in spoken and written English. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 20:1 ► pp. 123 ff. DOI logo
Wulff, Dirk U., Simon De Deyne, Samuel Aeschbach & Rui Mata
2022. Using Network Science to Understand the Aging Lexicon: Linking Individuals' Experience, Semantic Networks, and Cognitive Performance. Topics in Cognitive Science 14:1 ► pp. 93 ff. DOI logo
Yoon, Soyeon
2020. The Learner Corpora of Spoken English: What Has Been Done and What Should Be Done?. Lanaguage Research 56:1 ► pp. 29 ff. DOI logo
Özbay, Ali Şükrü, Ayşenur Hoşoğlu, Buse Uzuner & Ercüment Öztürk
2023. Corpus-Assisted Multidimensional AI Applications in Language Teaching and an Intelligent Virtual Speaker. In Transforming the Language Teaching Experience in the Age of AI [Advances in Educational Technologies and Instructional Design, ], ► pp. 65 ff. DOI logo
Čermáková, Anna
2021. Diachronic change in the ordering of kinship binomials. In Time in Languages, Languages in Time [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 101], ► pp. 39 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2020. Language Processing in Advanced Learners of English [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 9], DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2022. List of Example Stand-alone Corpus Description Articles. In Designing and Evaluating Language Corpora, ► pp. 224 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 31 march 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.