Language transmission and use in a bilingual setting in rural Tanzania
Findings from an in-depth study of Ngoni
When studying languages in a bi- or multilingual language contact situation, it is necessary to go beyond the schematic evaluations and scales describing language endangerment which have been developed over the last decades. Here the case of the Tanzanian language Ngoni, represented by quantitative sociolinguistic data from fieldwork in a rural area in the Ruvuma Region in Tanzania, shows that a too general assessment can be misleading. In Tanzania it is the African language Swahili, and not the global language English and ongoing globalization, which at present represents the major threat to other African languages and the maintenance of these languages. The study indicates that Ngoni is more at risk than would have been judged from endangerment scales.
References (32)
References
Abstracts LAUD 2014.
36th International LAUD Symposium
. March 31–April 3, 2014. Landau: University of Koblenz-Landau.
Austin, P.K. (ed.). 2008. One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered and Lost. Berkeley CA: University of California Press![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Batibo, H. 2005. Language Decline and Death in Africa. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Brenzinger, M. 1992. Language Death: Factual and Theoretical Explorations with Special Reference to East Africa. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Brenzinger, M. 1998. Endangered Languages in Africa. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Brenzinger, M. (ed.). 2007. Language Diversity Endangered. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Brenzinger, M., Dwyer, A.M., de Graaf, T., Grinevald, C., Krauss, M., Miyaoka, O., Ostler, N., Sakiyama, O., Villalón, M.E., Yamamoto, Y. & Zapeda, O. (eds). 2003. Language Vitality and Endangerment. Paris: UNESCO.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Calvet, L.-J. 1987. La guerre des langues et les politiques linguistiques. Paris: Payot.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Crystal, D. 2000. Language Death. Cambridge: CUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Dorian, N.C. 1982. Language loss and maintenance in language contact situations. In The Loss of Language Skills, L. Lambaret & B. Freed (eds), 44–59. Rowley MA: Newbury House.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fishman, J.A. 1967. Bilingualism with or without diglossia; diglossia with and without bilingualism. Journal of Social Issues 23: 29–38. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fishman, J.A. 1970. Sociolinguistics. Rowley MA: Newbury House.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fishman, J.A. 1991. Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Assistance to Threatened Languages. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fishman, J.A. 2001. Can Threatened Languages Be Saved: Reversing Language Shift, Revisited: A 21st Century Perspective. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Grenoble, L. 2011. Language ecology and endangerment. In The Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages, P.K. Austin & J. Sallabank (eds), 27–44. Cambridge: CUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Guthrie, M. 1948. The Classification of the Bantu Languages. London: OUP for the International African Institute.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Guthrie, M. 1971. Comparative Bantu. Farnborough: Gregg International Publishers.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Legère, K. 2007. Vidunda (G38) as an endangered language? Somerville MA: Cascadilla Procedings Project.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lewis, M.P., Simons, G.F & Fennig, C.D. (eds). 2015. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 18th edn. Dallas TX: SIL International.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lewis, M.P. & Simons, G.F. 2010. Assessing endangerment: Expanding Fishman’s GIDS. Romanian Review of Linguistics 55(2): 103–120.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lewis, M.P. 2005. Towards a categorization of endangerment of the world’s languages. <[URL]>
Loh, J. & Harmon, D. 2014. Comparing status and trends in linguistic and biological diversity. Abstracts LAUD 2014, 91–93.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
LOT. 2009. Languages of Tanzania Project. Atlasi ya Lugha za Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: LOT.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Mapunda, G. 2013. Ngoni people’s attitudes towards the use of Kingoni in beginner classes. Journal of Linguistics and Language in Education 7(1): 74–92.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Moseley, Ch. 2014. Language endangerment and vernacular literacy. Abstracts LAUD 2014, 102–103.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Moseley, Ch. & Nicholas, A. 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Muzale, H.R.M. & Rugemalira, J.M. 2008. Researching and documenting the languages of Tanzania. Languages, Documentation and Conservation 2(1): 68–108.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ngonyani, D. 2003. A Grammar of Chingoni. Munich: Lincom.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Norris, M.J. 2010. Canada and Greenland. In Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, C. Moseley (ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publications.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rosendal, T. & Mapunda, G. 2014. Is the Tanzanian Ngoni language threatened? A survey of lexical borrowing from Swahili. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 35(3): 271–288. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rugemalira, J. 2013. The Tanzania experience in language policy and planning. In Language Policy in Africa: Perspectives for Cameroon, P. Akumbu & B. Chiatoh (eds), 62–97. Kansas City KS: Miraclaire Academic Publications.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Tanzania, United Republic of. 1997. The Cultural Policy/Sera ya Utamaduni. Dar es Salaam: Mpiga Chapa Mkuu wa Serikali.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cited by (3)
Cited by three other publications
Mapunda, Gastor & Tove Rosendal
2021.
Imagined Futures and New Technology: Youths’ Language Attitudes in Songea, Tanzania.
Language Matters 52:1
► pp. 92 ff.
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
Rosendal, Tove
2017.
Identity Construction and Norms of Practice among Bilingual Ngoni in Rural Tanzania.
Language Matters 48:2
► pp. 3 ff.
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
Rosendal, Tove
2018.
Speaking of tradition: how the Ngoni talk about value maintenance and change.
Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 39:9
► pp. 776 ff.
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 19 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.