As Artificial Intelligence technology seems poised for a major take-off and changing societal dynamics are creating a high demand for caregivers for elders, children, and those infirmed, robotic caregivers may well be used much more often. This article examines the ethical concerns raised by the use of AI caregivers and concludes that many of these concerns are avoided when AI caregivers operate as partners rather than substitutes. Furthermore, most of the remaining concerns are minor and are faced by human caregivers as well. Nonetheless, because AI caregivers’ systems are learning systems, an AI caregiver could stray from its initial guidelines. Therefore, subjecting AI caregivers to an AI-based oversight system is proposed to ensure that their actions remain both legal and ethical.
Al Jazeera. (2014). Robots for the Elderly. June10. [URL]
Anderson, M., & Anderson, S. L.. (Eds.). (2011). Machine ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bohannon, J.. (2015). The synthetic therapist. Science, 349(6247), 250–251.
Bostrom, N.. (2014). When machines outsmart humans. CNN, September8. [URL]
Coeckelbergh, M. (2010). Health care, capabilities, and AI Assistive Technologies. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 13(2), 181–190.
DMello, A.. (2015). Rise of the humans: intelligence amplification will make us as smart as the Machines. The Conversation, October12. [URL]
Emspak, J.. (2016). How a machine learns prejudice. The Scientific American, December29. [URL]
Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2016). “Artificial intelligence (AI).” Britannica Academic. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. Web. Accessed 5 July 2016. [URL]
Etzioni, A., & Etzioni, O.. (2016a). Keeping AI legal. Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law (Forthcoming). [URL]
Etzioni, A., & Etzioni, O.. (2016b). Killer robots won’t doom humanity, but our fears of AI might. Quartz, May24. [URL]
Feil-Seifer, D., & Matarić, M.. (2011). Ethical principles for socially assistive robotics. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, Special issue on Roboethics, Veruggio, J. Solis and M. Van der loos, 18(1), 24–31.
Fisher, M., Dennis, L., & Webster, M.. (2013). Verifying autonomous systems. Communications of the ACM, 56(9), 84–93.
Hawking, S., Tegmark, M., Wilczek, F., & Russell, S.. (2014). Transcending Complacency on Superintelligent Machines. The Huffington Post. June19. [URL]
MacCargar, B.. (2005). Watts, heat and light: Measuring the heat output of different lamps. January, [URL]
Markoff, J.. (2015). Machines of loving grace: The quest for common ground between humans and robots (1st ed.). New York, NY: ECCO, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers.
Matarić, M. J., Eriksson, J., Feil-Seifer, D. J., & Winstein, C. J.. (2007). Socially assistive robotics for post-stroke rehabilitation. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 4(1), 5–5.
Mayer-Schönberger, V., & Cukier, K.. (2014). Big data: A Revelution that will transform how we live, work and think. London: John Murray Publishers.
Merriam-Webster.com. Humanoid. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. Accessed 6 June 2016.
Merriam-Webster.com. Robot. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. Accessed 6 June 2016.
Nakajima, H., Yamada, R., Brave, S., Morishima, Y., Nass, C., & Kawaji, S.. (2003). The functionality of human-machine collaboration systems – Mind model and social behavior. SMC'03 Conference Proceedings. 2003 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 31, 2381–2387.
Price, R.. (2016). Microsoft is deleting its AI chatbot’s incredibly racist tweets. Business Insider, March24. [URL]
Reese, H.. (2016). Why Microsoft’s Tay AI Bot went wrong. Tech Republic, March24. [URL]
Rheingold. H.. (1985). Tools for thought: The history and future of mind-expanding technology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Rosenberg, T.. (2015). Depressed? Try therapy without the therapist. The New York Times, June19. [URL]
Sharkey, N.. (2008). The ethical Frontiers of Robotics. Science, 3221, 1800–1801.
Sharkey, A., & Sharkey, N.. (2012). Granny and the robots: Ethical issues in robot care for the elderly. Ethics and Information Technology, 141, 27–40.
Shea, S.. (2006). Improving medication adherence: How to talk with patients about their medications. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Sparrow, R.. (2002). The March of Robot Dogs. Ethics and Information Technology, 41, 305–318.
Sparrow, R., & Sparrow, L.. (2006). In the hands of machines? The future of aged care. Minds and Machines.
Sullins, J. P.. (2011). When is a robot a moral agent? In M. Anderson & S. L. Anderson (Eds), Machine ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Turkle, S.. (2010). Alone together: Why we expect more from technology and less from each other. New York: Basic Books.
Turkle, S.. (2011). The tethered self: Technology reinvents intimacy and solitude. Continuing Higher Education Review, 751, 28–31.
van Wynsberghe, A. (2013). Designing robots for care: Care centered value-sensitive data. Science and Engineering Ethics, 191, 407–433.
Wallach, W., & Allen, A.. (2009). Moral machines: Teaching robots right from wrong. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Winfield, A. F., Blum, C., & Liu, W.. (2014). Towards an ethical robot: Internal models, consequences and ethical action selection. In
Conference Towards Autonomous Robotic Systems
(pp. 85–96). Springer International Publishing.
Cited by (13)
Cited by 13 other publications
Kralj, Danijela
2024. Green and Digital Transition – Challenge or Opportunity, ► pp. 439 ff.
Nortje, Nico, Amitabha Palmer, Gavin Enck, Christopher Frank Masciari, Joyce Neumann & Colleen Mary Gallagher
2024. Evolving Landscape of Ethics in Oncology: A Journey Through the Past, Present, and Future. American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book 44:3
Palmer, Amitabha & David Schwan
2024. More Process, Less Principles: The Ethics of Deploying AI and Robotics in Medicine. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 33:1 ► pp. 121 ff.
Ergin, Eda, Duygu Karaarslan, Seda Şahan & Şebnem Çınar Yücel
2022. Artificial intelligence and robot nurses: From nurse managers' perspective: A descriptive cross‐sectional study. Journal of Nursing Management 30:8 ► pp. 3853 ff.
Carroll, Karen
2021. Robotics: Considerations for Practice. Nursing Science Quarterly 34:3 ► pp. 253 ff.
Tan, Si Ying, Araz Taeihagh & Abhas Tripathi
2021. Tensions and antagonistic interactions of risks and ethics of using robotics and autonomous systems in long-term care. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 167 ► pp. 120686 ff.
Stokes, Felicia & Amitabha Palmer
2020. Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Nursing: Ethics of Caring as a Guide to Dividing Tasks Between AI and Humans. Nursing Philosophy 21:4
Turja, Tuuli, Sakari Taipale, Markus Kaakinen & Atte Oksanen
2020. Care Workers’ Readiness for Robotization: Identifying Psychological and Socio-Demographic Determinants. International Journal of Social Robotics 12:1 ► pp. 79 ff.
Gracia, Luis, J. Ernesto Solanes, Pau Muñoz-Benavent, Jaime Valls Miro, Carlos Perez-Vidal & Josep Tornero
2019. Gifts and Parasites. In Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population. Social Media, Games and Assistive Environments [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 11593], ► pp. 336 ff.
Li, Wentao & Gregor Wolbring
2019. Analysis of engagement between ethics and return-to-work discourses in respective academic literature. Work 64:1 ► pp. 3 ff.
2018. 2018 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC), ► pp. 1 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 18 october 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.