Soundboard-using pets?
Introducing a new global citizen science approach to interspecies communication
The first studies that sought to establish two-way communication between humans and great apes led to important
findings but were nevertheless heavily criticized for their training methods, testing procedures, and claims. More recently,
hundreds of pet owners around the world have begun training domesticated animals to use Augmentative Interspecies Communication
(AIC) soundboard devices, contributing to the first ever large-scale study on interspecies communication. Here, we introduce our
scientific approach to our global citizen science project, where we will investigate how dogs and cats use AIC devices, building
an incremental research program starting from their associative learning of buttons to determining how AIC device use might impact
their welfare and their capacity for symbolic representation. We discuss how our multi-faceted approach can alleviate many of the
concerns regarding the original studies performed with apes, achieving larger sample sizes, ample documentation of training
techniques, and testing animals’ performance in controlled experimental settings.
Article outline
- Background
- Looking closer to home
- Augmentative communication for pets
- Our scientific approach
- Preliminary findings from chronic recording
- Conclusion
- Author contributions
- Acknowledgements
-
References
References (95)
References
Andics, A., Gábor, A., Gácsi, M., Faragó, T., Szabó, D., & Miklósi. (2016). Neural
mechanisms for lexical processing in
dogs. Science,
353
(6303), 1030–1032.
Bakeman, R., & Adamson, L. B. (1984). Coordinating
attention to people and objects in mother-infant and peer-infant interaction. Child
Development,
55
(4), 1278–1289.
Bates, E., Camaioni, L., & Volterra, V. (1975). The
acquisition of performatives prior to speech. Merrill-Palmer
Quarterly,
21
(3), 205–226.
Bergelson, E., Soderstrom, M., Schwarz, I. C., Rowland, C., Ramirez-Esparza, N., Hamrick, L., Marklund, E., Kalashnikova, M., Guez, A., Casillas, M., Benetti, L., van Alphen, P., & Cristia, A. (2022). Everyday
language input and production in 1001 children from 6 continents.
Berwick, R. C., Friederici, A. D., Chomsky, N., & Bolhuis, J. J. (2013). Evolution,
brain, and the nature of language. Trends in Cognitive
Sciences,
17
(2), 89–98.
Boros, M., Magyari, L., Török, D., Bozsik, A., Deme, A., & Andics, A. (2021). Neural
processes underlying statistical learning for speech segmentation in dogs. Current
Biology,
31
(24), 5512–5521.e5.
Bruner, J. S. (1975). The
ontogenesis of speech acts. Journal of Child
Language,
2
(1), 1–19.
Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (1996). The
effect of humans on the cognitive development of apes. In A. E. Russon, K. A. Bard, & S. T. Parker (Eds.), Reaching
into
thought (pp. 371–403). Cambridge University Press.
Cartmill, E. A., Hunsicker, D., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2014). Pointing
and naming are not redundant: Children use gesture to modify nouns before they modify nouns in
speech. Developmental
Psychology,
50
(6), 1660–1666.
Casillas, M., Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (2020). Early
language experience in a Tseltal Mayan village. Child
Development,
91
(5), 1819–1835.
Casillas, M., Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (2021). Early
language experience in a Papuan community. Journal of Child
Language,
48
(4), 792–814.
Chang, L., de Barbaro, K., & Deák, G. (2016). Contingencies
between infants’ gaze, vocal, and manual actions and mothers’ object-naming: Longitudinal changes from 4 to 9
months. Developmental
Neuropsychology,
41
(5–8), 342–361.
Chomsky, N. (1968). Language
and mind. Harcourt Brace.
Cuaya, L. V., Hernández-Pérez, R., Boros, M., Deme, A., & Andics, A. (2022). Speech
naturalness detection and language representation in the dog
brain. NeuroImage,
248
1, 118811.
Cychosz, M., Romeo, R., Soderstrom, M., Scaff, C., Ganek, H., Cristia, A., Casillas, M., de Barbaro, K., Bang, J. Y., & Weisleder, A. (2020). Longform
recordings of everyday life: Ethics for best practices. Behavior Research
Methods,
52
(5), 1951–1969.
Deacon, T. W. (1997). The
symbolic species: The co-evolution of language and the brain. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Duffy, D. L., de Moura, R. T. D., & Serpell, J. A. (2017). Development
and evaluation of the Fe-BARQ: A new survey instrument for measuring behavior in domestic cats (Felis s.
catus). Behavioural
Processes,
141
1, 329–341.
Feddersen-Petersen, D. U. (2000). Vocalization
of European wolves (Canis lupus lupus L.) and various dog breeds (Canis lupus f.
fam.). Archives Animal
Breeding,
43
(4), 387–398.
Fenson, L., Marchman, V. A., Thal, D. J., Dale, P. S., Reznick, J. S., & Bates, E. (2006). MacArthur-Bates
communicative development inventories, Second Edition (CDIs) [Database
record]. APA PsychTests.
Fitzgerald, E. (1949). Straight
language for the deaf: A system of instruction for deaf children. Volta Bureau.
Fouts, R. S. (1983). Chimpanzee
language and elephant tails: A theoretical synthesis. In J. de Luce & H. T. Wilder (Eds.), Language
in
primates (pp. 63–75). Springer.
Fouts, R. S., & Rigby, R. L. (1980). Man-chimpanzee
communication. In Sebeok, T. A., Umiker-Sebeok, J. (Eds.) Speaking
of apes. Topics in Contemporary
Semiotics. Springer.
Frank, M. C., Braginsky, M., Yurovsky, D., & Marchman, V. A. (2017). Wordbank:
An open repository for developmental vocabulary data. Journal of Child
Language,
44
(3), 677–694.
Fugazza, C., Andics, A., Magyari, L., Dror, S., Zempléni, A., & Miklósi, Á. (2021a). Rapid
learning of object names in dogs. Scientific
Reports,
11
(1), 2222.
Fugazza, C., Dror, S., Sommese, A., Temesi, A., & Miklósi, Á. (2021b). Word
learning dogs (Canis familiaris) provide an animal model for studying exceptional
performance. Scientific
Reports,
11
(1), 14070.
Fugazza, C., Turcsan, B., Sommese, A., Dror, S., Temesi, A., & Miklósi, Á. (2022). A
comparison of personality traits of gifted word learner and typical border collies. Animal
Cognition,
25
1, 1645–1652.
Fukuzawa, M., Mills, D. S., & Cooper, J. J. (2005). The
effect of human command phonetic characteristics on auditory cognition in dogs (Canis
familiaris). Journal of Comparative
Psychology,
119
(1), 117–120.
Gábor, A., Gácsi, M., Szabó, D., Miklósi, Á., Kubinyi, E., & Andics, A. (2020). Multilevel
fMRI adaptation for spoken word processing in the awake dog brain. Scientific
Reports,
10
(1), 11968.
Gácsi, M., Miklód, Á., Varga, O., Topál, J., & Csányi, V. (2004). Are
readers of our face readers of our minds? Dogs (Canis familiaris) show situation-dependent recognition of
human’s attention. Animal
Cognition,
7
(3), 144–153.
Gardner, R. A., & Gardner, B. T. (1969). Teaching
sign language to a
chimpanzee. Science,
165
(3894), 664–672.
Hare, B., & Tomasello, M. (1999). Domestic
dogs (Canis familiaris) use human and conspecific social cues to locate hidden
food. Journal of Comparative
Psychology,
113
(2), 173–177.
Hare, B., & Tomasello, M. (2004). Chimpanzees
are more skillful in competitive than in cooperative cognitive tasks. Animal
Behaviour,
68
(3), 571–581.
Hayes, K. J., & Hayes, C. (1951). The
intellectual development of a home-raised chimpanzee. Proceedings of the American Philosophical
Society, 95(2), 105–109.
Hayes, K. J., & Nissen, C. H. (1971). Higher
mental functions of a home-raised chimpanzee. In A. M. Schrier & F. Stollnitz (Eds.), Behavior
of non-human
primates (pp. 57–115). Academic Press.
Hockett, C. F. (1960). Logical
considerations in the study of animal communication. In W. E. Lanyon & W. N. Tavolga (Eds.), Animal
sounds and animal
communication (pp. 392–430). American Institute of Biological Sciences.
Hsu, Y., & Serpell, J. A. (2003). Development
and validation of a questionnaire for measuring behavior and temperament traits in pet
dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association,
223
(9), 1293–1300.
Humphrey, N. (1988). Lies,
damned lies and anecdotal evidence. Behavioral and Brain
Sciences,
11
(2), 257–258.
Hunger, C. (2021). How
Stella learned to talk: The groundbreaking story of the world’s first talking dog. William Morrow.
Ito, Y., Watanabe, A., Takagi, S., Arahori, M., & Saito, A. (2016). Cats
beg for food from the human who looks at and calls to them: Ability to understand humans’ attentional
states. Psychologia,
59
(2–3), 112–120.
Kaminski, J., Call, J., & Fischer, J. (2004). Word
learning in a domestic dog: Evidence for “fast
mapping.” Science,
304
(5677), 1682–1683.
Kaminski, J., Neumann, M., Bräuer, J., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2011). Dogs,
Canis familiaris, communicate with humans to request but not to
inform. Animal
Behaviour,
82
(4), 651–658.
Kaminski, J., Waller, B. M., Diogo, R., Hartstone-Rose, A., & Burrows, A. M. (2019). Evolution
of facial muscle anatomy in dogs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of
America,
116
(29), 14677–14681.
Kellogg, W. N., & Kellogg, L. A. (1933). The
ape and the child: A study of environmental influence upon early behavior. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Kellogg, W. N. (1968). Communication
and language in the home-raised
chimpanzee. Science,
162
(3852), 423–427.
Kirchhofer, K. C., Zimmermann, F., Kaminski, J., & Tomasello, M. (2012). Dogs
(Canis familiaris), but not chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), understand imperative
pointing. PLoS
ONE,
7
(2), e30913.
Levelt, W. J. M. (2013). Language
acquisition and the diary explosion. In A history of
psycholinguistics (pp.93–124).
Lyn, H. (2017). The
question of capacity: Why enculturated and trained animals have much to tell us about the evolution of
language. Psychonomic Bulletin and
Review,
24
(1), 85–90.
Matsuzawa, T. (1985). Colour
naming and classification in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Human
Evolution,
14
(3), 283–291.
Matsuzawa, T. (2009). Symbolic
representation of number in chimpanzees. Current Opinion in
Neurobiology,
19
(1), 92–98.
McComb, K., Taylor, A. M., Wilson, C., & Charlton, B. D. (2009). The
cry embedded within the purr. Current
Biology,
19
(13), R507–R508.
Miklósi, Á., Polgárdi, R., Topál, J., & Csányi, V. (1998). Use
of experimenter-given cues in dogs. Animal
Cognition,
1
(2), 113–121.
Miklósi, Á., Pongrácz, P., Lakatos, G., Topál, J., & Csányi, V. (2005). A
comparative study of the use of visual communicative signals in interactions between dogs (Canis familiaris)
and humans and cats (Felis catus) and humans. Journal of Comparative
Psychology,
119
(2), 179–186.
Miklósi, Á., & Soproni, K. (2006). A
comparative analysis of animals’ understanding of the human pointing gesture. Animal
Cognition,
9
(2), 81–93.
Miles, H. L. W. (1990). The
cognitive foundations for reference in a signing orangutan. In S. T. Parker & K. R. Gibson (Eds.), “Language”
and intelligence in monkeys and
apes (pp. 511–539). Cambridge University Press.
Miles, H. L. W. (1994). Me
Chantek: The development of self-awareness in a signing
orangutan. In S. T. Parker, R. W. Mitchell, & M. L. Boccia (Eds.), Self-awareness
in animals and
humans (pp. 254–272). Cambridge University Press.
Nicastro, N. (2004). Perceptual
and acoustic evidence for species-level differences in meow vocalizations by domestic cats (Felis catus) and
African wild cats (Felis silvestris lybica). Journal of Comparative
Psychology,
118
(3), 287–296.
Patterson, F. (2019). Linguistic
capabilities of a lowland gorilla. In F. C. Peng (Ed.), Sign
language and language acquisition in man and
ape (pp. 161–201). Westview Press.
Patterson, F., & Cohn, R. H. (1990). Language
acquisition by a lowland gorilla: Koko’s first ten years of vocabulary
development. WORD,
41
(2), 97–143.
Patterson, F., Tanner, J., & Mayer, N. (1988). Pragmatic
analysis of gorilla utterances: Early communicative development in the gorilla Koko. Journal of
Pragmatics,
12
(1), 35–54.
Pepperberg, I. M. (1981). Functional
vocalizations by an African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus). Zeitschrift Für
Tierpsychologie,
55
(2), 139–160.
Pepperberg, I. M. (1983). Cognition
in the African grey parrot: Preliminary evidence for auditory/vocal comprehension of the class
concept. Animal Learning &
Behavior, 111, 179–185.
Pepperberg, I. M. (2017). Animal
language studies: What happened? Psychonomic Bulletin &
Review,
24
(1), 181–185.
Pepperberg, I. M. (2021). Nonhuman
and nonhuman-human communication: some issues and questions. Frontiers in
Psychology,
12
1, 647841.
Pepperberg, I. M., & Brezinsky, M. V. (1991). Acquisition
of a relative class concept by an African gray parrot (Psittacus erithacus): Discriminations based on
relative size. Journal of Comparative
Psychology,
105
(3), 286–294.
Pepperberg, I. M., & Carey, S. (2012). Grey
parrot number acquisition: The inference of cardinal value from ordinal position on the numeral
list. Cognition,
125
(2), 219–232.
Pepperberg, I. M., & Gordon, J. D. (2005). Number
comprehension by a grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus), including a zero-like
concept. Journal of Comparative
Psychology,
119
(2), 1–11.
Pfungst, O. (1907). Das
Pferd des Herrn von Osten (Der kluge Hans), ein Beitrag zur experimentellen Tier- und
Menschen-Psychologie. Barth.
Pilley, J. W., Reid, A. K. Border collie comprehends object names as verbal referents. Behav Processes. 2011 Feb; 86(2):184–95.
Pongrácz, P., Miklósi, Á., & Csányi, V. (2001). Owners’
beliefs on the ability of their pet dogs to understand human verbal communication: A case of social
understanding. Current Psychology of
Cognition,
20
1, 87–107.
Pongrácz, P., Molnár, C., Miklósi, Á., & Csányi, V. (2005). Human
listeners are able to classify dog (Canis familiaris) barks recorded in different
situations. Journal of Comparative
Psychology,
119
(2), 136–144.
Pongrácz, P., Szapu, J. S., & Faragó, T. (2019). Cats
(Felis silvestris catus) read human gaze for referential
information. Intelligence,
74
1, 43–52.
Pungello, E. P., Iruka, I. U., Dotterer, A. M., Mills-Koonce, R., & Reznick, J. S. (2009). The
effects of socioeconomic status, race, and parenting on language development in early
childhood. Developmental
Psychology,
45
(2), 544–557.
Ramos, D., & Ades, C. (2012). Two-item
sentence comprehension by a dog (Canis familiaris). PLoS
ONE,
7
(2), e29689.
Ramos, D., & Mills, D. S. (2019). Limitations
in the learning of verbal content by dogs during the training of OBJECT and ACTION
commands. Journal of Veterinary
Behavior,
31
1, 92–99.
Reeve, C., & Jacques, S. (2022). Responses
to spoken words by domestic dogs: A new instrument for use with dog owners. Applied Animal
Behaviour Science,
246
1, 105513.
Reiss, D., & McCowan, B. (1993). Spontaneous
vocal mimicry and production by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): evidence for vocal
learning. Journal of Comparative
Psychology,
107
(3), 301–312.
Rossi, A. P., & Ades, C. (2008). A
dog at the keyboard: Using arbitrary signs to communicate requests. Animal
Cognition,
11
(2), 329–338.
Saito, A., Shinozuka, K., Ito, Y., & Hasegawa, T. (2019). Domestic
cats (Felis catus) discriminate their names from other words. Scientific
Reports,
9
(1), 5394.
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. (1987). Ape
language: From conditioned response to symbol. International Journal of
Primatology,
8
(3), 293–294.
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., Brakke, K., & Hutchins, S. (1992). Linguistic
development: Contrasts between co-reared Pan troglodytes and Pan
paniscus
. In T. Nishida, W. C. McGrew, P. Marler, M. Pickford, & F. B. M. de Waal (Eds.), Topics
in primatology: Human
origins (pp. 51–66). University of Tokyo Press.
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., Rumbaugh, D. M., & Boysen, S. (1978). Symbolic
communication between two chimpanzees (Pan
troglodytes). Science,
201
(4356), 641–644.
Scheider, L., Kaminski, J., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2013). Do
domestic dogs interpret pointing as a command? Animal
Cognition,
16
(3), 361–372.
Slomkowski, C. L., Nelson, K., Dunn, J., & Plomin, R. (1992). Temperament
and language: Relations from toddlerhood to middle childhood. Developmental
Psychology,
28
(6), 1090–1095.
Smith, G. E., Bastos, A. P. M., Evenson, A., Trottier, L., & Rossano, F. (2023). Use of Augmentative Interspecies Communication (AIC) Devices in animal
language studies: A review. WIREs Cognitive Science, e1647.
Takagi, S., Saito, A., Arahori, M., Chijiiwa, H., Koyasu, H., Nagasawa, M., Kikusui, T., Fujita, K., & Kuroshima, H. (2022). Cats
learn the names of their friend cats in their daily lives. Scientific
Reports,
12
(1), 6155.
Terrace, H. S. (1983). Apes
who “talk”: Language or projection of language by their
teachers? In J. de Luce & H. T. Wilder (Eds.), Language
in primates: Perspectives and
implications (pp. 19–42). Springer-Verlag.
Terrace, H. S., Petitto, L. A., Sanders, R. J., & Bever, T. G. (1979). Can
an ape create a
sentence? Science,
206
(4421), 891–902.
Thomas, R. K. (1988). Misdescription
and misuse of anecdotes and mental state concepts. Behavioral and Brain
Sciences,
11
(2), 256–266.
Virányi, Z., Topál, J. Ó., Gácsi, M. Á., Miklósi, Á., & Csányi, V. (2004). Dogs
respond appropriately to cues of humans’ attentional focus. Behavioural
Processes,
66
(2), 161–172.
Waller, B. M., Peirce, K., Caeiro, C. C., Scheider, L., Burrows, A. M., McCune, S., & Kaminski, J. (2013). Paedomorphic
facial expressions give dogs a selective advantage. PLoS
ONE,
8
(12), e82686.
Worsley, H. K., & O’Hara, S. J. (2018). Cross-species
referential signalling events in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). Animal
Cognition,
21
(4), 457–465.
Yin, S., & McCowan, B. (2004). Barking
in domestic dogs: Context specificity and individual identification. Animal
Behaviour,
68
(2), 343–355.
Young, C. A. (1991). Verbal
commands as discriminative stimuli in domestic dogs (Canis
familiaris). Applied Animal Behaviour
Science,
32
(1), 75–89.
Zhang, L., Needham, K. B., Juma, S., Si, X., & Martin, F. (2021). Feline
communication strategies when presented with an unsolvable task: the attentional state of the person
matters. Animal
Cognition,
24
(5), 1109–1119.
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
Bastos, Amalia P. M., Ashley Evenson, Patrick M. Wood, Zachary N. Houghton, Lucas Naranjo, Gabriella E. Smith, Alexandria Cairo-Evans, Lisa Korpos, Jack Terwilliger, Sarita Raghunath, Cassandra Paul, Hairou Hou, Federico Rossano & Brenton G. Cooper
2024.
How do soundboard-trained dogs respond to human button presses? An investigation into word comprehension.
PLOS ONE 19:8
► pp. e0307189 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 12 september 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.