The present paper deals with second language learning in an increasingly common type of situation: the one encountered by children of families that move to a different country for a limited period of time. These children enjoy a learning experience that provides them with a naturalistic setting for full immersion in the language community as well as formal instruction at school. The paper presents a case study that investigates the longitudinal development of English proficiency in two Catalan-Spanish bilingual siblings during a year’s stay abroad with their family. Specifically, the study measures gains in the two learners’ written productions in English by examining the development of the dimensions of fluency, syntactic complexity, lexical diversity and accuracy. The findings highlight the variability inherent in L2 development and the possible effects of proficiency level on the language gains. In addition, the on-site observation provides insights into the qualities of the stay abroad experience that also help explain the results.
Bongartz, C. and Schneider, M. (2003). Linguistic development in social contexts: A study of two brothers learning German. Modern Language Journal 871, 13–37.
Brecht, R., Davidson, D. & Ginsberg, R. (1990). The empirical study of proficiency gain in study abroad environments of American students of Russian. In D. Davidson (Ed.), American contributions to the VII International Congress of MAPRIAL (123–152). Washington, D.C.: American Council of Teachers of Russian.
Carroll, J. (1967). Foreign Language Proficiency Levels Attained by Language Majors Near Graduation from College. Foreign Language Annals, 11, 131–151.
Chamot, A. U., El-Dinary, P. B. (1999). Children’s Learning Strategies in Language Immersion Classrooms. The Modern Language Journal, 831, 319–338.
Churchill, E. (2006). Variability in the study abroad classroom and learner competence. In M. A. DuFon & E. Churchill (Eds.), Language Learners in Study Abroad Contexts (pp. 203–229). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Collentine, J. (2004). The effects of learning contexts on morphosyntactic and lexical development. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 261, 227–248.
Collentine, J. (2009). Study Abroad Research: Findings, Implications and Future Directions. In M. Long & C. Doughty (Eds.). The Handbook of Language Teaching (pp. 218–233). Wiley-Blackwell.
DeKeyser, R. (1991). Foreign language development during a semester abroad. In B. Freed (Ed.), Foreign language acquisition research and the classroom (pp. 104–119). Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath.
DeKeyser, R. (2007). Study Abroad as foreign language practice. In R. DeKeyser (Ed.), Practice in a Second Language. Perspectives from Applied Linguistics and Cognitive Psychology (pp. 208–226). New York: CUP.
Díaz-Campos, M. (2004). Context of learning in the acquisition of Spanish second language phonology. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 261, 249–273.
Dyson, P. (1988). The year abroad. Report for the Central Bureau for Educational Visits and Exchanges. Oxford University Language Teaching Centre.
Foster, P. & Skehan, P. (1996). The influence of planning and task type on second language performance. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 181, 299–233.
Freed, B. (1998). An overview of issues and research in language learning in a study abroad setting. Frontiers: The interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, IV1, 31–60.
Freed, B., Segalowitz, N. & Dewey P.D. (2004). Context of learning and second language fluency in French: Comparing regular classroom, study abroad, and intensive domestic immersion programs. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 261, 275–301.
Freed, B., So, S. & Lazar, N. A. (2003). Language Learning Abroad: How Do Gains in Written Fluency Compare with Gains in Oral Fluency in French as a Second Language. ADFL Bulletin, 34 (3), 34–40.
Ginsberg, R. (1992). Language gains during study abroad: An analysis of the ACTR data. National Foreign Language Center Working Papers. Washington, D.C.: National Foreign Language Center.
Hakuta, K. (1974). A Report on the Development of the Grammatical Morphemes in a Japanese Girl Learning English as a Second Language. Working Papers on Bilingualism 4 (3): 18–44.
Hunt, K.W. (1965). Differences in Grammatical Structures Written at Three Grade Levels. Research Report No. 3. Urbana, Illinois, USA: National Council of Teachers of English.
Huot, D. (1995). Observer l’attention: quelques résultats d’un étude de cas. In R. Schmidt (Ed.), Attention and awareness in foreign language learning (Technical Report No. 9) (pp. 85–126). Honolulu, Hawai’i: University of Hawai’i, Second Language Teaching and Learning Center.
Kinginger, C. (2008). Language learning in study abroad: Case studies of Americans in France. The Modern Language Journal 92, s1, 1–131.
Lafford, B. (2004). The effect of context of learning on the use of communication strategies by learners of Spanish as a second language. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 261, 201–26.
Lafford, B. & Collentine, J. (2006). The effects of study abroad and classroom contexts on the acquisition of Spanish as a second language: From research to application. In B. Lafford & R. Salaberry (Eds.), Spanish second language acquisition: From research findings to teaching applications (pp. 103–26). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Larsen-Freeman, D. (2006). The Emergence of Complexity, Fluency, and Accuracy in the Oral and Written Production of Five Chinese Learners of English. Applied Linguistics, 271, 590–619.
Lee, C. N. (2005). Supporting English Learning in the Family: An Ethnographic Case Study of a Young Korean-English Learner. PhD dissertation, University of Southampton.
Lennon, P. (1990). Investigating Fluency in EFL: A Quantitative Approach. Language Learning, 401, 387–417.
Llanes, A. & Muñoz, C. (2009). A short stay abroad: does it make a difference?System, 371, 353–365.
Lynch, A., Klee, C.A., & Tedick, D.J. 2001. Social Factors and Language Proficiency in Postsecondary Spanish Immersion: Issues and Implications. Hispani, 841, 510–524.
MacIntyre, P. D. & Charos, C. (1996). Personality, attitudes and affect as predictors of second language communication. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 151, 3–26.
MacIntyre, P. D., Dörnyei, Z., Clément, R. & Noels, K. A. (1998). Conceptualizing willingness to communicate in a L2: A situational model of L2 confidence and affiliation. Modern Language Journal, 821, 545–562.
Malvern, D. & Richards, B. (1997). A new measure of lexical diversity. In A. Ryan & A. Wray (Eds.), Evolving models of language. Papers from the Annual Meeting of the BAAL (pp. 58–71). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Malvern, D., Richards, B., Chipere, N., & Durán, P. (2004). Lexical diversity and language development. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Milton, I. & Meara, P. (1995). How periods abroad affect vocabulary growth in a foreign language. ITI Review of Applied Linguistics, 1071, 17–34.
Miralpeix, I. (2008). The influence of age on vocabulary acquisition in English as a Foreign Language. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Barcelona.
Mitchell, R. & Lee, C. N. (2008). Learning a second language in the family. In J. Philp, R. Oliver & A. Mackey, (Eds). Second Language Acquisition and the Younger Learner. Child’s play? (pp. 255–277). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Mora, J.C (2007). Learning Context Effects on the Acquisition of a Second Language Phonology. In C. Pérez-Vidal, M. Juan-Garau & A. Bel (Eds.), A Portrait of the Young in the New Multilingual Spain (pp. 241–263). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Nation, I. S. P. (2001). Learning vocabulary in another language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Navés, T. (2007). Analytical measures of learners’ written interlanguage. Paper presented at the XXV Aesla Conference. University of Murcia.
Navés, T., Torras, M. R. & Celaya, M. L. (2003). Long-term effects of an earlier start. An analysis of EFL written production. In S. Foster-Cohen & S. Pekarek (Eds.), Eurosla Yearbook, vol. 31, (pp. 103–130). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Opper, S.Teichler, U. & Carlson, J. (Eds.) (1990). Impact of study abroad programmes on students and graduates. London: Jessica Kingsley.
Ortega, L. (2003). Syntactic complexity measures and their relationship to L2 proficiency: A research synthesis of college-level l2 writing. Applied Linguistics, 241, 92–518.
Ortega, L. & Iberri-Shea, G. (2005). Longitudinal research in second language acquisition: recent trends and future directions. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 251, 26–45.
Park, E-S. (2005). A case study of young Korean children’s English learning experiences in the US: a sociocultural perspective. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Virginia State University.
Ravem, R. (1978). Two Norwegian Children’s Acquisition of English Syntax. In E. M. Hatch (Ed.) Second Language Acquisition. A Book of Readings (pp. 148–154). Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House Publishers.
Regan, V. (1998). Sociolinguistics and Language Learning in a Study Abroad Context. The interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, IV1, 61–90.
Riazantseva, A. (2001). Second language proficiency and pausing: A Study of Russian Speakers of English. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 231, 497–526.
Robinson, P. (2001). Individual differences, cognitive abilities, aptitude complexes and learning conditions in second language acquisition. Second Language Research, 171, 368–392.
Robinson, P. (2003). Attention and memory during SLA. In C. Doughty & M. Long (Eds.), Handbook of Second Language Acquisition (pp. 631–678). Oxford: Blackwell.
Rohde, A. (1996). The aspect hypothesis and emergence of tense distinctions in naturalistic L2 acquisition. Linguistics 341, 1115–1137.
Rohde, A. (2008). Input Frequency and the Acquisition of the Progressive. In T. Piske & M. Young-Scholten (Eds.), Input Matters in SLA (pp. 29–46). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Sasaki, M. (2004). A multiple-data analysis of a 3.5 year development of EFL student writers. Language Learning, 541, 525–582.
Sasaki, M. (2009). Changes in English as a Foreign Language Students’ Writing Over 3.5 Years: A Sociocognitive Account. In R. Manchón (Ed.) Writing in Foreign Language Contexts: Learning, Teaching, and Research (pp. 49–76). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Schmidt, R. & Frota, S. (1986). Developing basic conversational ability in a second language: A case study of an adult learner of Portuguese. In R. R. Day (Ed.), Talking to learn: Conversation in second language acquisition (pp. 237–322). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Segalowitz, N., Freed, F. B. (2004). Context, Contact, and Cognition in Oral Fluency Acquisition: Learning Spanish in At Home and Study Abroad Contexts. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 261, 173–199.
Segalowitz, N., Freed, B., Collentine, J., Lafford, B., Lazar, N. & Díaz-Campos, M. (2004). A Comparison of Spanish Second Language Acquisition in Two Different Learning Contexts: Study Abroad and the Domestic Classroom. The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, X1, 1–18.
Skehan, P., & Foster, D. (1997). Task type and task processing conditions as influences on foreign language performance. Language Teaching Research, 11, 1–27.
Skehan, P. & Foster, D. (1999). The influence of task structure and processing conditions on narrative retellings. Language Learning, 491, 93–120.
Sotillo, S. M. (2000). Discourse functions and syntactic complexity in synchronous and asynchronous communication. Language Learning & Technology, 41, 82–119 [URL].
Torras, M.R., Navés, T., Celaya, M.L. & Pérez-Vidal, C. (2006). Age and Interlanguage Development in Writing. In C. Muñoz (Ed.), Age and the Rate of Foreign Language Learning (pp. 156–182). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Tschirner, E. (2004). Breadth of Vocabulary and Advanced English Study: An Empirical Investigation. Electronic Journal of English Language Teaching, 11, 27–39.
Van Lier, L. (2005). Case Study. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook in Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning (pp. 195–208). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Vermeer, A. (2000). Coming to grips with lexical richness in spontaneous speech data. Language Testing, 171, 65–83.
Wode, H. (1978). Developmental Sequences in Naturalistic L2 Acquisition. In E. Miquel Hatch (Ed.) Second Language Acquisition. A Book of Readings (pp. 101–117). Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House Publishers.
Wolfe-Quintero, K.Inagaki, S. & Kim, H.-Y. (1998). Second language development in writing: Measures of fluency, accuracy and complexity. Technical report 17. Manoa. Hawai’i: University of Hawai’i Press.
2021. How does longitudinal interaction promote second language speech learning? Roles of learner experience and proficiency levels. Second Language Research 37:4 ► pp. 547 ff.
Róg, Tomasz, Zofia Moros-Pałys, Aleksandra Wróbel & Marta Książek-Róg
2020. Intercultural Competence and L2 Acquisition in the Study Abroad Context. Journal of Intercultural Communication 20:1 ► pp. 76 ff.
Marijuan, Silvia & Cristina Sanz
2018. Expanding Boundaries: Current and New Directions in Study Abroad Research and Practice. Foreign Language Annals 51:1 ► pp. 185 ff.
Tragant, Elsa, Raquel Serrano & Àngels Llanes
2017. Learning English during the summer: A comparison of two domestic programs for pre-adolescents. Language Teaching Research 21:5 ► pp. 546 ff.
Baker‐Smemoe, Wendy, Dan P. Dewey, Jennifer Bown & Rob A. Martinsen
2014. Variables Affecting L2 Gains During Study Abroad. Foreign Language Annals 47:3 ► pp. 464 ff.
Jarvis, Scott
2013. Capturing the Diversity in Lexical Diversity. Language Learning 63:s1 ► pp. 87 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 18 october 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.