Diachrony of code switching stages in medieval business accounts
The Mercers’ livery company of London
This article presents the results of a diachronic survey on the multilingual account books authored by the wardens
of the Mercers’ premier livery company of the City of London from 1390 to 1464. The study deployed here applies an extended
version of Wright’s three-stage model of code switched business writing that introduces a previous phase of Romance monolingualism
and a later phase of English monolingualism. It is found that the change from Latin and French to English as the new language of
business record in the London Mercers’ archives was orderly and gradual rather than straightforward, and characterised by a less
predictable intervening code switching period. The analysis is of considerable value for expanding our knowledge of medieval
written multilingualism, as well as for the development of English as an administrative language.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction: Toward a linguistic study of code switching in 14th- and 15th-century business manuscripts from London
- 2.Historical background: The evolution of the Mercers of London within medieval multilingual communities
- 3.Linguistic framework: Romance-English code switching in the domain of business
- 4.Sources: The Wardens’ Accounts of the Mercers’ livery company of London
- 5.Data: Code switching stages in late medieval business accounts by the Mercers of London
- 5.1Early stage of mixed business writing in the Mercers’ Wardens’ Accounts
- 5.2Later stage of mixed business writing in the Mercers’ Wardens’ Accounts
- 5.3Moribund stage of mixed business writing in the Mercers’ Wardens’ Accounts
- 6.Results: From early intraword switching to late intersentential switching
- 7.Conclusion: Code switched business writing in between written monolingualisms
- Notes
-
References
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Wright, Laura. 1994b. On the Writing of the History of Standard English. Papers from the 7th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (=Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, 113) ed. by Francisco Moreno Fernández, Miguel Fuster Márquez & Juan José Calvo, 105–115. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wright, Laura. 1995. A Hypothesis on the Structure of Macaronic Business Writing. Medieval Dialectology (=Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs, 79) ed. by Jacek Fisiak, 309–321. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
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Wright, Laura. 1996. Sources of London English: Medieval Thames Vocabulary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wright, Laura. 1997. The Records of Hanseatic Merchants: Ignorant, Sleepy, or Degenerate? Multilingua 16:4.339–350. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
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Wright, Laura. 1998. Mixed-Language Business Writing: Five Hundred Years of Code-Switching. Language Change: Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics (=Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs, 114) ed. by Ernst Jahr, 99–118. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wright, Laura. 2000. Bills, Accounts, Inventories: Everyday Trilingual Activities in the Business World of Later Medieval England. In David Trotter, ed., 149–156.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wright, Laura. 2002. Code-Intermediate Phenomena in Medieval Mixed-Language Business Texts. Language Sciences 24:3–4.471–489. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
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Wright, Laura. 2010. A Pilot Study on the Singular Definite Articles le and la in 15th-Century London Mixed-Language Business Writing. In Richard Ingham, ed., 130–142.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
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Wright, Laura. 2013. On Historical Language Dictionaries and Language Boundaries. Evur Happie & Glorious, ffor I Hafe at Will Grete Riches (=Medieval English Mirror, 9) ed. by Liliana Sikorska & Marcin Krygier, 11–26. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cited by (2)
Cited by two other publications
Alcolado Carnicero, José Miguel
2023.
Item, pur escrivyng et enrollynge in Englyshe: From Latin and French to English in the medieval business records of the Grocers of London.
Studia Neophilologica 95:1
► pp. 19 ff.
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
Conde-Silvestre, J. Camilo
2021.
Multilingualism and Language Contact in the Cely Letters.
Anglia 139:2
► pp. 327 ff.
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
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