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Article published In:
Journal of Historical Pragmatics
Vol. 20:1 (2019) ► pp.96–131

Kinship or friendship?

The word cousin as a term of address for non-relatives in Middle English

| University of Siegen

The use of the word cousin as a term of address for non-relatives in late-medieval and Renaissance English is well documented in letters between monarchs, but weak for other social groups in the standard dictionaries, with one example each in the Oxford English Dictionary and the Middle English Dictionary. As it is difficult to establish for earlier periods whether people were blood relations, an investigation of cousin as a term of address needs to establish the relationship between addressor and addressee, as far as possible, from independent historical sources. This study is based on the use of the term cousin in letters, as this often provides precise information on the relationships of correspondents. This investigation documents the use of cousin from the thirteenth to the early-sixteenth century in all literate ranks of society and concludes that the royal use of cousin constitutes a relic of an earlier more widespread use.

Keywords: formulaic language, gender, kinship, language contact (French-English), language variation, terms of address
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
    • 1.1Background and aims
    • 1.2Etymology of the word cousin and senses given in dictionaries
    • 1.3Data and methodology
    • 1.4Structure and style of medieval letters
    • 1.5Terms of address in letters
  • 2.Analysis of the data and findings
    • 2.1 Cousin as a term of address in French letters written in England
    • 2.2 Cousin as a term of address in English letters
      • 2.2.1 Cousin as a term of address used by monarchs
      • 2.2.2 Cousin as a term of address in letters by male authors to male addressees (excluding royals)
      • 2.2.3The use of cousin as a term of address in letters by spouses and lovers
    • 2.3“Cousin+name” as a term of address for non-relatives
  • 4.Conclusion
  • Notes
  • Primary sources
  • References
Published online: 4 June 2019
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.17005.hac
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