Article published In:
Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education: Online-First ArticlesEquality of access to minority language assessments and interventions in immersion education
A case study of Irish-medium education
In the Republic of Ireland (RoI), Irish is recognised as the first official language of the state. The public has
the right to conduct all business with the state solely through the medium of Irish if they wish. The reality, however, is that
many government bodies only provide services in English. This article discusses the language used for assessments and
interventions for students with special educational needs (SEN) in Irish-medium (IM) primary and post-primary schools in the RoI.
A mixed methods study was conducted, with teachers from schools (n = 56) completing an online questionnaire at
first and then teachers (n = 32) undertaking semi-structured interviews. The findings suggest that students in IM
schools are not being afforded access to services in Irish and many challenges exist for these schools when meeting the SEN of
students. Recommendations are made around how to strengthen educational policy and practice to enable IM teachers meet the needs
of all students.
Keywords: immersion, assessment, interventions, special educational needs, resources
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Special educational needs in immersion education
- 2.1Immersion schools in the RoI
- 2.2Immersion education internationally
- 2.3Research questions
- 3.Methods
- 3.1Questionnaire
- 3.1.1The construction of the questionnaire
- 3.1.2Questionnaire participant profile
- 3.1.3Semi-structured Interviews
- 3.1.4Interview participant profile
- 2.1.5Triangulation
- 3.1Questionnaire
- 4.Results
- 4.1Lack of assessment and teaching resources
- 4.2Availability of Irish language educational service providers
- 4.3Assessments currently used in Schools
- 5.Discussion and conclusions
- 5.1Recommendations
- 5.2Limitations
-
References
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.
For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at [email protected].
Published online: 9 September 2024
https://doi.org/10.1075/jicb.24011.nic
https://doi.org/10.1075/jicb.24011.nic
References (53)
Andrews, S. (2020). The
additional supports required by pupils with special educational needs in Irish-medium schools. [URL]
Banks, J., & McCoy, S. (2011). A
Study on the prevalence of special educational needs. [URL]
Bruck, M. (1978). The
suitability of early French immersion programs for the language disabled child. Canadian Modern
Language
Review,
34
(5), 884–887.
Central Statistics Office. (2022). Press
Statement Census 2022 Results Profile 8 — The Irish Language and Education. [URL]
Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2017). Thematic
analysis. The Journal of Positive
Psychology,
12
(3), 297–298.
Cooc, N., & Kiru, E. W. (2018). Disproportionality
in special education: A synthesis of international research and trends. The Journal of Special
Education,
52
(3), 163–173.
Davies, E. N. (2023). Are
children and young people with additional learning needs at a systemic disadvantage regarding Welsh language
opportunities? Educational Psychology in
Practice,
39
(2), 217–234.
de Courcy, M. (2005). Policy
challenges for bilingual and immersion education in Australia: Literacy and language choices for users of aboriginal
languages, Auslan and Italian. International journal of bilingual education and
bilingualism,
8
(2–3), 178–187.
de Valenzuela, J. S., Bird, E. K. R., Parkington, K., Mirenda, P., Cain, K., MacLeod, A. A., & Segers, E. (2016). Access
to opportunities for bilingualism for individuals with developmental disabilities: Key informant
interviews. Journal of Communication
Disorders, 631, 32–46.
Department of Education. (2020). Policy on
Gaeltacht Education 2017–2022. [URL]
Department of Education
(DENI). (2011). Needs assessment & feasibility study for the development of
high-level diagnostic tools in Irish for children with special educational needs in the Irish medium
sector. [URL]
Department of Education and
Science. (2007). Special education needs: A continuum of
Support. [URL]
Faulkner-Bond, M., & Sireci, S. G. (2015). Validity
issues in assessing linguistic minorities. International Journal of
Testing,
15
(2), 114–135.
Gaeloideachas. (2024). Statistics. [URL]
Genesee, F. (2007). French
immersion and at-risk students: A review of research evidence. Canadian Modern Language
Review, 63(5), 655–687. [URL]
Genesee, F., & Fortune, T. W. (2014). Bilingual
education and at-risk students. Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language
Education,
2
(2), 196–209.
Government of Ireland. (2021). Official
Languages (Amendment) Act 2021. [URL]
Hampton, S., Rabagliati, H., Sorace, A., & Fletcher-Watson, S. (2017). Autism
and bilingualism: A qualitative interview study of parents’ perspectives and
experiences. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing
Research,
60
(2), 435–446.
Hick, P., Solomon, Y., Mintz, J., Matziari, A., Murchú, F. Ó., Hall, K., … & Margariti, D. (2019). Initial
Teacher Education for Inclusion. Trim: National Council for Special Education. [URL]
Irish Statute Book. (1937). Constitution of
Ireland. [URL]
Kay-Raining Bird, E., Lamond, E., & Holden, J. (2012). Survey
of bilingualism in autism spectrum disorders. International Journal of Language &
Communication
Disorders,
47
(1), 52–64.
Kay-Raining Bird, E., Genesee, F., & Verhoeven, L. (2016). Bilingualism
in children with developmental disorders: A narrative review. Journal of communication
Disorders,
63
1, 1–14.
Kay-Raining Bird, E., Genesee, F., Sutton, A., Chen, X., Oracheski, J., Pagan, S., … & Sorenson Duncan, T. (2021). Access
and outcomes of children with special education needs in Early French Immersion. Journal of
Immersion and Content-Based Language
Education,
9
(2), 193–222.
Mac Donnacha, S.; Ní Chualáin, F.; Ní Shéaghdha, A.; Ní Mhainín, T. (2005). Staid
Reatha na Scoileanna Gaeltachta: A Study of Gaeltacht Schools 2004. An Chomhairle um Oideachas Gaeltachta agus Gaelscolaíochta: Dublin, Ireland, 2005.
Mady, C., & Arnett, K. (2009). Inclusion
in French immersion in Canada: One parent’s perspective. Exceptionality Education
International,
19
(2).
Marinova-Todd, S. H., Colozzo, P., Mirenda, P., Stahl, H., Bird, E. K. R., Parkington, K., … & Genesee, F. (2016). Professional
practices and opinions about services available to bilingual children with developmental disabilities: An international
study. Journal of Communication
Disorders,
63
1, 47–62.
May, S., & Hill, R. (2005). Māori-medium
education: Current issues and challenges. International Journal of Bilingual Education and
Bilingualism,
8
(5), 377–403.
McAdory, S. E., & Janmaat, J. G. (2015). Trends
in Irish-medium education in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland since 1920: Shifting agents and
explanations. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural
Development,
36
(5), 528–543.
Mulgrew, L., Duffy, O., & Kennedy, L. (2022). Assessment
of minority language skills in English–Irish-speaking bilingual children: A survey of SLT perspectives and current
practices. International Journal of Language & Communication
Disorders,
57
(1), 63–77.
Murtagh, L., & Seoighe, A. (2022). Educational
psychological provision in Irish-medium primary schools in indigenous Irish language speaking communities (Gaeltacht): Views
of teachers and educational psychologists. British Journal of Educational
Psychology,
92
(4), 1278–1294.
National Council for Special Education
(NCSE). (2010). Procedures used to Diagnose a Disability and to Assess Special
Educational Needs: An International Review. [URL]
. (2021). Special Classes. [URL]
Ní Chinnéide, D. (2009). The
special educational needs of bilingual (Irish-English) children. [URL]
Nic Aindriú, S., Ó Duibhir, P., Connaughton-Crean, L., & Travers, J. (2022). The
CPD needs of Irish-medium primary and post-primary teachers in special education. Education
Sciences,
12
(12), 909.
Nic Aindriú, S., Ó Duibhir, P., & Travers, J. (2021). A
survey of assessment and additional teaching support in Irish immersion
education. Languages,
6
(2), 62.
(2020). The
prevalence and types of special educational needs in Irish immersion primary schools in the Republic of
Ireland. European Journal of Special Needs
Education,
35
(5), 603–619.
Nic Aindriú, S. (2022). The
reasons why parents choose to transfer students with special educational needs from Irish immersion
education. Language and
education, 36(1), 59–73.
O’Toole, C., & Hickey, T. M. (2013). Diagnosing language
impairment in bilinguals: Professional experience and perception. Child Language Teaching and
Therapy, 29(1), 91–109.
Ó Duibhir, P. (2018). Immersion
education: Lessons from a minority language
context (Vol. 1111). Multilingual Matters.
Ó Murchadha, N. P. (2016). The
efficacy of unitary and polynomic models of codification in minority language contexts: ideological, pragmatic and pedagogical
issues in the codification of Irish. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural
Development,
37
(2), 199–215.
O’Toole, C., & Hickey, T. M. (2013). Diagnosing
language impairment in bilinguals: Professional experience and perception. Child Language
Teaching and
Therapy,
29
(1), 91–109.
Pert, S., & Letts, C. (2003). Developing
an expressive language assessment for children in Rochdale with a Pakistani heritage
background. Child Language Teaching and
Therapy,
19
(3), 267–289.
Pesco, D., MacLeod, A. A., Bird, E. K. R., Cleave, P., Trudeau, N., de Valenzuela, J. S., … & Verhoeven, L. (2016). A
multi-site review of policies affecting opportunities for children with developmental disabilities to become
bilingual. Journal of Communication
Disorders,
63
1, 15–31.
Selvachandran, Janani, Elizabeth Kay-Raining Bird, Jessica DeSousa, and Xi Chen. (2022). Special
education needs in French immersion: A parental perspective of supports and
challenges. International Journal of Bilingual Education And
Bilingualism
25
(3), 1120–1136.
Stow & Pert. (n.d). SLT
Assessment and Intervention: Best practice for children and young people in bilingual settings. [URL]
Fortune, T. W., & Tedick, D. J. (Eds.). (2008). Pathways
to multilingualism: Evolving perspectives on immersion education. Multilingual Matters.
Turner, S. F., Cardinal, L. B., & Burton, R. M. (2017). Research
design for mixed methods: A triangulation-based framework and roadmap. Organizational research
methods,
20
(2), 243–267.
Údarás na Gaeltachta. (2024). The
Gaeltacht. [URL]
Ware, J., Lye, C. B., & Kyffin, F. (2015). Bilingualism
and students (learners) with intellectual disability: A review. Journal of Policy and Practice
in Intellectual
Disabilities,
12
(3), 220–231.
Wise, N. (2011). Access
to special education for exceptional students in French immersion programs: An equity
issue. Canadian Journal of Applied
Linguistics,
14
(1), 177–193.
Yu, B. (2013). Issues
in bilingualism and heritage language maintenance: Perspectives of minority-language mothers of children with autism spectrum
disorders. [URL]