‘They will not survive here’
Bordering, racialisation, and nature in the politics of the Finnish populist radical right
To justify the hardening of borders the populist radical right sometimes uses environmental rhetoric to frame
migrants as a threat. The radical right’s environmental politics has been analysed through a focus on state borders, but less
attention has been paid to the (re)production of bordering within and beyond the nation-state and to the racialising effects of
such rhetoric, in other words how racial differences and hierarchies are (re)produced and justified through language on nature.
Drawing on geographical literature on bordering and nationalism and postcolonial theory, this article investigates the semantic
structures that convey the racist messaging. The article argues that the ‘racialized Other’ is bordered from the ’green’ homeland
and Western space by utilising determinist conceptions of nature, through animalistic and environmental disaster metaphors, and by
mobilising an idea of the environmentally conscious Finn as the opposite of the littering migrant.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Nature in the politics of the populist radical right
- 3.The Finnish Context
- 4.Methodology: Speaking with politicians and party activists
- 5.Bordering of the racialised Other through the language on nature
- 5.1‘Natural’ territorial borders
- 5.2Imagining non-Western spaces
- 5.3‘Green’ homeland
- 5.4Protecting the homeland’s purity from the pollutants
- 6.Conclusion
-
References
References (98)
References
Anderson, Benedict. 2006. Imagined
Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of
Nationalism. London: Verso.
Anderson, Kay. 2000. “‘The
Beast Within’: Race, Humanity, and Animality. Environment and Planning D.” Society and
Space 18 (3) 301–320.
Anthias, Floya, and Nira Yuval-Davis. 2005. Racialized
Boundaries: Race, Nation, Gender, Colour and Class and the Anti-racist
Struggle. London: Routledge.
Antonsich, Marco. 2021. “Natives
and Aliens: Who and What Belongs in Nature and in the
Nation?” Area 53 (2): 303–310.
Atkins, Ed, and Filippo Menga. 2022. “Populist
Ecologies.” Area 54 (2): 224–232.
Balibar, Etienne. 1991. “Is
there a ‘Neo-Racism’?”. In Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous
Identities, edited by Etienne Balibar and Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein. London: Verso.
Barot, Rohit, and John Bird. 2001. “Racialization:
The Genealogy and Critique of a Concept.” Ethnic and Racial
Studies (24) 41: 1245–1262.
Bassin, Mark. 1987. “Imperialism
and the Nation State in Friedrich Ratzel’s Political Geography.” Progress in human
geography 11 (4): 473–495.
Benoist, Lise. 2023. “Far-right
Localism as an Environmental Strategy in France.” Nordia Geographical
Publications 53 (1): 111–121.
Bergmann, Eirikur. 2017. Nordic
Nationalism and Right-Wing Populist Politics: Imperial Relationships and National
Sentiments. UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Beurskens, Kristine. 2022. “Border
Anxieties: Populist Emotional Politics at Internal EU Borders.” Space and
Polity: 1–19.
Bhatia, Rajani. 2004. “Green
or Brown? White Nativist Environmental Movements.” In Home-Grown
Hate: Gender and Organized racism, ed. by Ferber, Abby. Abingdon, England: Routledge.
Bonnett, Alastair. 1997. “Geography,
‘Race’ and Whiteness: Invisible Traditions and Current
Challenges.” Area 29 (3): 193–199.
Brahinsky, Rachel, Jade Sasser, and Laura-Anne Minkoff-Zern. 2014. “Race,
Space, and Nature: An Introduction and
Critique.” Antipode 46 (5): 1135–52.
Braun, Virginia, and Victoria Clarke. 2006. “Using
Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative research in
psychology 3 (2): 77–101.
Brubaker, Rogers. 2020. “Populism
and Nationalism.” Nations and
Nationalism 26 (1): 44–66.
Eurostat. 2021. Immigrants 2021.
Migration and Migrant Population Statistics. Available at: [URL] (accessed 15.5.2023).
Casaglia, Anna, Coletti, Raffaella, Lizotte, Christopher, Agnew, John, Mamadouh, Virginie, and Claudio Minca. 2020. “Interventions
on European nationalist Populism and Bordering in Time of Emergencies.” Political
Geography 82 (S): 1–9.
Cisneros, J. David. 2008. “Contaminated Communities:
The Metaphor of ‘Immigrant as Pollutant’ in Media Representations of Immigration.” Rhetoric
& Public
Affairs 11 (4): 569–601.
Charteris-Black, Jonathan. 2006. “Britain
as a Container: Immigration Metaphors in the 2005 Election Campaign.” Discourse &
Society 17 (5): 563–581.
Costello, Cathryn, and Michelle Foster. 2022. “(Some)
Refugees Welcome: When is Differentiating Between Refugees Unlawful
Discrimination?” International Journal of Discrimination and the
Law 22 (3): 244–280.
Damhuis, Koen, and Léonie de Jonge. 2022. “Going
Nativist. How to Interview the Radical Right?” International Journal of Qualitative
Methods 211.
Dennis, Rutledge M. 1995. “Social Darwinism, Scientific
Racism, and the Metaphysics of Race.” Journal of Negro
Education: 243–252.
Dick, Hilary Parsons, and Kristina Wirtz. 2011. “Racializing
discourses.” Journal of Linguistic
Anthropology 211: E2–E10.
Durrheim, Kevin, and John Dixon. 2001. “The
Role of Place and Metaphor in Racial Exclusion: South Africa’s Beaches as Sites of Shifting
Racialization.” Ethnic and Racial
Studies 24 (3): 433–450.
Ekberg, Kristoffer, Bernhard Forchtner, Martin Hultman, and Kirsti M. Jylhä. 2022. Climate
Obstruction: How Denial, Delay and Inaction are Heating the
Planet. Oxon: Routledge.
Engesser, Sven, Nayla Fawzi, and Anders Olof Larsson. 2017. “Populist
Online Communication: Introduction to the Special Issue.” Information, Communication &
Society 20 (9): 1279–1292.
EU. 2017. Second European Union Minorities
and Discrimination Survey. European Agency for Fundamental
Rights. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Available at: [URL] (accessed 25.5.2023)
Ellinas, Antonis A. 2021. ”The Interview Method in
Comparative Politics: The Process of Interviewing Far-Right Actors.” Government and
Opposition 58 (4): 661–681.
Forchtner, Bernhard. 2019. The
Far Right and the Environment. Routledge.
Forchtner, Bernhard. 2019b. “Nation,
Nature, Purity: Extreme-Right Biodiversity in Germany.” Patterns of
Prejudice 53 (3): 285–301.
Forchtner, Bernhard, Andreas Kroneder, and David Wetzel. 2018. “Being skeptical? Exploring far-right climate-change communication in Germany.” Environmental Communication 12 (5): 589–604.
Forchtner, Bernhard, and Christoffer Kølvraa. 2015. “The
Nature of Nationalism: Populist Radical Right Parties on Countryside and Climate”. Nature and
Culture 10 (2): 199–224.
Foucault, Michel. 1972. The
Archeology of Knowledge & the Discourse of Language. New York: Pantheon Books.
Giaccaria, Paolo and Minca Claudio. 2016. “Life
in Space, Space in Life: Nazi Topographies, Geographical Imaginations, and
Lebensraum.” Holocaust
Studies 22 (2–3): 151–171.
Goldberg, David Theo. 1993. Racist Culture: Philosophy and the
Politics of Meaning. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Hage, Ghassan. 2017. Is
Racism an Environmental Threat? Malden, Mass: Polity Press.
Harvey, David. 1974. “Population,
Resources, and the Ideology of Science.” Economic
Geography 50 (3): 256–277.
Hatakka, Niko. 2021. “Between
Horizontality and Centralisation: Organisational Form and Practice in the Finns
Party.” Politics and
Governance 9 (4): 296–306.
Hatakka, Niko, and Matti Välimäki Matti. 2019. “The
Allure of Exploding Bats: The Finns Party’s Populist Environmental Communication and the
Media.” In The Far Right and the
Environment, ed. by Bernhard Forchtner. Abingdon, England: Routledge.
Herzog, Benno, and Arturo Lance Porfillio. 2022. “Talking with racists: insights from discourse and communication studies on the containment of far-right movements.” Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 9 (1): 1–7.
Horsti, Karina and Kaarina Nikunen. 2013. “The
Ethics of Hospitality in Changing Journalism: A Response to the Rise of the Anti-Immigrant Movement in Finnish Media
Publicity.” European Journal of Cultural
Studies 16 (4): 489–504.
Hultgren, John. 2015. Border
Walls Gone Green: Nature and Anti-immigrant Politics in America. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Junnila, Vilhelm. 2019. “Kirjallinen
kysymys väestönkasvun hillitsemisestä osana ilmastonmuutoksen vastaista taistelua hallituksen
Afrikka-painotuksissa”, KK
171/2019 vp, 27.9.2019, Helsinki.
Kenny, Michael. 2017. “Back
to the Populist Future? Understanding Nostalgia in Contemporary Ideological Discourse.” Journal
of Political
Ideologies 22 (3): 256–273.
Keskinen, Suvi. 2014. “Re-constructing
the Peaceful Nation: Negotiating Meanings of Whiteness, Immigration and Islam After a Shopping Mall
Shooting.” Social
Identities 20 (6): 471–485.
Keskinen, Suvi, Unnur Dís Skaptadóttir and Mari Toivanen. 2019. “Narrations
of Homogeneity, Waning Welfare States, and The Politics Of
Solidarity.” In Undoing Homogeneity in the Nordic
Region, ed. by Suvi Keskinen, Unnur Dís Skaptadóttir and Mari Toivanen, 1–17. Routledge, London.
Kinnvall, Catarina. 2018. “Ontological
Insecurities and Postcolonial Imaginaries: The Emotional Appeal of Populism.” Humanity &
Society 42 (4): 523–543.
Kohonen, Iina, et al. 2019. Ihmiseen
kohdistuvan tutkimuksen eettiset periaatteet ja ihmistieteiden eettinen ennakkoarviointi Suomessa. Tutkimuseettisen
neuvottelukunnan ohje 2019. Tutkimuseettinen neuvottelukunta ja Tiedonjulkistamisen neuvottelukunta.
Kurz, Joshua J., and Damon T. Berry. 2015. “Normalizing
Racism: Vigilantism, Border Security and Neo-racist Assemblages.” Security
Journal 281: 150–164.
Lagerman, Julia. 2023. A Nationalist Contradiction: Homonationalism and Nationalist Anti-LGBTQ Politics and Activism in Sweden. Doctoral dissertation. Department of Human Geography, Uppsala University.
Lamour, Christian, and Renata Varga. 2020. “The
Border as a Resource in Rightwing Populist Discourse: Viktor Orbán and the Diasporas in a Multi-scalar
Europe.” Journal of Borderlands
Studies 35 (3): 335–350.
Loftsdóttir, Kristín, and Lars Jensen. 2016. “Introduction:
Nordic exceptionalism and the Nordic ‘Others’.” In Whiteness and Postcolonialism in the Nordic
region. Routledge.
Lubarda, Balsa. 2020. “Beyond
Ecofascism? Far-Right Ecologism (FRE) as a Framework for Future Inquiries.” Environmental
Values 29 (6): 713–732.
Lubarda, Balsa, and Bernhard Forchtner. 2022. “Far
Right and Environment: Past-Present-Future”. In Populism and Far
Right: Trends in Europe, ed. by Alfonso Bruno. Milano: EDUCatt.
Macklin, Graham. 2022. “The
Extreme Right, Climate Change and Terrorism.” Terrorism and Political
Violence 34 (5): 979–996.
Malm, Andreas and the
Zetkin Collective. 2021. White Skin, Black Fuel: On the Dangers
of Fossil
Fascism. London: Verso.
Massey, Doreen. 2004. “Geographies
of Responsibility”. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human
Geography 86 (1): 5–18.
Mbembe, Achille. 2023. “Mustan
järjen
kritiikki”. Helsinki: Tutkijaliitto.
McCarthy, James. 2019. “Authoritarianism,
Populism, and the Environment: Comparative Experiences, Insights, and Perspectives.” Annals of
the American Association of
Geographers 109 (2): 301–313.
Miles, Robert. 1989. Racism. London: Routledge
Mondon, Aurelien. 2022. “Epistemologies
of Ignorance in Far Right Studies: the Invisibilisation of Racism and Whiteness in Times of Populist
Hype.” Acta
Politica 58 (4): 876–894.
Mondon, Aurelien, and Aaron Winter. 2020. “Racist
Movements, the Far Right and Mainstreaming”. Routledge International Handbook of Contemporary
Racisms, edited by John Solomos. Abingdon: Routledge.
Moffitt, Benjamin. 2016. The
Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style, And Representation. Stanford University Press.
Moore, Sam, and Alex Roberts. 2022. The
Rise of Ecofascism: Climate Change and the Far
Right. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Mountz, Alison. 2004. “Embodying
the Nation-State: Canada’s Response to Human Smuggling.” Political
Geography 23 (3): 323–345.
Mudde, Cas. 2007. Populist
Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mudde, Cas, and C. Rovira Kaltwasser. 2017. Populism:
A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Musolff, Andreas. 2012. “The
Study of Metaphor as Part of Critical Discourse Analysis.” Critical Discourse
Studies 9 (3): 301–310.
Müller, Martin. 2010. “Doing
Discourse Analysis in Critical Geopolitics.” L’Espace
Politique 12 (3): 1–21.
Naylor, Lindsay, Michelle Daigle, Margaret Marietta Ramírez, and Mary Gilmartin. 2018. “Interventions:
Bringing the Decolonial to Political Geography.” Political
Geography 661: 199–209.
Olsen, Jonathan. 1999. Nature
and Nationalism: Right-Wing Ecology and the Politics of Identity in Contemporary
Germany. Macmillan.
Olsen, Jonathan. 2000. “The
Perils of Rootedness: On Bioregionalism and Right Wing Ecology in Germany.” Landscape
Journal 19 (1–2): 73–83.
Paasi, Anssi. 1996. Territories,
Boundaries, and Consciousness: The Changing Geographies of the Finnish-Russian Border. J. Wiley & Sons.
Paasi, Anssi. 2009. “Bounded
Spaces in a ‘Borderless World’: Border Studies, Power and the Anatomy of Territory.” Journal of
Power 2 (2): 213–234.
Paasi, Anssi, Md Azmeary Ferdoush, Reece Jones, Alexander B. Murphy, John Agnew, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, Juliet J. Fall, and Giada Peterle. 2022. “Locating
the Territoriality of Territory in Border Studies.” Political
Geography, 951.
Peet, Richard. 1985. “The
Social Origins of Environmental Determinism.” Annals of the Association of American
Geographers 75 (3): 309–333.
Pettersson, Katarina. 2020. “The
Discursive Denial of Racism by Finnish Populist Radical Right Politicians Accused of Anti-Muslim
Hate-Speech” In Nostalgia and hope: Intersections between politics of
culture, welfare, and migration in Europe, ed. by Cristian Norocel, Anders Hellström and Martin Bak Jørgensen. Cham: Springer.
Pietiläinen, Sonja. 2024. “The
Nightless Nights of the ‘Nazi camp’: The Finnish Far-Right’s Anti-Climate Politics in Urban
Space.” Nordia Geographical
Publications (53)11: 123–135.
Pietiläinen, Sonja, and Ville Kellokumpu. 2024. “Political
Geographies of the Far-Right: The Environment, Space and Ideology in a Warming World.” Nordia
Geographical
Publications 53 (1): 5–12.
Pulido, Laura, Tianna Bruno, Cristina Faiver-Serna, and Cassandra Galentine. 2019. “Environmental
Deregulation, Spectacular Racism, and White Nationalism in the Trump Era.” Annals of the
American Association of
Geographers 109 (2): 520–532.
Rydgren, Jens. 2005. “Is
Extreme Right-Wing Populism Contagious? Explaining the Emergence of a New Party
Family.” European Journal of Political
Research 44 (3): 413–437.
Rydgren, Jens. 2018. The
Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right. Oxford University Press.
Said, Edward. 2003. Orientalism. London: Penguin Classics
Salmela, Mikko, and Christian Von Scheve. 2017. “Emotional
Roots of Right-Wing Political Populism.” Social Science
Information 56 (4): 567–595.
Seidl, Irmi, and Clem A. Tisdell. 1999. “Carrying
Capacity Reconsidered: From Malthus’ Population Theory to Cultural Carrying
Capacity.” Ecological
Economics 31(3): 395–408.
Sultana, Farhana. 2022. “The
Unbearable Heaviness of Climate Coloniality.” Political
Geography, 1026381.
Soper, Kate. What
is Nature: Culture, Politics and the Non-Human. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 1995.
Subramaniam, Banu. 2001. “The aliens have landed! Reflections on the rhetoric of biological invasions.” Meridians: feminism, race, transnationalism 2 (1): 26–40.
Tervo, Mervi. 2003. “Geographies
in the Making. Reflections on Sports, the Media and National Identity in Finland”. Nordia
Geographical Publications. Academic dissertation.
Turner, Joe, and Dan Bailey. 2021. “‘Ecobordering’:
Casting Immigration Control as Environmental Protection”. Environmental
Politics 31 (1): 110–131.
Van Dijk, Teun A. 1992. “Discourse and the Denial of
Racism.” Discourse &
Society 3 (1): 87–118.
Van Houtum, Henk. 2002. “Borders
of Comfort: Spatial Economic Bordering Processes in and by the European Union.” Regional &
Federal
Studies 12 (4): 37–58.
Van Houtum, Henrik. 2021. “Beyond
‘Borderism’: Overcoming Discriminative B/ordering and Othering”. Tijdschrift voor economische
en sociale
geografie 112 (1): 34–43.
Van Houtum, Henk, and Ton Van Naerssen. 2002. “Bordering,
Ordering and Othering.” Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale
geografie 93 (2): 125–136.
Varco, Matt. 2023. “Volk
Utopia: Racial Futures and Ecological Politics on the German
Far-Right.” Geoforum.
Vaughan-Williams, Nick. 2015. “We
are not Animals!” Humanitarian Border Security and Zoopolitical Spaces in Europe.” Political
Geography 451: 1–10.
Walia, Harsha. 2013. Undoing
Border Imperialism. Oakland, CA: AK Press.
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
Abdulhamed, Rekar, Lauri Hietajärvi, Natalia Skogberg, Reija Klemetti & Kirsti Lonka
2024.
Sense of belongingness, discrimination, and mental health: Associations and buffering effects of sense of belonging on mental health among Finnish native and immigrant-origin youth.
International Journal of Intercultural Relations 103
► pp. 102081 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 20 october 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.