“You’re a woman now”
Depiction of first menstruation in movies and TV series
This paper analyses menarche episodes from TV series using the discourse-historical approach to compare how
menarche has been depicted on TV during different decades and takes a closer look into inter-generational experience of menarche.
The analysis focuses on membership categorization analysis of the scenes and dialogues involving menarche. After analyzing several
decades of menstrual discourse, it is possible to conclude that TV discourse has changed from depicting menarche as a shameful
taboo to a powerful visual storyline statement. However, the menarche scenarios did not change dramatically and continue to rely
heavily on a mother-daughter bonding plot and highlight childbearing as the main and sometimes the only positive aspect of
menstruation. The continuous use of menstruational euphemisms is still predominating the TV discourse.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Background
- 2.1Literature review
- 2.2Language of concealment
- 2.3Euphemisms and menstruation
- 3.Data and methods of analysis
- 4.Analysis
- 4.1From the roaring 20s to the swinging 60s
- 4.2Menarche in the 70s and 80s
- 4.3Menarche in the 90s
- 4.4After the 2000s
- 4.5Period drama in period drama
- 5.Discussion and conclusion
- Notes
-
References
References (46)
References
Beausang, Carol C. & Razor, Anita G. 2000. Young western women’s
experiences of menarche and menstruation. Health Care for Women
International 21(6): 517–528.
Burrows, A. & Johnson, S. 2005. Girls’
experiences of menarche and menstruation. Journal of Reproductive and Infant
Psychology 231: 235–249.
Caplan, Paula. 2001. Premenstrual
mental illness: The truth about sarafem. The Network
News (May/June): 1–7.
Chaney, Jen. 2017. On
tv, a girl’s first period as a mark of female power. Vulture. 〈[URL]〉 (January 1, 2022)
Chumlea, William Cameron, Schubert, Christine M., Roche, Alex F., Kulin, Howard E., Lee, Peter A., Himes, John H. & Sun, Shumei S. 2003. Age at menarche and
racial comparisons in US
girls. Pediatrics 111(1): 110–113.
Clark, Herbert H. 1992. Arenas of Language
Use. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Collins, Patricia Hill. 1994. Shifting the center: Race,
class, and feminist theorizing about motherhood. In Mothering:
Ideology, Experience, and Agency, Evelyn Nakano Glenn, Grace Chang & Linda Rennie Forcey, 45–65. London: Routledge.
Connory, Jane. 2021. Friday
essay: I looked at 100 ads for menstrual products spanning 100 years – shame and secrecy
prevailed. The Conversation. 〈[URL]〉 (January 1, 2022)
Criado-Perez, Caroline. 2019. Invisible
Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men. New York City: Random House.
Delaney, Janice, Lupton, Mary Jane & Toth, Emily. 1988. The
Curse: A Cultural History of
Menstruation. Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
Del Saz-Rubio, María Milagros & Pennock-Speck, Barry. 2009. Constructing
female identities through feminine hygiene TV commercials. Journal of
Pragmatics 41(12): 2535–2556.
Eagan, Andrea. 1985. The
selling of premenstrual syndrome. In Seeing Red: The Politics of
Premenstrual Tension, Sophie Laws, Valerie Hey & Andrea Eagan (eds), 80–89. London: Hutchinson.
Ernster, Virginia L. 1975. American menstrual
expressions. Sex
Roles 1(1): 3–13.
Fairclough, Norman. 1995. Media
Discourse. London: Hodder Arnold.
Hewings, Martin. 2004. An
‘important contribution’ or ‘tiresome reading’? A study of evaluation in peer reviews of journal article
submissions. Journal of Applied
Linguistics 1(3): 247–274.
Itkowitz, Colby. 2016. Many
women still can’t talk openly about their periods – this app is trying to change that. The
Washington Post. 〈[URL]〉 (January 1, 2022)
Joffe, Natalie F. 1948. The vernacular of
menstruation. Word 4(3): 181–186.
Keith, Allan & Burridge, Kate. 1991. Euphemism
and Dysphemism: Language Used as Shield and Weapon. New York City: Oxford University Press.
Kissling, Elizabeth Arveda. 1996. Bleeding out loud:
Communication about menstruation. Feminism and
Psychology 6(4): 481–504.
Kissling, Elizabeth Arveda. 1996. “That’s just a basic
teen-age rule”: Girls’ linguistic strategies for managing the menstrual communication
taboo. Journal of Applied Communication
Research 24(4): 292–309.
Kissling, Elizabeth Arveda. 2002. On the rag on screen:
Menarche in film and television. Sex
Roles 46(1–2): 5–12.
Koff, Elissa, Rierdan, Jill & Sheingold, Karen. 1982. Memories
of menarche: Age, preparation, and prior knowledge as determinants of initial menstrual
experience. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence 11(1): 1–9.
Kosetzi, Konstantia. 2008. Harnessing
a critical discourse analysis of gender in television
fiction. In Gender and Language Research
Methodologies, Kate Harrington, Lia Litosseliti, Helen Sauntson & Jane Sunderland (eds), 227–39. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Lander, Louise. 1988. Images of Bleeding: Menstruation as Ideology. New York: Orlando Press.
Lee, Janet. 1994. Menarche
and the (hetero)sexualization of the female body. Gender &
Society 8(3): 343–362.
Lee, Janet. 2008. “A
kotex and a smile”: Mothers and daughters at menarche. Journal of Family
Issues 29(10): 1325–1347.
Lee, Janet & Sasser-Coen, Jennifer. 2015. Blood
Stories: Menarche and the Politics of the Female Body in Contemporary US
Society. London: Routledge.
Lovering, Kathryn Matthews. 1995. The bleeding body:
Adolescents talk about menstruation. In Feminism and Discourse:
Psychological Perspectives, Sue Wilkinson & Celia Kitzinger (eds), 10–31. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Martin, Emily. 2001. The
Woman in the Body: A Cultural Analysis of
Reproduction. Boston: Beacon Press.
Marván, Maria Luisa, Morales, Claudia & Cortés-Iniestra, Sandra. 2006. Emotional
reactions to menarche among Mexican women of different generations. Sex
Roles 541: 323–330.
Mertens, Maggie. 2015. Great
moments in menstrual history. The Cut. 〈[URL]〉 (January 1, 2022)
Moore, Susan M. 1995. Girls’ understanding and social
constructions of menarche. Journal of
Adolescence 18(1): 87–104.
Rembeck, Gun I., Möller, Margareta & Gunnarsson, Ronny K. 2006. Attitudes and feelings
towards menstruation and womanhood in girls at menarche. Acta
Paediatrica 95(6): 707–714.
Rosewarne, Lauren. 2012. Periods
in Pop Culture: Menstruation in Film and
Television. Pennsylvania: Lexington Books.
Sacks, Harvey. 1972. On
the analyzability of stories by children. In Directions in
Sociolinguistics, John J. Gumperz & Dell Hymes (eds), 325–345. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Stokoe, Elizabeth. H. 2003. Mothers, single women and sluts:
Gender, morality and membership categorization in neighbour disputes. Feminism and
Psychology 13(3): 317–344.
Stubbs, Margaret. L. & Costos, Daryl. 2004. Negative
attitudes toward menstruation: Implications for disconnection within girls and between
women. Women and
Therapy 27(3–4): 37–54.
Talbot, Mary. 2007. Media
Discourse: Representation and
Interaction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Teitelman, Anne M. 2004. Adolescent girls’ perspectives
of family interactions related to menarche and sexual health. Qualitative Health
Research 141: 1292–1308.
Uskul, Ayse K. 2004. Women’s menarche stories from a
multicultural sample. Social Science and
Medicine 59(4): 667–679.
van Dijk, Teun. A. 1995. Power and the news
media. Political Communication and
Action 6(1): 9–36.
van Dijk, Teun A. 2013. CDA is NOT a method of critical
discourse analysis. Associacion de Estudios Sobre Discurso y Sociedad. 〈[URL]〉 (January 1, 2022)
Whisnant, Lynn, Brett, Elizabeth & Zegans, Leonard. 1975. Implicit
messages concerning menstruation in commercial educational materials prepared for young adolescent
girls. American Journal of
Psychiatry 132(8): 815–820.
Williams, Lenore Robinson. 1983. Beliefs and attitudes of
young girls regarding
menstruation. In Menarche, Sharon Golub (ed), 139–148. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Wodak, Ruth & Meyer, Michael. 2015. Methods
of Critical Discourse Studies. Los Angeles: Sage.
Wodak, Ruth & Pollak, Alexander. 2008. Crime
scene: Wehrmacht exhibition. In The Discursive Construction of
History: Remembering the Wehrmacht’s War of Annihilation, Hannes Heer, Walter Manoschek, Alexander Pollak & Ruth Wodak (eds), 207–226. New York: Palgrave.
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
Nicola Döring, Anastasiia Shevtsova & Claudia Schumann-Doermer
2024.
Der aktuelle Forschungsstand zur Menstruationsgesundheit: Überblick über 20 bio-psycho-soziale Aspekte.
Zeitschrift für Sexualforschung 37:03
► pp. 151 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 14 september 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.