Cover not available
Article published In:
Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages
Vol. 34:1 (2019) ► pp.3–48

Non-French lexicon in Guianese French Creole

A sociohistorical and linguistic study on the African contribution

| University of Regensburg, Germany,
Guianese French Creole
(GFC) is one of the least studied French Creoles, which is especially true with respect to its non-French-related input. Combining sociohistorical, demographic and linguistic data, this contribution gives a first lexico-etymological account of the GFC lexicon of non-French origin, including Amerindian and Portuguese influences and especially the quantitative and qualitative nature of the contribution made by different Niger-Congo languages. These findings are discussed in light of controversial hypotheses on the particular influence of early numerical and/or socially dominant ethnolinguistic groups on the creole lexicon (i.e. Baker 2012), as well as with regard to word classes and semantic domains to which the different groups contributed. Whereas Gbe and non-Gbe languages clearly diverge with regard to their semantic contribution, the early dominance of presumably Gbe-speaking slaves in French Guiana is not reflected in the numerical proportion of Gbe-related lexical items in GFC, at least on the basis of my still limited data. This study thus tentatively confirms the lesser explanatory power of the lexicon for creole genesis scenarios and points to the fact that sub- or adstrate-related lexical items may have taken very complex etymological routes, which clearly need further study.
Keywords: Guianese French Creole, French Guiana, African languages, Amerindian languages, Portuguese, lexicon, sociohistorical approach
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Sociohistorical data on early colonial French Guiana
    • 2.1The macro level of early colonial French Guiana’s social structure
    • 2.2The micro level of a particular plantation
  • 3.The non-French lexicon of GFC
    • 3.1Amerindian influence
    • 3.2Portuguese influence
    • 3.3African influence
  • 4.Conclusions and research perspectives
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 22 March 2019
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00027.wie
References (115)
References
Aboh, Enoch O. 2006. The role of the syntax-semantics interface in language transfer. In Claire Levebvre, Lydia White & Christine Jourdan (eds.), L2 acquisition and creole genesis: Dialogues (Language Acquisition & Language Disorders 42), 221–252. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2015. The emergence of hybrid grammars: language contact and change (Cambridge Approaches to Language Contact). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Aboh, Enoch O. & Michel DeGraff. 2014. Some notes on bare nouns in Haitian Creole and in Gungbe: a transatlantic Sprachbund perspective. In Tor A. Åfarli & Brit Mæhlum (eds.), The sociolinguistics of grammar (Studies in Language Companion Series 154), 203–236. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
APiCS 2013 = Michaelis, Susanne, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath & Magnus Huber (eds.). 2013. Atlas of pidgin and creole language structures online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. [URL]. (11 October, 2017.)
Archives nationales de France, Paris, Série C14, Colonies: Correspondance à l’arrivée ; Correspondance à l’arrivée en provenance de la Guyane française.
Arends, Jacques. 1995. The socio-historical background of creoles. In Jacques Arends, Pieter C. Muysken & Norval Smith (eds.), Pidgin and creoles. An introduction (Creole Language Library 15), 15–24. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins.Google Scholar
. 2002. The historical study of creoles and the future of creole studies. In Glenn Gilbert (ed.), Pidgin and creole linguistics in the twenty-first century (Studies in Ethnolinguistics 9), 49–68. New York: Lang.Google Scholar
. 2008. A demographic perspective on creole formation. In Silvia Kouwenberg & John V. Singler (eds.), The handbook of pidgin and creole studies, 309–331. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
. 2017. Language and slavery. A social and linguistic history of the Suriname Creoles (Creole Language Library 52). Edited by Crit Cremers in cooperation with Norval Smith, Eithne B. Carlin, Saskia de Haan, Adrienne Bruyn & Margot van den Berg. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Arends, Jacques, Pieter C. Muysken & Norval Smith (eds.). 1995. Pidgins and creoles. An introduction (Creole Language Library 15). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Arends, Jacques, Silvia Kouwenberg & Norval Smith. 1995. Theories focusing on the non-European input. In Jacques Arends, Pieter C. Muysken & Norval Smith (eds.), Pidgin and creoles. An introduction (Creole Language Library 15), 99–109. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Artur, Jacques-François. Journal des événements survenus à Cayenne (1685–1711), par Jacques-François Artur. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris, Fonds Artur, Nouvelles Acquisitions françaises (NAF), 2581, ms.
Artur, Jacques François. 2002. Histoire des colonies françoises de la Guianne. Transcription établie, présentée et annotée par Marie Polderman. Guyane: Ibis Rouge.Google Scholar
Baker, Philip. 1993. Assessing the African contribution to French-based creoles. In Salikoko S. Mufwene (ed.), Africanisms in Afro-American language varieties, 123–155. Athens/London: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
. 2012. The African vocabulary of the Creole French of Haiti and the Lesser Antilles. In Angela Bartens & Philip Baker (eds.), Black through white. African words and calques which survived slavery in creoles and transplanted European languages (Westminster Creolistics Series 11), 117–133. London/Colombo: Battlebridge.Google Scholar
Barrère, Pierre. 1743. Nouvelle relation de la France Equinoxiale contenant La Description des Côtes de la Guiane ; de l’Isle de Cayenne ; le Commerce de cette Colonie ; les divers changemens arrivés dans ce Pays ; & les Moeurs & Coûtumes des différens Peuples Sauvages qui l’habitent. Avec Des Figures dessinées sur les lieux. Paris: Piget/Damonneville/Durand. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Barrieras, Mònica. 2009. La langue saamaka. In Odile Renault-Lescure & Laurence Goury (dirs.), Langues de Guyane, 148–157. La Roque d’Anthéron/Marseille: Vents d’ailleurs/IRD.Google Scholar
Bart, Jacobs & Nicolas Quint. 2016. On the relevance of classical Portuguese features in four Atlantic Creoles. In Armin Schwegler, John McWorther & Liane Ströbel (eds.), The Iberian challenge: Creole languages beyond the plantation setting (Lengua y Sociedad en el Mundo Hispánico 36), 67–83. Madrid/Frankfurt a. M.: Iberoamericana/Vervuert.Google Scholar
Bartens, Angela & Philip Baker (eds.). 2012. African words and calques which survived slavery in creoles and transplanted European languages (Westminster Creolistics Series 11). London/Colombo: Battlebridge.Google Scholar
Barthèlemi, Georges. 2007. Dictionnaire créole guyanais – français. Matoury: Ibis Rouge.Google Scholar
Bollée, Annegret. 1982. Die Rolle der Konvergenz bei der Kreolisierung. In Sture P. Ureland (ed.), Die Leistung der Strataforschung und der Kreolistik. Typologische Aspekte der Sprachkontakte in Europa. Akten des 5. Symposiums über Sprachkontakte in Europa, Mannheim 1982, 391–405. Tübingen: Niemeyer.Google Scholar
. 1998. Romanische Kreolsprachen. V. Französische Kreolsprachen. In Günter Holtus, Michael Metzeltin & Christian Schmitt (eds.), Lexikon der Romanistischen Linguistik VII1, 662–679. Tübingen: Niemeyer.Google Scholar
. 2012. Afrikanismen in den Frankokreolsprachen der Karibik. In Wolfgang Dahmen, Günter Holtus, Johannes Kramer, Michael Metzeltin, Wolfgang Schweickard & Otto Winkelmann (eds.), America Romana. Romanistisches Kolloquium XXVI (Tübinger Beiträge zur Linguistik 535), 213–235. Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
Bollée, Annegret & Ingrid Neumann-Holzschuh. 2014. Le vocabulaire du vaudou haïtien. In Thede Kahl, Johannes Kramer & Elton Prifti (eds.), Romanica et Balcanica. Wolfgang Dahmen zum 65. Geburtstag (Jenaer Beiträge zur Romanistik 7), 325–345. München: AVM.Google Scholar
Chaudenson, Robert. 1974. Le lexique du parler créole de la Réunion, 21 vol. Paris: Champion.Google Scholar
. 1981. Continuum intralinguistique et interlinguistique. Études Créoles 4(1). 19–46.Google Scholar
. 1992. Des îles, des hommes, des langues : Langues créoles, cultures créoles. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
. 2003. La créolisation : théorie, applications, implications. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Chrétien, Jean. 1718/19. Lettres d’un missionnaire de la compagnie de Jesus à un Pere de la même Compagnie Ecrites de Cayenne en amerique Les années 1718 et 1719 par le R. P. Jean Crétien. Bibliothèque Méjanes, Aix-en-Provence, Fonds patrimoniaux, Ms 1161, 406–R293, ms.Google Scholar
Corne, Chris. 1999. From French to Creole. The development of new vernaculars in the French colonial world (Westminster Creolistics Series 5). London: University of Westminster Press.Google Scholar
Contout, Auxence. 1974. Le patois guyanais. Cayenne: Paul Laporte.Google Scholar
Couteau cacao. 1893. Le cri d’alarme 23/03/1893. 30–31.Google Scholar
Debien, Gabriel. 1964. Sur une sucrerie de la Guyane en 1690. Notes d’Histoire Coloniale 771. 2–30.Google Scholar
DECA 2017 = Bollée, Annegret, Dominique Fattier & Ingrid Neumann-Holzschuh (dirs.). 2017. Dictionnaire étymologique des créoles français d’Amérique. Deuxième partie. Mots d’origine non-française ou inconnue (Kreolische Bibliothek 29(2)). Hamburg: Buske.Google Scholar
Essegbey, James, Bettina Migge & Donald Winford. 2013. Cross-linguistic influence in language creation: Assessing the role of the Gbe languages in the formation of the Creoles of Suriname. Lingua 1291. 1–8. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Farquharson, Joseph T. 2012. The African lexis in Jamaican: Its linguistic and sociohistorical significance. St. Augustine: The University of the West Indies thesis.Google Scholar
Fauquenoy, Marguerite. 1972. Analyse structurale du créole guyanais (Études Linguistiques 13). Paris: Klincksieck.Google Scholar
. 1987. Introduction. In Alfred Parépou. 1987 [1885], Atipa (roman guyanais). Traduit et annoté par Marguerite Fauquenoy (GEREC Textes, Études et Documents 1987(4–5)), iii–viii. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Goodman, Morris. 1987. The Portuguese element in the American Creoles. In Glenn Gilbert (ed.), Pidgin and Creole Languages. Essays in memory of John E. Reinecke, 361–405. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Goury, Laurence. 2009. Les langues aluku, ndyuka et pamaka. In Odile Renault-Lescure & Laurence Goury (dirs.), Langues de Guyane, 132–147. La Roque d’Anthéron/Marseille: Vents d’ailleurs/IRD.Google Scholar
Granger, Stéphane. 2011. Le Contesté franco-brésilien : enjeux et conséquences d’un conflit oublié entre la France et le Brésil. Outre-mers 98(372–373). 157–177. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Grant, Anthony P. 1995. Article agglutination in Creole French: a wider perspective. In Philip Baker (ed.), From contact to creole and beyond (Westminster Creolistics Series 1), 149–176. London: Battlebridge.Google Scholar
2012. Elements of Amerindian origin in Caribbean Creole languages. In Angela Bartens & Philip Baker (eds.), Black through white. African words and calques which survived slavery in creoles and transplanted European languages (Westminster Creolistics Series 11), 249–271. London/Colombo: Battlebridge.Google Scholar
Hair, Paul. 1965. Sierra Leone items in the Gullah dialect of American English. Sierra Leone Language Review 41. 79–84.Google Scholar
Holm, John. 19942. Pidgins and creoles, vol. 21: Reference survey (Cambridge Language Surveys). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Horth, Auguste. 1948. Le patois guyanais. Essai de systématisation. Cayenne: Paul Laporte.Google Scholar
Huttar, George L. 1975. Sources of creole semantic structures. Language 51(3). 684–695. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1985. Sources of Ndjuka African vocabulary. New West Indian Guide/Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 59(1/2). 45–71. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Huttar, Georges L. 1989. The Portuguese contribution to the Ndjuka lexicon. In Estudios sobre español de América y lingüística afroamericana. Ponencias presentadas en el 45 congreso internacional de Americanistas (Bogotá, Julio de 1985) (Publicaciones del Instituto Caro y Cuervo LXXXIII), 263–279. Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.Google Scholar
Huttar, George L. 1991. Ndjuka organization of experience: African or universal? In Francis Byrne & Thom Huebner (eds.), Development and structure of creole languages. Essays in honor of Derek Bickerton (Creole Language Library 9), 101–110. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1993. Identifying Africanisms in New World languages: How specific can we get? In Salikoko S. Mufwene (ed.), Africanisms in Afro-American language varieties, 47–63. Athens/London: The University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
2003. Scales of basicness in semantic domains and their application to creolization. In Mary R. Wise, Thomas N. Headland & Ruth M. Brend (eds.), Language and life. Essays in memory of Kenneth L. Pike (SIL International and The University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics 139), 119–137. Dallas: SIL International.Google Scholar
2009. Development of a creole lexicon. In Rachel Selbach, Hugo C. Cardoso & Margot van den Berg (eds.), Gradual creolization. Studies celebrating Jacques Arends (Creole Language Library 34), 173–188. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2010. Successive African and European contributions to Suriname Creole lexicons. In Kenneth A. McElhanon & Ger Reesink (eds.), A mosaic of languages and cultures. Studies celebrating the career of Karl J. Franklin (SIL e-Books 19), 180–190. Dallas: SIL International.Google Scholar
Huttar, George L., James Essegbey & Felix Ameka. 2007. Gbe and other West African sources of Suriname Creole semantic structures: Implications for creole genesis. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 22(1). 57–72. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jansen, Silke. 2016. Der koloniale Raum als Kontaktzone – Amerindisches im Französischen in und außerhalb Europas. Presentation at the conference Französische Sprachgeschichte , 13–15 October, 2016, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.
Jennings, William. 1995. The first generations of a Creole society: Cayenne 1660–1700. In Philip Baker (ed.), From contact to creole and beyond (Westminster Creolistics Series 1), 21–40. London: Battlebridge.Google Scholar
. 1998. One hundred years of slavery: A sociohistorical and demographic study of the origins of Cayenne Creole. Auckland, New Zealand: The University of Auckland thesis.Google Scholar
. 2009. Demographic factors in the formation of French Guianese Creole. In Rachel Selbach, Hugo C. Cardoso & Margot van den Berg (eds.), Gradual creolization. Studies celebrating Jacques Arends (Creole Language Library 34), 373–387. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jennings, William & Stefan Pfänder. 2015. French Guianese Creole. Its Emergence from Contact. Journal of Language Contact 81. 36–69. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Josephau, Serge. 1977. Africanismes dans le créole. Fort-de-France, Martinique: Centre Départemental de Documentation Pédagogique.Google Scholar
Karam, Antoine. 1977. Typologie des esclaves de la Guyane française. Revue Guyanaise d’Histoire et de Géographie 31. 1–19.Google Scholar
Klimenkowa, Alla. 2017. Sprachkontakt und lexikalische Innovation in der karibischen Kontaktzone: die Beispiele bozal, cimarrón und criollo (Kreolische Bibliothek 28). Hamburg: Buske.Google Scholar
La Barre, Antoine Lefebvre de. 1666. Description de la France equinoctiale cy-devant appellée Guyanne et par les Espagnols, el Dorado. Paris: Jean Ribou.Google Scholar
Laëthier, Maud. 2011. Être migrant et Haïtien en Guyane (Le Regard de l’Ethnologue). Paris: Éd. du CTHS.Google Scholar
Laman, Karl E. 1936. Dictionnaire kikongo – français avec une étude phonétique décrivant les dialectes les plus importants de la langue dite kikongo. Bruxelles: van Campenhout.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, Claire. 1998. Creole genesis and the acquisition of grammar. The case of Haitian Creole. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
. 2015. Relabeling in language genesis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Le Roux, Yannik, Réginald Auger & Nathalie Cazelles. 2009. Les jésuites et l’esclavage. Loyola : l’habitation des jésuites de Rémire en Guyane française. Québec: Presses de l’Université du Québec.Google Scholar
Lexique français – créole guyanais. Ti diksyonèr fransè – kréyòl gwiyanè. 2010–2015. [URL]. (11 October, 2017.)
Li ka baille ça ka travaille yé droèt. 1893. Le cri d’alarme 30/03/1893. 351.Google Scholar
Märzhäuser, Christina & Evelyn Wiesinger. 2016. Rencontres lexicales portugais-français d’outre-mer : les vocabulaires des créoles de Guyane et Karipuna. Presentation at the conference Französische Sprachgeschichte , 13–15 October, 2016, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.
Mettas, Jean. 1978, 1984. Répertoire des expéditions négrières françaises au XVIIIe siècle. Paris: Société française d’histoire d’Outre-Mer.Google Scholar
Migge, Bettina. 2011. Assessing the nature and role of substrate influence in the formation and development of the Creoles of Suriname. In Claire Lefebvre (ed.), Creoles, their substrates, and language typology (Typological Studies in Language 95), 155–179. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2015. Le rôle des langues africaines dans la création et le développement des langues businenge/marron. In Jean Moomou (ed.), Sociétés marronnes des Amériques. Mémoires, patrimoines, identités et histoire du XVIIe au XXe siècles, 111–123. Matoury: Ibis Rouge.Google Scholar
Mousse, Jean de la. 1686. Relation du troisième voyage du P. Jean de la Mousse chez les Indiens Galibis, l’an 1686. Archives des Jésuites, Vanves (France), Fonds Brotier, GBro102/3, f. 131–159, ms. copy.Google Scholar
. 1687. Extrait de quelques lettres du R. P. Jean de la Mousse, missionnaire de l’Amérique méridionale, écrites de Cayenne, l’an 1687. Archives des Jésuites, Vanves (France), Fonds Brotier, GBro102/4, f. 161–204, ms. copy.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1996. The Founder Principle in creole genesis. Diachronica 13(1). 83–134. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mühlhäusler, Peter. 1986. Pidgin and creole linguistics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid & Evelyn Wiesinger. Forthc. Deux créoles à la périphérie ? Les créoles louisianais et guyanais à la lumière de leur lexique d'origine non-française. In Gabriele Knauer, Mercedes A. Ortiz Wallner & Ineke Phaf-Rheinberger (eds.), Mundos Caribeños – Caribbean Worlds – Mondes Caribéens.
Parépou, Alfred. 1987 [1885]. Atipa (roman guyanais). Traduit et annoté par Marguerite Fauquenoy (GEREC Textes, Études et Documents 1987(4–5)). Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Parkvall, Mikael. 2000. Out of Africa. African influences in Atlantic Creoles. London: Battlebridge.Google Scholar
Patte, Marie-France. 2011. La langue arawak de Guyane – présentation historique et dictionnaires arawak – français et français – arawak. Marseille: IRD.Google Scholar
Patzelt, Carolin. 2016. Sprachdynamiken in modernen Migrationsgesellschaften. Romanische Sprachen und romanisch-basierte Kreolsprachen in Französisch-Guayana (Kommunikative Räume – Spazi comunicativi 13). Stuttgart: Steiner.Google Scholar
Pfänder, Stefan. 2013. Guyanais. In Susanne Michaelis, Philippe Maurer, Martin Haspelmath & Magnus Huber (eds.), The survey of pidgin and creole languages, vol. 21: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based languages, 220–228. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Polderman, Marie. 2004. La Guyane française 1676–1763. Mise en place et évolution de la société coloniale, tensions et métissage. Guyane: Ibis Rouge.Google Scholar
Proclamation signée Burnel. 24 nivôse an VII (13 janvier 1799). Centre des Archives d’Outre-Mer, Aix-en-Provence, FM/C14/carton 76, f. 97.Google Scholar
Proverbes créoles ou dolos. 1840. Magasin pittoresque 8e année(1ère livraison). 26–27.Google Scholar
Renault-Lescure, Odile. 1990. Contacts interlinguistiques entre le Karib et les créoles des côtes guyanaises. Études Créoles 13(2). 86–94.Google Scholar
. 2009. Les langues amérindiennes. In Odile Renault-Lescure & Laurence Goury (dirs.), Langues de Guyane, 40–45. La Roque d’Anthéron/Marseille: Vents d’ailleurs/IRD.Google Scholar
Röntgen, Karl-Heinz. 1998. L’origine contestée d’une communauté créolophone : les Karipuna au Brésil. Études Créoles 21(2). 36–64.Google Scholar
Saramaccan – English Dictionary 2003 = SIL International (ed.). 2003. Saramaccan – English dictionary. [URL]. (27 February, 2017.)
Schwegler, Armin. 2002. El vocabulario (ritual) bantú de Cuba. In Norma Díaz, Ralph Ludwig & Stefan Pfänder (eds.), La Romania americana. Procesos lingüísticos en situaciones de contacto (Lengua y Sociedad en el Mundo Hispánico 9), 97–194. Madrid/Frankfurt a. M.: Iberoamericana/Vervuert.Google Scholar
Singler, John V. 1993. African influence upon Afro-American language varieties: A consideration of sociohistorical factors. In Salikoko S. Mufwene (ed.), Africanisms in Afro-American language varieties, 235–253. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
1995. The demographics of creole genesis in the Caribbean: A comparison of Martinique and Haiti. In Jacques Arends (ed.), The early stages of creolization (Creole Language Library 13), 203–232. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins.Google Scholar
2008. The sociohistorical context of creole genesis. In Silvia Kouwenberg & John V. Singler (eds.), The handbook of pidgin and creole studies, 332–358. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Smith, Norval. 2014a. A preliminary list of probable Gbe lexical items in the Suriname Creoles. In Pieter C. Muysken & Norval Smith (eds.), Surviving the middle passage. The West Africa-Suriname Sprachbund (Trends in Linguistics: Studies & Monographs 275), 463–475. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
. 2014b. A preliminary list of probable Kikongo (KiKoongo) lexical items in the Suriname Creoles. In Pieter C. Muysken & Norval Smith (eds.), Surviving the middle passage. The West Africa-Suriname Sprachbund (Trends in Linguistics: Studies & Monographs 275), 417–462. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
. 2014c. The early history of Suriname: Why is Suriname different? In Pieter C. Muysken & Norval Smith (eds.), Surviving the middle passage. The West Africa-Suriname Sprachbund (Trends in Linguistics: Studies & Monographs 275), 17–42. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
. 2015. Ingredient X: the shared African lexical element in the English-lexifier Atlantic creoles, and the theory of rapid creolization. In Pieter C. Muysken & Norval Smith (eds.), Surviving the middle passage. The West Africa-Suriname Sprachbund (Trends in Linguistics: Studies & Monographs 275), 67–106. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Soleil lévé. 1893. Le cri d’alarme 09/03/1893. 22–23.Google Scholar
Sranan – English Dictionary 2003 = SIL International (ed.). 2003. Sranan Tongo – English dictionary. [URL]. (27 February, 2017.)
St-Quentin, Alfred de (ed.). 1872. Introduction à l’histoire de Cayenne suivie d’un recueil de contes, fables & chansons en créole avec traduction en regard ; Notes & commentaires par Alfred de St-Quentin ; Étude sur la grammaire créole par Auguste de St-Quentin. Antibes: J. Marchand.Google Scholar
St-Quentin, Auguste de. 1872. Étude sur la grammaire. In Alfred de St-Quentin (ed.), Introduction à l’histoire de Cayenne suivie d’un recueil de contes, fables & chansons en créole avec traduction en regard ; Notes & commentaires par Alfred de St-Quentin ; Étude sur la grammaire créole par Auguste de St-Quentin, 101–169. Antibes: J. Marchand.Google Scholar
Syea, Anand. 2017. French Creoles. A comprehensive and comparative grammar (Routledge Comprehensive Grammars). London/New York: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Thomason, Sarah G. 1993. On identifying the sources of creole structures. A discussion of Singler’s and Lefebvre’s Papers. In Salikoko S. Mufwene (ed.), Africanisms in Afro-American language varieties, 280–295. Athens/London: The University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Turner, Lorenzo. 1949. Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Valdman, Albert (ed.). 2007. Haitian Creole – English bilingual dictionary. Bloomington: Indiana University Creole Institute.Google Scholar
. 2015. Haitian Creole. Structure, variation, status, origin. Sheffield/Bristol: Equinox.Google Scholar
Voyages: The trans-Atlantic slave trade database. 2013. [URL]. (11 October, 2017.)
Wiesinger, Evelyn. 2013. Acteurs et échanges linguistiques dans les premiers temps en Guyane française coloniale. Contribution à l’étude de la genèse du créole guyanais. Creolica, [URL]. (11 October, 2017.)
. 2016. Marquage du pluriel en créole guyanais et au-delà. Études Créoles XXXIV1, [URL]. (11 October, 2017.)
. 2017. Le syntagme nominal en créole guyanais. Études synchroniques et diachroniques du marqueur LA (Kreolische Bibliothek 27). Hamburg: Buske.Google Scholar
. 2019. Le créole guyanais en contact avec le français et le créole antillais. In Edith Szlezák & Klara S. Szlezák (eds.), Sprach- und Kulturkontaktphänomene in der Romania – Phénomènes de contact linguistique et culturel dans la Romania. Festschrift für Ingrid Neumann-Holzschuh zum 65. Geburtstag, 239–254. Berlin: Erich Schmidt.Google Scholar
Cited by (2)

Cited by two other publications

Parkvall, Mikael & Bart Jacobs
2022. The Lesser Antillean Origins of Guianese. Journal of Language Contact 15:1 ► pp. 157 ff. DOI logo
Jacobs, Bart & Mikael Parkvall
2021. How Gbe is Guianese French Creole?. Lingua 250 ► pp. 102939 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 7 august 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.