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Article published In:
Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages
Vol. 34:2 (2019) ► pp.346–376

The role of parallel constructions in imposition

A synchronic study of already in Colloquial Singapore English

| Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Imposition, a general mechanism of contact-induced change that manifests itself in creole formation, second language acquisition, and even language attrition (Winford 2013), is a result of unequal dominance in a multilingual’s languages, whereby linguistic features from an individual’s more dominant language are transferred to a less dominant language (van Coetsem 1988). In order to flesh out how imposition operates in multilinguals, this study compares the differences between Singaporean Chinese and Malay speakers in their use of already in Colloquial Singapore English. Based on sociolinguistic interview data from twelve Chinese and eight Malay individuals, it is found that Chinese and Malay speakers differ primarily in two ways: (1) the preferred syntactic position for already; (2) the frequency of different contexts that already appears in. By integrating theories from cognitive linguistics and findings from psycholinguistic studies, this paper argues that ‘equivalent’ constructions across two grammatical systems within a multilingual’s mind is a key channel through which imposition operates. To support this argument, differences between the speech of Chinese and Malay speakers are shown to be motivated by the presence or absence of ‘equivalent’ or parallel constructions.
Keywords: imposition, cross-linguistic influence, multilingual, dominance, construction, Chinese, Malay, English
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Background information
    • 2.1‘already’ in Colloquial Singapore English
    • 2.2Words with similar functions in other languages
      • 2.2.1Mandarin le
      • 2.2.2Mandarin yijing
      • 2.2.3Malay sudah/dah
      • 2.2.4Summary
  • 3.Methodology
  • 4.Findings
    • 4.1Non-completive ‘already’
    • 4.2Completive ‘already’
  • 5.Conclusion
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
Published online: 25 November 2019
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00042.teo
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Ziegeler, Debra
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Ziegeler, Debra
2021. Convergence in contact grammaticalisation in Singapore English: the case of already1. TIPA. Travaux interdisciplinaires sur la parole et le langage :37 DOI logo

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