The vitality of Angolar
A study of attitudes on São Tomé Island
This article examines Santomeans’ attitudes toward Angolares, a minority creole-speaking community descendant of
maroons on São Tomé Island, and their language. The status of Angolar varies from vigorous to shifting, depending on the source,
and according to
Maurer (2013), it is unclear whether Angolar is being passed on to new
generations. In this article, it is argued that Angolares are shifting toward Portuguese, a process that has already commenced
among Santomeans living in the capital. Since prevailing attitudes regarding a language are important for its use and maintenance,
this study investigates the transmission of attitudes, beliefs and stereotypes as a possible explanation for the actual shift
toward Portuguese in the country. Based on ethnography, analysis of interview excerpts, and questionnaires, an account of the
attitudes held by Santomeans is provided, showing how different attitudes toward Angolares are intertwined and point toward rural,
creole-speaking Angolares as being the lowest on the social scale of the island. This article demonstrates how attitudes held by
Forros, the dominant ethnolinguistic group on São Tomé Island, as well as by Angolares themselves, may negatively impact the
maintenance of Angolar Creole.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Context of the study: Who are the Angolares?
- 3.Methodology
- 4.Results: Disentangling attitudes toward Angolar and the Angolares
- 4.1Attitudes toward language
- 4.2Attitudes toward ethnolinguistic groups
- 4.3Attitudes toward living environment
- 5.Discussion and conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
-
References
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