Right dislocation/afterthought (resuming a pronoun) obeys prosody and information structure restrictions not shared by extraposition (leaving a gap) in German. Right dislocation/afterthought requires that the preceding clause is an intonation phrase carrying sentence stress on its own. It also requires that no focus-background structure is built across the clause and the dislocated element. Neither requirement is present with extraposition. The syntactic analysis derives right dislocation/afterthought from full clauses by deletion. The separate clause is outside of the root sentence of Bruce Downing (1970), which is tentatively identified with the non-integrated clauses of Reis (1997) and Holler (2008). Earlier analyses are confirmed in a related case: What looks like the resumption of es ‘it’ by clauses (Germ. Korrelate) under certain matrix verbs seems to be syntactic extraposition from [DP es CP] instead.
Altmann, Hans. 1981. Formen der ‘Herausstellung’ im Deutschen. Rechtsversetzung, Linksversetzung, Freies Thema und verwandte Konstruktionen. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
Averintseva-Klisch, Maria. 2006. The 'separate performative' account of the German right dislocation. In Proceedings of Sinn und Bedeutung 10, Christian Ebert & Cornelia Endriss (eds), 15-28. Berlin: ZASPiL 44.
Averintseva-Klisch, Maria. 2009. Rechte Satzperipherie im Diskurs. NP-Rechtsversetzung im Deutschen. Tübingen: Stauffenburg.
Beckman, Mary E. & Pierrehumbert, Janet B. 1986. Intonational structure in Japanese and English. Phonology Yearbook 3: 255-309.
Bennis, Hans. 1986. Gaps and dummies. Dordrecht: Foris.
Bresnan, Joan. 1971. Sentence stress and syntactic transformations. Language 47: 257-281.
Bresnan, Joan. 1972. Stress and syntax: A reply. Language 48: 326-342.
Chomsky, Noam. 1970. Deep structure, surface structure and semantic interpretation. In Studies in General and Oriental Linguistics Presented to Shirô Hattori on the Occasion of his Sixtieth Birthday, Roman Jakobson & Shigeto Kawamoto(eds), 52-91. Tokyo: T.E.C. Company.
Downing, Bruce Theodore. 1970. Syntactic Structure and Phonological Phrasing in English. PhD dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin.
Downing, Laura. 2011. The prosody of 'dislocation' in selected Bantu languages. Lingua 121: 772-786.
Emonds, Joseph. 1970. Root and Structure-preserving Transformations. Bloomington IN: IULC.
Féry, Caroline. 1993. German Intonational Patterns. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
Féry, Caroline & Kügler, Frank. 2008. Pitch accent scaling on given, new and focused constituents in German. Journal of Phonetics 36: 680-703.
Féry, Caroline & Samek-Lodovici, Vieri. 2006. Focus projection and prosodic prominence in nested foci. Language 82: 131-150.
Frey, Werner. 2011. Peripheral adverbial clauses, their licensing and the prefield in German. In Satzverknüpfung. Zur Interaktion von Form, Bedeutung und Diskursfunktion [Linguistische Arbeiten 534], Eva Breindl, Gisella Ferraresi & Anna Volodina (eds), 41-77. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Frey, Werner. 2012. On two types of adverbial clauses allowing root-phenomena. In Main Clause Phenomena: New Horizons [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 190], Lobke Aelbrecht, Liliane Haegeman & Rachel Nye (eds), 405-429. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Frey, Werner & Truckenbrodt, Hubert. 2015. Syntactic and prosodic integration and disintegration in peripheral adverbial clauses and in right dislocation/afterthought. In Syntactic Complexity across Interfaces, Andreas Trotzke & Josef Bayer (eds), 75-106. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Gärtner, Hans-Martin. 2000. Are there V2 relative clauses in German?Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 3: 97-141.
Grice, Martine, Stefan Baumann & Benzmuller, Ralf. 2005. German intonation in autosegmental-metrical phonology. In Prosodic Typology: The Phonology of Intonation and Phrasing, Sun-Ah Jun (ed), 55-83. Oxford: OUP.
Grice, Martine, Baumann, Stefan & Jagdfeld, Nils. 2009. Tonal association and derived nuclear accents – The case of downstepping contours in German. In Tone and Intonation in a Typological Perspective, Sabine Zerbian, Laura Downing & Frank Kügler (eds). Lingua 119(6): 881-905.
Günez, Güliz. 2014. Constraints on syntax-prosody correspondence: The case of clausal and subclausal parentheticals in Turkish. Lingua 150: 278-314.
Günez, Güliz. 2015. Deriving Prosodic Structures. PhD dissertation, University of Groningen.
Gussenhoven, Carlos. 1983. On the Grammar and Semantics of Sentence Accents. Dordrecht: Foris.
Gussenhoven, Carlos. 1992. Sentence accents and argument structure. In Thematic Structure, its Role in Grammar, Iggy Roca (ed), 79-106. Dordrecht: Foris.
Haegeman, Liliane. 2004. Topicalization, CLLD and the left periphery. In
ZAS Papers in Linguistics 35: Proceedings of the Dislocated Elements Workshop
, Claudia Maienborn, Werner Frey & Benjamin Shaer (eds), 157-192. Berlin: ZAS.
Haider, Hubert. 1993. Deutsche Syntax – Generativ. Tübingen: Narr.
Hayes, Bruce. 1995. Metrical Stress Theory: Principles and Case Studies. Chicago IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Heycock, Caroline. 2006. Embedded root phenomena. In The Blackwell Companion to Syntax, Vol. II, Martin Everaert & Henk van Riemsdijk (eds), 174-209. Oxford: Blackwell.
Höhle, Tilman N. 1992. Über Verum-Fokus im Deutschen. In Informationsstruktur und Grammatik, Joachim Jacobs (ed), 112-141. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag,
Holler, Anke. 2008. German dependent clauses from a constraint-based perspective. In ‘Subordination’ vs. ‘Coordination’ in Sentence and Text. A Cross-linguistic Perspective [Studies in Language Companion Series 98], Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen & Wiebke Ramm(eds), 187-216. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Hooper, Joan B. & Thompson, Sandra A. 1973. On the applicability of root transformations. Linguistic Inquiry 4: 465-497.
Jackendoff, Ray S. 1972. Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.
Jacobs, Joachim. 1993. Integration. In Wortstellung und Informationsstruktur, Marga Reis (ed), 63-116. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
Kratzer, Angelika & Selkirk, Elisabeth. 2007. Phase theory and prosodic spellout: The case of verbs. The Linguistic Review 24: 93-135.
Krifka, Manfred. 1984. Focus, Topic, syntaktische Struktur und semantische 98Interpretation. Ms, Universität München.
Kuno, Susumo. 1978. Danwa-no bunpoo (Grammar of Discourse). Tokyo: Taishuukan-shoten.
Ladd, D. Robert. 1983. Even, focus, and normal stress. Journal of Semantics: 2: 257-270.
McCawley, James D. 1982. Parentheticals and discontinuous constituent structure. Linguistic Inquiry 13: 91-106.
Müller, Gereon. 1995. On extraposition and successive cyclicity. In Extraction and Extraposition in German [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 11], Uli Lutz & Jürgen Pafel (eds), 213-243. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Neijt, Anneke. 1979. Gapping: A Contribution to Sentence Grammar. Dordrecht: Foris.
Ott, Dennis & de Vries, Mark. 2014. A biclausal analysis of right-dislocation. Proceedings of NELS 43, Vol. 2, 41-54.
Pesetsky, David. 1995. Zero Syntax: Experiencers and Cascades. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.
Pheby, John. 1981. Phonologie: Intonation. In Grundzüge einer deutschen Grammatik, Karl Erich Heidolph, Walter Flämig & Wolfgang Motsch (eds), 839-897. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
Pierrehumbert, Janet Breckenridge. 1980. The Phonology and Phonetics of English Intonation. PhD dissertation, MIT.
Potts, Christopher. 2005. The Logic of Conventional Implicatures. Oxford: OUP.
Prince, Alan & Smolensky, Paul. 2004. Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. Oxford: Blackwell.
Pütz, Herbert. 1986. Über die Syntax der Pronominalform 'es' im modernen Deutsch. Tübingen: Narr.
Reis, Marga. 1997. Zum syntaktischen Status unselbständiger Verbzweit-Sätze. In Sprache im Fokus. Festschrift für Heinz Vater zum 65. Geburtstag, Christa Dürscheid, Karl-Heinz Ramers & Monika Schwarz (eds), 121-144. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
Reis, Marga. 2006. Is German V-to-C movement really semantically motivated? Some empirical problems. Theoretical Linguistics 32: 369-380.
Rooth, Mats. 1992. A theory of focus interpretation. Natural Language Semantics 1: 75-116.
Safir, Ken. 1986. Relative clauses in a theory of binding and levels. Linguistic Inquiry 17: 663-689.
Schwabe, Kerstin. 2012. The German sentential proform es in all-focus sentences. In Discourse and Grammar (A Festschrift in honor of Valéria Molnár), Johan Brandtler, David Hakansson, Stefan Huber & Eva Klingvall (eds), 459-474. Lund: Lund University.
Schwabe, Kerstin. 2013. Eine uniforme Analyse sententialer Proformen im Deutschen. Deutsche Sprache 41: 142-164.
Schwarzschild, Roger. 1999. Givenness, AvoidF and other constraints on the placement of accent. Natural Language Semantics 7: 141-177.
Selkirk, Elisabeth. 1984. Phonology and Syntax: The Relationship between Sound and Structure. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.
Selkirk, Elisabeth. 1995a. Sentence prosody: Intonation, stress, and phrasing. In The Handbook of Phonological Theory, John Goldsmith (ed), 550-569. Cambridge MA: Blackwell.
Selkirk, Elisabeth. 1995b. The prosodic structure of function words. In Papers in Optimality Theory [University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers 18], Jill Beckman, Laura Walsh Dickey & Suzanne Urbanczyk (eds), 439-469. Amherst MA: GLSA.
Selkirk, Elisabeth. 2005. Comments on intonational phrasing in English. In Prosodies. With Special Reference to Iberian Languages, Sónia Frota, Marina Vigário & Maria João Freitas (eds), 11-58. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Selkirk, Elisabeth. 2008. Contrastive focus, givenness, and the unmarked status of ‘discourse new’. Acta Linguistica Hungarica 55: 331-346.
Selkirk, Elisabeth. 2011. The syntax-phonology interface. In The Handbook of Phonological Theory, 2nd edn, John Goldsmith, Jason Riggle & Alan Yu (eds), 435-484. Oxford: Blackwell.
Sudhoff, Stefan. 2003. Argumentsätze und es-Korrelate. Zur syntaktischen Struktur von Nebensatzeinbettungen im Deutschen. Berlin: WVB.
Tanaka, Hidekazu. 2001. Right-dislocation as scrambling. Journal of Linguistics 37: 551-579.
Tancredi, Christopher Damian. 1992. Deletion, Deaccenting, and Presupposition. PhD dissertation, MIT.
Truckenbrodt, Hubert. 1995. Phonological Phrases: Their Relation to Syntax, Focus, and Prominence. PhD dissertation, MIT.
Truckenbrodt, Hubert. 2004. Final lowering in non-final position. Journal of Phonetics 32: 313-348.
Truckenbrodt, Hubert. 2005. A short report on intonation phrase boundaries in German. Linguistische Berichte 203: 273-96.
Truckenbrodt, Hubert. 2006. Phrasal stress. In The Encyclopedia of Languages and Linguistics, Vol. 9, 2nd edn, Keith Brown (ed), 572-579. Oxford: Elsevier.
Truckenbrodt, Hubert. 2007. Upstep of edge tones and of nuclear accents. In Tones and Tunes, Vol. 2: Experimental Studies in Word and Sentence Prosody, Carlos Gussenhoven & Tomas Riad (eds), 349-386. Berlin: Mouton.
Truckenbrodt, Hubert. 2012a. On the prosody of German wh-questions. In Prosody and Meaning, Gorka Elordieta & Pilar Prieto (eds), 73-118. Berlin: Mouton.
Truckenbrodt, Hubert. 2012b. Effects of indefinite pronouns and traces on verb stress in German. In Prosody Matters: Essays in Honor of Lisa Selkirk, Toni Borowsky, Shigeto Kawahara, Takahito Shinya & Mariko Sugahara (eds), 487-513. London: Equinox.
Truckenbrodt, Hubert. 2013. An analysis of prosodic F-effects in interrogatives: Prosody, syntax and semantics. Lingua 124: 131-175.
Truckenbrodt, Hubert. 2015. Intonation phrases and speech acts. In Parenthesis and Ellipsis: Cross-Linguistic and Theoretical Perspectives, Marlies Kluck, Dennis Ott & Mark de Vries (eds), 301-349. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Truckenbrodt, Hubert. In press. Intonation in der Lautsprache: Prosodische Struktur. In Handbuch Sprachwissen: Laut – Gebärde – Buchstabe, Ulrike Domahs & Beatrice Primus (eds), 106-124. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Truckenbrodt, Hubert & Darcy, Isabelle. 2010. Object clauses, movement, and phrasal stress. In The Sound Patterns of Syntax, Nomi Erteschik-Shir & Lisa Rochman (eds), 189-216. Oxford: OUP.
Uhmann, Susanne. 1991. Fokusphonologie. Eine Analyse deutscher Intonationskonturen im Rahmen der nicht-linearen Phonologie. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
Vikner, Sten. 1995. Verb Movement and Expletive Subjects in the Germanic Languages. Oxford: OUP.
Wagner, Michael. 2005. Prosody and Recursion. PhD dissertation, MIT.
Wagner, Michael. 2012. Focus and givenness: A unified approach. In Contrasts and Positions in Information Structure, Ivona Kučerová & Ad Neeleman (eds), 102-148. Cambridge: CUP.
Zifonun, Gisela, Hoffmann, Ludger & Strecker, Bruno. 1997. Grammatik der deutschen Sprache, Band 2. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Ziv, Yael & Grosz, Barbara. 1994. Right dislocation and attentional state. In
The Israel Association for Theoretical Linguistics. Proceeding of the 9th Annual Conference and the Workshop on Discourse
, Rhonna Buchalla & Anita Mittwoch (eds), 184-199. Jerusalem: Akademon.
Zwart, Jan-Wouter. 2001. Backgrounding ('right-dislocation') in Dutch. University of Groningen. <[URL]>
Zwart, Jan-Wouter. 2011. The Syntax of Dutch. Cambridge: CUP.
Cited by (5)
Cited by five other publications
Belkind, Aleksandra
2023. Two structures of extraposition in central dialects of Early New High German. The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 26:1
Melefa, Omotosho Moses & Oluwasegun Matthew Amoniyan
2023. Compound stress in educated Igbo and Yoruba accents of Nigerian English. Cogent Arts & Humanities 10:2
Vinckel-Roisin, Hélène
2023. Die ZGL aus französischer Perspektive: Öffnung und neue Impulse ja, aber nicht um jeden Preis!. Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik 51:2 ► pp. 375 ff.
Neeleman, Ad
2017. PP-over-V meets Universal 20. The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 20:1 ► pp. 3 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 25 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.