Table of contents
Preface
xiii
List of abbreviations
xix
Technical terms
xxiii
Phonological rules in Pomeranian
xxix
List of catalectic morphemes in Brazilian and European Pomeranian
xxxi
Chapter 1.
Historical introduction
1
1.1
Dialectology of Pomeranian in Europe
1
1.1.1
The n/ø-isogloss in pronouns and the infinitive 1 – infinitive 2 contrast
3
1.1.2
Strong inflectional morphemes: mijn laiwet/laiwes kind vs. mij laiw-ø kind
6
1.1.3
Dialectology of the long vowel ë
7
1.2
Brazilian Pomeranian
10
1.2.1
Migration from Europe to Brazil
10
1.2.1.1
Background
10
1.2.1.2
Situation in Europe
12
1.2.1.3
Emigration to the New World
17
1.2.1.3.1
Attracting forces
17
1.2.1.3.2
Literature
19
1.2.1.3.3
The settlements in Brazil
21
1.2.1.4
Summary
27
1.2.2
‘Düütsch’ and Pomeranian
29
Chapter 2.
Phonology
31
2.1
Tressmann’s spelling
31
2.2
Synchronic aspects: consonant inventory
32
2.2.1
Obstruents [bpdtɡk], and [ɦ] vs [ʔ]
32
2.2.2
Fricatives [fwszʃʒxɣ]
34
2.2.3
Nasals [n/m/ŋ/ŋk]
35
2.2.4
Liquids [r/l]
35
2.2.5
Vowels
36
2.2.5.1
Length
36
2.2.5.2
Overlength
37
2.2.6
Umlaut or vowel mutation
38
2.3
Historical phonology
40
2.3.1
Vowels
40
2.3.1.1
Heavy roots
40
2.3.1.2
Schwa and ‑(ə)n
41
2.3.1.3
Breaking of long complex vowels
43
2.3.2
Consonants
43
2.3.2.1
Coda /r/ and onset /r/
43
2.3.2.2
Intervocalic rhotacism /d/ → /r/
44
2.3.2.3
Intervocalic /d/-clusters
46
2.3.2.4
Other consonants
49
2.3.2.5
Velarisation of root final /f/ >/g/
52
2.3.2.6
Nasal spirant law
52
2.3.3
Palatalization
53
2.3.4
Affrication
54
2.3.5
Unrounding
54
2.3.6
Debuccalization (deletion of [place])
54
2.3.7
Complex breaking of short vowels
55
2.3.8
Intervocalic voicing
57
2.3.9
Final devoicing
58
2.3.10
Degemination
59
2.4
Monophthongization
59
2.5
Assimilation
59
2.6
Catalexis of final suffixal (ə) and (n)
60
2.7
Vowel breaking
62
2.8
Epenthetic schwa
64
2.9
On the alternation /ui/ ~ /öi/
65
2.10
Contact speech and community mixing
67
Chapter 3.
Morphology
69
3.1
D-domain
69
3.1.1
Personal pronouns
69
3.1.2
Reflexive pronouns
72
3.1.3
Possessive pronouns
72
3.1.4
The “Saxon” genitive with family names
73
3.1.5
Nominalized possessive pronouns
73
3.1.6
Definite determiners
75
3.1.7
Indefinite articles
76
3.1.8
The (pronominal) forms kainer and ainer and the loss of nom-acc opposition
78
3.1.9
Quantifiers
79
3.1.10
Interrogative pronouns and the existential reading
79
3.2
The NP domain
81
3.2.1
Number
81
3.2.2
Noun classes
82
3.2.3
Diminutives
84
3.3
The AP domain
85
3.3.1
Predicative and attributive inflection
85
3.3.2
Definite contexts
86
3.3.3
Indefinite and possessive contexts
88
3.3.4
The case of klain ‘small’
90
3.3.5
Grades of comparison
92
3.3.6
Adjective incorporation
95
3.3.7
Material adjectives
95
3.3.8
Adjective + Bodypart + ED
95
3.3.9
The GE-prefix
96
3.3.10
The participial ‑en suffix
96
3.4
Adverbs
96
3.5
Numerals
97
3.5.1
Cardinals
97
3.5.2
Ordinals
99
3.6
Verbal morphology
100
3.6.1
Two infinitives
100
3.6.2
Personal endings
101
3.6.3
Regular suffixal verbs (weak verbs)
102
3.6.4
Strong verbs
103
3.6.5
On the etymology of the apophonic past marker
105
3.6.6
Some notes on HAVE and BE and other irregular verbs
106
3.6.7
Apophonic sequences
113
3.6.8
Table of tenses
115
3.6.9
The imperative
119
3.7
Prepositional morphology
120
3.7.1
P + D contraction
121
3.7.2
Prepositions, postpositions, and verbal particles
121
Chapter 4.
Syntax
125
4.1
Verbal syntax
125
4.1.1
Verbal complementation and Verb second (cluster V2)
125
4.1.2
Verb raising
128
4.1.3
Infinitive 1 and infinitive 2 (use)
129
4.1.3.1
Overview
129
4.1.3.2
Use of infinitive 1
130
4.1.3.3
Use of infinitive 2
131
4.1.3.4
Taum constructions with stacked verbs
133
4.1.3.5
Contexts with infinitive 1 or infinitive 2: Complement clauses
135
4.1.3.5.1
Complement clauses with infinitive 1
135
4.1.3.5.2
Control contexts with infinitive 2
135
4.1.3.5.3
Verbs with varying complementation: inf1 or inf2 without taum
135
4.1.3.5.4
Nominal and adjectival complementation
136
4.1.3.6
Four verb stacking
136
4.1.3.7
BE + taum
137
4.1.3.8
VP coordinations under taum
137
4.1.4
Participle complementation
137
4.1.5
Pseudo-coordination (parataxis)
138
4.1.6
Present participle
140
4.1.7
Modal verbs
142
4.1.7.1
Morphology
142
4.1.7.2
Verb projection raising under modals
143
4.1.7.3
Non verbal complementation to modal verbs
144
4.1.8
Infinitive 2
144
4.1.9
Passive/perfect participles
145
4.1.10
Auxiliary selection
147
4.1.11
The verb daua (lexical and auxiliary verb)
148
4.1.11.1
Lexical verb daua
148
4.1.11.2
Auxiliary daua
149
4.1.11.3
Progressive daua
149
4.1.11.4
Future/obligation (with negation)
150
4.1.11.5
Optative daua
150
4.1.11.6
Periphrastic daua (“do-support”) in embedded clauses
151
4.1.11.7
Syntactic restrictions of auxiliary daua
152
4.1.12
Bijm + nominalized verb construction
153
4.1.13
NP raising constructions
154
4.1.14
Passive constructions
155
4.1.14.1
The periphrastic passive
155
4.1.14.2
Medio-passive
155
4.1.14.3
The “Active pro passive participle” effect (APP)
156
4.2
Negation
157
4.2.1
Adverbial negation
158
4.2.2
Negation in NPs
159
4.2.3
Negative polarity
159
4.3
Nominal syntax
160
4.3.1
Possessive constructions
160
4.3.2
Empty NPs
161
4.3.3
DP domain
161
4.3.3.1
Coreference
162
4.3.3.2
SE-constructions
162
4.3.4
Adjectival syntax
163
4.4
The CP domain
163
4.4.1
Main clause interrogation
163
4.4.2
Interrogative tags
164
4.4.3
Imperative clauses
164
4.4.4
Exclamative clauses
165
4.4.5
Existential quantification
165
4.4.6
Complementizers
165
4.4.7
Double filled comp
167
4.4.8
Complementizer clitics – enclitic pronouns
168
4.4.9
Complementizer agreement
169
4.5
The structural subject position
171
4.5.1
Null subjects
171
4.5.2
Impersonal constructions
172
4.5.3
Existential constructions
173
4.6
Prepositional syntax
174
4.6.1
Case selection by prepositions
175
4.6.2
Up ‘on’
175
4.6.3
Fo(n) ‘of’
176
4.6.4
Ana – postposition and verbal particle
176
4.6.5
Preposition stranding
178
4.6.6
Tau ‘to’
178
4.6.7
Bet ‘until’
179
4.6.8
Tüschen ‘between’
180
4.7
Sentence integration
180
4.7.1
Parataxis
180
4.7.1.1
Connectors
180
4.7.1.2
Paratactic quantifier restriction
181
4.7.2
Hypotaxis (clausal complementation)
182
4.7.2.1
Subject clauses
182
4.7.2.2
Complement clauses
183
4.7.2.3
Relative clauses
183
4.7.2.4
Free relative clauses
185
4.7.2.5
Complement clauses to NPs, APs, etc.
186
4.7.2.6
Complementizer drop and embedded V2
186
4.7.2.7
Cleft sentences
187
Chapter 5.
Derivational morphology
189
5.1
Suffixes
189
5.1.1
Nominalizers
189
5.1.1.1
Deadjectival suffix ‑t/-d as underlying ‑d(e)ø
190
5.1.1.2
-sch
192
5.1.1.3
-in
193
5.1.2
Adjectivizers
193
5.1.3
Other suffixes
194
5.2
Prefixes
195
5.2.1
Verbal prefixes
195
5.2.2
Separable and inseparable verbal prefixes
195
5.3
Conversion
196
5.4
Compounding
196
Chapter 6.
Lexis
197
6.1
Pomeranian lexical basis
197
6.2
Locations
198
6.3
Surnames
198
6.4
Borrowings
200
6.5
Interjections
202
6.6
Germanisms
202
6.6.1
Double forms (low and high German)
203
6.6.2
Kinship terms
203
6.7
Other sequences
204
6.8
Tongue twisters
205
Chapter 7.
Texts
207
7.1
Prose
207
7.1.1
“Up Pomersch språk/Up Platt Dutsch”
207
7.1.2
“Dai porch un dai twai guisa”
209
7.2
Songs and rhymes
210
7.2.1
Ik un mijn uldsch
210
7.2.2
Marij marak
210
7.2.3
Wedding song
210
7.2.4
Lover’s song
211
7.3
Dai Muter eira hochtijd
211
Chapter 8.
Comparative linguistics
215
8.1
Pomeranian vowels
215
8.1.1
Diphthongs
215
8.1.2
Long vowels
216
8.1.3
Short vowels
218
8.1.4
Lengthened vowels
218
8.2
List of West-Germanic glides ‑w and ‑j > Pomm ‑g
219
8.3
Pomeranian long /üü/, [y:] (in closed syllables)
223
8.4
Wenker sentences in European and Brazilian Pomeranian
226
8.5
Wisconsin Pomeranian
232
8.6
Wenker sentences in other languages
234
Chapter 9.
European Pomeranian
239
9.1
Introduction
239
9.2
Charter of 1388 by Warslaff and Bogislaff, dukes of Pomerania
241
9.3
Aldermen’s registers of Freienwalde 1329–1503
241
9.4
Church rules of Pomerania, 1535
242
9.5
Children’s song taken from Müller’s Probe (~1756)
243
9.6
A wedding in the underworld (Budow, ~1833)
244
9.6.1
The story
244
9.6.2
Characteristics
246
9.7
Trickster story (~1886)
247
9.7.1
The story
247
9.7.2
Characteristics
255
Chapter 10.
Historical Charters
257
10.1
Settlement of Frisian monks in Pomerania at the Rega River (1208)
257
10.2
Settlement of Frisian premonstratensian sisters at Marienbusch
259
Specimen of an early immigration record
267
References
273
Maps
285
Wordlist
287
Index
307
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