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A Contrastive Grammar of Brazilian Pomeranian
Gertjan Postma
[Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 248] 2019
► pp. v–xii

Table of contents

Preface xiii
List of abbreviations xix
Technical terms xxiii
Phonological rules in Pomeranian xxix
List of catalectic morphemes in Brazilian and European Pomeranian xxxi
Chapter 1.Historical introduction 1
1.1Dialectology of Pomeranian in Europe 1
1.1.1The n/ø-isogloss in pronouns and the infinitive 1 – infinitive 2 contrast 3
1.1.2Strong inflectional morphemes: mijn laiwet/laiwes kind vs. mij laiw-ø kind 6
1.1.3Dialectology of the long vowel ë 7
1.2Brazilian Pomeranian 10
1.2.1Migration from Europe to Brazil 10
1.2.1.1Background 10
1.2.1.2Situation in Europe 12
1.2.1.3Emigration to the New World 17
1.2.1.3.1Attracting forces 17
1.2.1.3.2Literature 19
1.2.1.3.3The settlements in Brazil 21
1.2.1.4Summary 27
1.2.2‘Düütsch’ and Pomeranian 29
Chapter 2.Phonology 31
2.1Tressmann’s spelling 31
2.2Synchronic aspects: consonant inventory 32
2.2.1Obstruents [bpdtɡk], and [ɦ] vs [ʔ] 32
2.2.2Fricatives [fwszʃʒxɣ] 34
2.2.3Nasals [n/m/ŋ/ŋk] 35
2.2.4Liquids [r/l] 35
2.2.5Vowels 36
2.2.5.1Length 36
2.2.5.2Overlength 37
2.2.6Umlaut or vowel mutation 38
2.3Historical phonology 40
2.3.1Vowels 40
2.3.1.1Heavy roots 40
2.3.1.2Schwa and ‑(ə)n 41
2.3.1.3Breaking of long complex vowels 43
2.3.2Consonants 43
2.3.2.1Coda /r/ and onset /r/ 43
2.3.2.2Intervocalic rhotacism /d/ → /r/ 44
2.3.2.3Intervocalic /d/-clusters 46
2.3.2.4Other consonants 49
2.3.2.5Velarisation of root final /f/ >/g/ 52
2.3.2.6Nasal spirant law 52
2.3.3Palatalization 53
2.3.4Affrication 54
2.3.5Unrounding 54
2.3.6Debuccalization (deletion of [place]) 54
2.3.7Complex breaking of short vowels 55
2.3.8Intervocalic voicing 57
2.3.9Final devoicing 58
2.3.10Degemination 59
2.4Monophthongization 59
2.5Assimilation 59
2.6Catalexis of final suffixal (ə) and (n) 60
2.7Vowel breaking 62
2.8Epenthetic schwa 64
2.9On the alternation /ui/ ~ /öi/ 65
2.10Contact speech and community mixing 67
Chapter 3.Morphology 69
3.1D-domain 69
3.1.1Personal pronouns 69
3.1.2Reflexive pronouns 72
3.1.3Possessive pronouns 72
3.1.4The “Saxon” genitive with family names 73
3.1.5Nominalized possessive pronouns 73
3.1.6Definite determiners 75
3.1.7Indefinite articles 76
3.1.8The (pronominal) forms kainer and ainer and the loss of nom-acc opposition 78
3.1.9Quantifiers 79
3.1.10Interrogative pronouns and the existential reading 79
3.2The NP domain 81
3.2.1Number 81
3.2.2Noun classes 82
3.2.3Diminutives 84
3.3The AP domain 85
3.3.1Predicative and attributive inflection 85
3.3.2Definite contexts 86
3.3.3Indefinite and possessive contexts 88
3.3.4The case of klain ‘small’ 90
3.3.5Grades of comparison 92
3.3.6Adjective incorporation 95
3.3.7Material adjectives 95
3.3.8Adjective + Bodypart + ED 95
3.3.9The GE-prefix 96
3.3.10The participial ‑en suffix 96
3.4Adverbs 96
3.5Numerals 97
3.5.1Cardinals 97
3.5.2Ordinals 99
3.6Verbal morphology 100
3.6.1Two infinitives 100
3.6.2Personal endings 101
3.6.3Regular suffixal verbs (weak verbs) 102
3.6.4Strong verbs 103
3.6.5On the etymology of the apophonic past marker 105
3.6.6Some notes on HAVE and BE and other irregular verbs 106
3.6.7Apophonic sequences 113
3.6.8Table of tenses 115
3.6.9The imperative 119
3.7Prepositional morphology 120
3.7.1P + D contraction 121
3.7.2Prepositions, postpositions, and verbal particles 121
Chapter 4.Syntax 125
4.1Verbal syntax 125
4.1.1Verbal complementation and Verb second (cluster V2) 125
4.1.2Verb raising 128
4.1.3Infinitive 1 and infinitive 2 (use) 129
4.1.3.1Overview 129
4.1.3.2Use of infinitive 1 130
4.1.3.3Use of infinitive 2 131
4.1.3.4 Taum constructions with stacked verbs 133
4.1.3.5Contexts with infinitive 1 or infinitive 2: Complement clauses 135
4.1.3.5.1Complement clauses with infinitive 1 135
4.1.3.5.2Control contexts with infinitive 2 135
4.1.3.5.3Verbs with varying complementation: inf1 or inf2 without taum 135
4.1.3.5.4Nominal and adjectival complementation 136
4.1.3.6Four verb stacking 136
4.1.3.7BE + taum 137
4.1.3.8VP coordinations under taum 137
4.1.4Participle complementation 137
4.1.5Pseudo-coordination (parataxis) 138
4.1.6Present participle 140
4.1.7Modal verbs 142
4.1.7.1Morphology 142
4.1.7.2Verb projection raising under modals 143
4.1.7.3Non verbal complementation to modal verbs 144
4.1.8Infinitive 2 144
4.1.9Passive/perfect participles 145
4.1.10Auxiliary selection 147
4.1.11The verb daua (lexical and auxiliary verb) 148
4.1.11.1Lexical verb daua 148
4.1.11.2Auxiliary daua 149
4.1.11.3Progressive daua 149
4.1.11.4Future/obligation (with negation) 150
4.1.11.5Optative daua 150
4.1.11.6Periphrastic daua (“do-support”) in embedded clauses 151
4.1.11.7Syntactic restrictions of auxiliary daua 152
4.1.12 Bijm + nominalized verb construction 153
4.1.13NP raising constructions 154
4.1.14Passive constructions 155
4.1.14.1The periphrastic passive 155
4.1.14.2Medio-passive 155
4.1.14.3The “Active pro passive participle” effect (APP) 156
4.2Negation 157
4.2.1Adverbial negation 158
4.2.2Negation in NPs 159
4.2.3Negative polarity 159
4.3Nominal syntax 160
4.3.1Possessive constructions 160
4.3.2Empty NPs 161
4.3.3DP domain 161
4.3.3.1Coreference 162
4.3.3.2SE-constructions 162
4.3.4Adjectival syntax 163
4.4The CP domain 163
4.4.1Main clause interrogation 163
4.4.2Interrogative tags 164
4.4.3Imperative clauses 164
4.4.4Exclamative clauses 165
4.4.5Existential quantification 165
4.4.6Complementizers 165
4.4.7Double filled comp 167
4.4.8Complementizer clitics – enclitic pronouns 168
4.4.9Complementizer agreement 169
4.5The structural subject position 171
4.5.1Null subjects 171
4.5.2Impersonal constructions 172
4.5.3Existential constructions 173
4.6Prepositional syntax 174
4.6.1Case selection by prepositions 175
4.6.2 Up ‘on’ 175
4.6.3 Fo(n) ‘of’ 176
4.6.4 Ana – postposition and verbal particle 176
4.6.5Preposition stranding 178
4.6.6 Tau ‘to’ 178
4.6.7 Bet ‘until’ 179
4.6.8 Tüschen ‘between’ 180
4.7Sentence integration 180
4.7.1Parataxis 180
4.7.1.1Connectors 180
4.7.1.2Paratactic quantifier restriction 181
4.7.2Hypotaxis (clausal complementation) 182
4.7.2.1Subject clauses 182
4.7.2.2Complement clauses 183
4.7.2.3Relative clauses 183
4.7.2.4Free relative clauses 185
4.7.2.5Complement clauses to NPs, APs, etc. 186
4.7.2.6Complementizer drop and embedded V2 186
4.7.2.7Cleft sentences 187
Chapter 5.Derivational morphology 189
5.1Suffixes 189
5.1.1Nominalizers 189
5.1.1.1Deadjectival suffix ‑t/-d as underlying ‑d(e)ø 190
5.1.1.2-sch 192
5.1.1.3-in 193
5.1.2Adjectivizers 193
5.1.3Other suffixes 194
5.2Prefixes 195
5.2.1Verbal prefixes 195
5.2.2Separable and inseparable verbal prefixes 195
5.3Conversion 196
5.4Compounding 196
Chapter 6.Lexis 197
6.1Pomeranian lexical basis 197
6.2Locations 198
6.3Surnames 198
6.4Borrowings 200
6.5Interjections 202
6.6Germanisms 202
6.6.1Double forms (low and high German) 203
6.6.2Kinship terms 203
6.7Other sequences 204
6.8Tongue twisters 205
Chapter 7.Texts 207
7.1Prose 207
7.1.1“Up Pomersch språk/Up Platt Dutsch” 207
7.1.2“Dai porch un dai twai guisa” 209
7.2Songs and rhymes 210
7.2.1Ik un mijn uldsch 210
7.2.2Marij marak 210
7.2.3Wedding song 210
7.2.4Lover’s song 211
7.3Dai Muter eira hochtijd 211
Chapter 8.Comparative linguistics 215
8.1Pomeranian vowels 215
8.1.1Diphthongs 215
8.1.2Long vowels 216
8.1.3Short vowels 218
8.1.4Lengthened vowels 218
8.2List of West-Germanic glides ‑w and ‑j > Pomm ‑g 219
8.3Pomeranian long /üü/, [y:] (in closed syllables) 223
8.4Wenker sentences in European and Brazilian Pomeranian 226
8.5Wisconsin Pomeranian 232
8.6Wenker sentences in other languages 234
Chapter 9.European Pomeranian 239
9.1Introduction 239
9.2Charter of 1388 by Warslaff and Bogislaff, dukes of Pomerania 241
9.3Aldermen’s registers of Freienwalde 1329–1503 241
9.4Church rules of Pomerania, 1535 242
9.5Children’s song taken from Müller’s Probe (~1756) 243
9.6A wedding in the underworld (Budow, ~1833) 244
9.6.1The story 244
9.6.2Characteristics 246
9.7Trickster story (~1886) 247
9.7.1The story 247
9.7.2Characteristics 255
Chapter 10.Historical Charters 257
10.1Settlement of Frisian monks in Pomerania at the Rega River (1208) 257
10.2Settlement of Frisian premonstratensian sisters at Marienbusch 259
Specimen of an early immigration record 267
References 273
Maps 285
Wordlist 287
Index 307


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