Article published in:
Methodologies for intra-sentential code-switching research
Edited by Amaia Munarriz-Ibarrola, M. Carmen Parafita Couto and Emma Vanden Wyngaerd
[Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 8:1] 2018
► pp. 134–161

Electrophysiological and experimental-behavioral approaches to the study of intra-sentential code-switching

| Department of Psychology and Center for Language Science, Pennsylvania State University
| Department of Psychology and Center for Language Science, Pennsylvania State University
| Division of Human Movement and Education, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences
| Department of Psychology and Center for Language Science, Pennsylvania State University
| Department of Psychology and Center for Language Science, Pennsylvania State University
A hallmark of bilingual language processing is intra-sentential code-switching. An emergent body of research seeks to understand the intricate neural and cognitive mechanisms that underlie this seemingly effortless skill. In this paper, we discuss electrophysiological and experimental-behavioral research approaches that have been used to study intra-sentential code-switching, and illustrate the use of these techniques by discussing a select number of empirical studies. More specifically, we discuss electrophysiological approaches that are used to study the comprehension of visually and auditorily presented code-switched sentences, including the Event-Related brain Potentials (ERPs) method, time-frequency analysis, and approaches to study inter-individual variation in electrophysiological response profiles. This is followed by a discussion of experimental-behavioral techniques to study the comprehension and production of code-switched sentences, including self-paced reading, shadowing, and confederate scripting.
Keywords: code-switching, event-related brain potentials, self-paced reading, shadowing, confederate scripting, electrophysiology
Published online: 12 June 2017
https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.16010.van
References

References

Aaronson, D., & Scarborough, H. S.
(1976) Performance theories for sentence coding: Some quantitative evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2(1), 56.Google Scholar
Azuma, S. & Meier, R. P.
(1997) Open class and closed class: Sentence-imitation experiments on intrasentential code-switching. Applied Psycholinguistics, 18, 257–276. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Badiola, L, Delgado, R., Sande, A., & Stefanich, S.
(2017) Code-switching attitudes and their effects on acceptability judgment tasks. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 8 (1).Google Scholar
Bakker, I., Takashima, A., van Hell, J. G., Janzen, G., & McQueen, J. M.
(2015) Changes in theta and beta oscillations as signatures of novel word consolidation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 27 (7), 1286–1297. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bastiaansen, M., & Hagoort, P.
(2006) Oscillatory neuronal dynamics during language comprehension. Progress in Brain Research, 159, 179–196. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(2015) Frequency-based segregation of syntactic and semantic unification during online sentence level language comprehension. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 27, 2095–2107. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Blom, E. & Unsworth, S.
(2010) Experimental methods in language acquisition research. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bobb, S. C., & Wodniecka, Z.
(2013) Language switching in picture naming: What asymmetric switch costs (do not) tell us about inhibition in bilingual speech planning. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25, 568–585. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Boersma, P. & Weenink, D.
(2016) Praat: doing phonetics by computer [Computer program]. Version 6.0.23, see http://​www​.praat​.org/
Branigan, H. P., Pickering, M. J., McLean, J. F. and Cleland, A. A.
(2007) Syntactic alignment and participant role in dialogue. Cognition, 104, 163–197. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Broersma, M. & De Bot, K.
(2006) Triggered codeswitching: A corpus-based evaluation of the original triggering hypothesis and a new alternative. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9, 1–13. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bullock, B. E., & Toribio, A. J.
(2009) The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Code-switching. Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bultena, S., Dijkstra, T. & Van Hell, J. G.
(2015a) Language switch costs in sentence comprehension depend on language dominance: Evidence from self-paced reading. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18(03), 453–469. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bultena, S., Dijkstra, T., & Van Hell, J. G.
(2015b) Switch cost modulations in bilingual sentence processing: Evidence from shadowing. Language, Cognition, and NeuroScience, 30, 586–605. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Clyne, M.
(1967) Transference and Triggering. The Hague: Nijhoff.Google Scholar
(2003) Dynamics of language contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Coulson, S., King, J. W. & Kutas, M.
(1998) Expect the unexpected: Event-related brain response to morphosyntactic violations. Language and Cognitive Processes, 13(1), 21–58. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
De Bot, K.
(2008) The imaging of what in the multilingual mind? Second Language Research, 24, 111–133. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Declerck, M., & Philipp, A. M.
(2015) A review of control processes and their locus in language switching. Psychonomics Bulletin & Review, 22, 1630–1645. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ebert, S., & Koronkiewicz, B.
(2017) Monolingual stimuli as a foundation for analyzing code-switching data. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 8 (1).Google Scholar
Fabiani, M., Gratton, G., & Coles, M. G. H.
(2000) Event-related brain potentials: Methods, theory, and applications. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary & G. G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of Psychophysiology (pp. 53–84). New York NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fairchild, S., & Van Hell, J. G.
(2017) Determiner-noun code-switching in Spanish heritage speakers. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 20, 150–161. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Fernandez, C. B., & Van Hell, J. G.
(2016) How switching direction and foreign accented speech affect listening to code-switched sentences: An electrophysiological study. Poster presented at the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society. New York, April 2–6.
Frenck-Mestre, C.
(2005) Eye-movement recording as a tool for studying syntactic processing in a second language: A review of methodologies and experimental findings. Second Language Research, 21, 175–198. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Friederici, A.
(1995) The time course of syntactic activation during language processing: a model based on neuropsychological and neurophysiological data. Brain and Language, 50, 259–281. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Friederici, A. D.
(2002) Towards a neural basis of auditory sentence processing. Trends in Cognitive Science, 6, 78–84. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gardner-Chloros, P.
(2009) Code-switching. Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gollan, T. H., & Ferreira, V. S.
(2009) Should I stay or should I switch? A cost-benefit analysis of voluntary language switching in young and aging bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35, 640–665. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Grey, S. E., & Van Hell, J. G.
(2017) Foreign-accented speaker identity affects neural correlates of language comprehension. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 42, 93–108. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gullberg, M., Indefrey, P., & Muysken, P.
(2009) Research techniques for the study of code-switching. In B. E. Bullock & A. J. Toribio (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of linguistic code-switching (pp. 21–39). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Guzzardo Tamargo, R. E., Valdés Kroff, J. R., & Dussias, P. E.
(2016) Examining the relationship between comprehension and production processes in code-switched language. Journal of Memory and Language, 89, 138–161.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hagoort, P.
(2003) Interplay between syntax and semantics during sentence comprehension: ERP effects of combining syntactic and semantic violations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15(6), 883–899. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hagoort, P., Brown, C. M., & Groothusen, J.
(1993) The syntactic positive shift (SPS) as an ERP measure of syntactic processing. Language and Cognitive Processes, 8, 439–483. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hagoort, P., Hald, L., Bastiaansen, M. & Petersson, K. M.
(2004) Integration of word meaning and world knowledge in language comprehension. Science, 304, 438–441. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Handy, T. C.
(2005) Event-related potentials. A methods handbook. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Hanulíková, A., Van Alphen, P. M., Van Goch, M. M., & Weber, A.
(2012) When one person’s mistake is another’s standard usage: The effect of foreign accent on syntactic processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24(4), 878–887. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ibáñez, A. J., Macizo, P., & Bajo, M. T.
(2010) Language access and language selection in professional translators. Acta Psychologica, 135(2), 257–266. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Isurin, L., Winford, D. and de Bot, K.
(2009) Multidisciplinary Approaches to Code Switching. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Jegerski, J.
(2014) Self-paced reading. In J. Jegerski & B. VanPatten (Eds.), Research methods in second language psycholinguistics (20–49). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jegerski, J. & VanPatten, B.
(2014) Research methods in second language psycholinguistics. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kaan, E., Harris, A., Gibson, E., & Holcomb, P. J.
(2000) The P600 as an index of integration difficulty. Language and Cognitive Processes, 15, 159–201. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kiesel, A., Steinhauser, M., Wendt, M., Falkenstein, M., Jost, K., Philipp, A. M., & Koch, I.
(2010) Control and interference in task switching: a review. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 849–874. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kootstra, G. J., van Hell, J. G., & Dijkstra, T.
(2010) Syntactic alignment and shared word order in code-switched sentence production: Evidence from bilingual monologue and dialogue. Journal of Memory and Language, 63, 210–231. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(2012) Priming of code-switches in sentences: The role of lexical competition, cognates, and language proficiency. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15, 797–819. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
in revision). Interactive alignment drives lexical triggering of code-switching in bilingual dialogue.
Kreysa, H. & Pickering, M. J.
(2011) Eye movements in dialogue. In S. P. Liversedge, I. D. Gilchrist, & S. Everling (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Eye Movements (pp. 943–959). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kutas, M. & Federmeier, K. D.
(2000) Electrophysiology reveals semantic memory use in language comprehension. Trends in Cognitive Neuroscience, 4, 463–470. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kutas, M. & Hillyard, S. A.
(1980) Reading senseless sentences: Brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity. Science, 207(4427), 203–205. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Li, P.
(1996) Spoken word recognition of code-switched words by Chinese-English bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 757–774. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lipski, J.
(2013) Mapping the psycholinguistic boundaries between Spanish and Palenquero. PAPIA, São Paulo, 23, 7–38.Google Scholar
Litcofsky, K. A., & Van Hell, J. G.
(2016) How speaking and listening relate to each other in a dialogue: An electrophysiological study. Poster presented at the 57th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society. Boston, November 17–20.
Litcofsky, K. A. & van Hell, J. G.
(2017) Neural correlates of intra-sentential codeswitching: Switching direction affects switching costs. Neuropsychologia, 97, 112–139. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Liu, H., Liang, L., Zhang, L., Lu, Y., & Chen, B.
(2017) Modulatory role of inhibition during language switching: Evidence from evoked and induced oscillatory activity. International Journal of Bilingualism, 21, 57–80.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Luck, S. J.
(2014) An introduction to the event-related potential technique (second edition). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Mackey, A., & Gass, S. M.
(2011) Research methods in second language acquisition: a practical guide. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Marinis, T.
(2010) Using on-line processing methods in language acquisition research. In E. Blom & S. Unsworth (Eds.), Experimental methods in language acquisition research (pp. 139–162). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Marslen-Wilson, W. D.
(1973) Linguistic structure and speech shadowing at very short latencies. Nature, 244, 522–523. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
(1985) Speech shadowing and speech comprehension. Speech Communication, 4, 55–73. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
McCallum, W. C., Farmer, S. F. & Pocock, P. K.
(1984) The effects of physical and semantic incongruities on auditory event- related potentials. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 59, 447–488.Google Scholar
Meulman, N., Stowe, L. A., Sprenger, S. A., Bresser, M & Schmid, M. S.
(2014) An ERP study on L2 syntax processing: When do learners fail? Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1072. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Meuter, R. F. I., & Allport, A.
(1999) Bilingual language switching in naming: Asymmetrical costs of language selection. Journal of Memory and Language, 40, 25–40. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, D. C., & Green, D. W.
(1978) The effects of context and content on immediate processing in reading. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 30(4), 609–636. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Moreno, E. M., Federmeier, K. D., & Kutas, M.
(2002) Switching languages, switching palabras (words): An electrophysiological study of code switching. Brain and Language, 80, 188–207. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Moreno, E. M., Rodriquez-Fornells, A. & Laine, M.
(2008) Event-related potentials (ERPs) in the study of bilingual processing. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 21, 477–508. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ng, S., Gonzalez, C., & Wicha, N. Y. Y.
(2014) The fox and the cabra: An ERP analysis of reading code switched nouns and verbs in bilingual short stories. Brain Research, 1557, 127–140. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Osterhout, L., & Holcomb, P.
(1992) Event-related brain potentials elicited by syntactic anomaly. Journal of Memory and Language, 31, 785–806. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Pfurtscheller, G., & Lopes da Silva, F. H.
(1999) Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles. Clinical Neurophysiology, 110, 1842–1857. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Pickering, M. J., & Ferreira, V. S.
(2008) Structural priming: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 427–459. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Poplack, S.
(1980) Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish Y TERMINO EN ESPAÑOL: Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics, 18, 581–618. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Proverbio, A. M., Leoni, G., & Zani, A.
(2004) Language switching mechanisms in simultaneous interpreters: an ERP study. Neuropsychologia, 42(12), 1636–1656. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Radeau, M., & Morais, J.
(1990) The uniqueness point effect in the shadowing of spoken words. Speech Communication, 9(2), 155–164. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Rayner, K., Kambe, G., & Duffy, S. A.
(2000) The effect of clause wrap-up on eye movements during reading. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 53A: 1061–1080. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Sabourin, L.
(2009) Neuroimaging and research into second language acquisition. Second Language Research, 25, 5–11. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Stadhagen-Gonzalez, H., Lopéz, L., Parafita Couto, M. C., Párraga, C. A.
(2017) Using two-alternative forced choice tasks and Thurstone’s law of comparative judgment for acceptability judgments: Examining the adjacency condition in Spanish/English code-switched sentences. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 8 (1).Google Scholar
Tanner, D., Grey, S. E., & Van Hell, J. G.
(2017) Dissociation retrieval interference and reanalysis in the P600 during sentence comprehension. Psychophysiology, 54, 248–259. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Tanner, D., Inoue, K., & Osterhout, L.
(2014) Brain-based individual differences in on-line L2 grammatical comprehension. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 17, 277–293. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Tanner, D. & Van Hell, J. G.
(2014) ERPs reveal individual differences in syntactic processing mechanisms. Neuropsychologia, 56, 289–301. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ting, C. Y. & Van Hell, J. G.
in preparation). Enrique Iglesias tops the charts with newly released canción!: How socio-contextual information facilitates code-switching.
Treisman, A. M.
(1965) The effects of redundancy and familiarity on translating and repeating back a foreign and a native language. British Journal of Psychology, 56(4), 369–379. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Valdéz Kroff, J. R, Guzzardo Tamargo, R. E., Dussias, P. E.
(2017) Experimental contributions of eye-tracking to the understanding of comprehension processes while hearing and reading code-switches. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 8 (1).Google Scholar
Van Berkum, J. J., Van den Brink, D., Tesink, C. M., Kos, M., & Hagoort, P.
(2008) The neural integration of speaker and message. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(4), 580–591. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Van Der Meij, M., Cuetos, F., Carreiras, M., & Barber, H. A.
(2011) Electrophysiological correlates of language switching in second language learners. Psychophysiology, 48(1), 44–54. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Vandierendonck, A., Liefooghe, B., & Verbruggen, F.
(2010) Task switching: interplay of reconfiguration and interference control. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 601–626. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Van Hell, J. G, Litcofsky, K. A., Ting, C. Y.
(2015) Sentential code-switching: cognitive and neural approaches. In J. W. Schwieter (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingual Processing (pp. 459–482). Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Van Hell, J. G., & Tanner, D.
(2012) Second language proficiency and cross-language lexical activation. Language Learning, 62, 148–171. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Van Hell, J. G., & Tokowicz, N.
(2010) Event-related brain potentials and second language learning: Syntactic processing in late L2 learners at different L2 proficiency levels. Second Language Research, 26, 43–74. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Weiss, S., & Mueller, H. M.
(2012) “Too many betas do not spoil the broth”: the role of beta brain oscillations in language processing. Frontiers in Psychology, 3(201), 1–15.Google Scholar
Ziegler, J., Muneaux, M., & Grainger, J.
(2003) Neighborhood effects in auditory word recognition: Phonological competition and orthographic facilitation. Journal of Memory and Language, 48(4), 779–793. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Cited by

Cited by 18 other publications

No author info given
2021.  In Psycholinguistic Approaches to Production and Comprehension in Bilingual Adults and Children [Benjamins Current Topics, 117], Crossref logo
Beatty-Martínez, Anne, Jorge Valdés Kroff & Paola Dussias
2018. From the Field to the Lab: A Converging Methods Approach to the Study of Codeswitching. Languages 3:2 ► pp. 19 ff. Crossref logo
Beatty-Martínez, Anne L., Christian A. Navarro-Torres & Paola E. Dussias
2020. Codeswitching: A Bilingual Toolkit for Opportunistic Speech Planning. Frontiers in Psychology 11 Crossref logo
Bosma, Evelyn & Leticia Pablos
2020. Switching direction modulates the engagement of cognitive control in bilingual reading comprehension: An ERP study. Journal of Neurolinguistics 55 ► pp. 100894 ff. Crossref logo
Cox, Jessica G., Ashley LaBoda & Najee Mendes
2020. “I'm gonna Spanglish it on you”: Self-reported vs. oral production of Spanish–English codeswitching. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23:2 ► pp. 446 ff. Crossref logo
Fernandez, Carla B., Kaitlyn A. Litcofsky & Janet G. van Hell
2019. Neural correlates of intra-sentential code-switching in the auditory modality. Journal of Neurolinguistics 51 ► pp. 17 ff. Crossref logo
Hofweber, Julia, Theodoros Marinis & Jeanine Treffers-Daller
2020. How different code-switching types modulate bilinguals’ executive functions: A dual control mode perspective. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23:4 ► pp. 909 ff. Crossref logo
Kaan, Edith, Souad Kheder, Ann Kreidler, Aleksandra Tomić & Jorge R. Valdés Kroff
2020. Processing Code-Switches in the Presence of Others: An ERP Study. Frontiers in Psychology 11 Crossref logo
Kootstra, Gerrit Jan, Ton Dijkstra & Janet G. van Hell
2020. Interactive Alignment and Lexical Triggering of Code-Switching in Bilingual Dialogue. Frontiers in Psychology 11 Crossref logo
Koronkiewicz, Bryan
2019. Control Stimuli in Experimental Code-Switching Research. Languages 4:3 ► pp. 67 ff. Crossref logo
Liu, Hong
2019. Attitudes Toward Different Types of Chinese-English Code-Switching. SAGE Open 9:2 ► pp. 215824401985392 ff. Crossref logo
Munarriz-Ibarrola, Amaia, Maria del Carmen Parafita Couto & Emma Vanden Wyngaerd
2018. Methodologies for intra-sentential code-switching research. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 8:1 ► pp. 1 ff. Crossref logo
Pablos, Leticia, M. Carmen Parafita Couto, Bastien Boutonnet, Amy de Jong, Marlou Perquin, Annelies de Haan & Niels O. Schiller
2019. Adjective-noun order in Papiamento-Dutch code-switching. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 9:4-5 ► pp. 710 ff. Crossref logo
Treffers-Daller, Jeanine, Esther Ruigendijk & Julia Hofweber
2021. Editorial: Behavioral and Neurophysiological Approaches to Code-Switching and Language Switching. Frontiers in Psychology 12 Crossref logo
Valdés Kroff, Jorge R., Rosa E. Guzzardo Tamargo & Paola E. Dussias
2018. Experimental contributions of eye-tracking to the understanding of comprehension processes while hearing and reading code-switches. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 8:1 ► pp. 98 ff. Crossref logo
Valdés Kroff, Jorge R., Patricia Román & Paola E. Dussias
2020. Are All Code-Switches Processed Alike? Examining Semantic v. Language Unexpectancy. Frontiers in Psychology 11 Crossref logo
Vaughan-Evans, Awel, Maria Carmen Parafita Couto, Bastien Boutonnet, Noriko Hoshino, Peredur Webb-Davies, Margaret Deuchar & Guillaume Thierry
2020. Switchmate! An Electrophysiological Attempt to Adjudicate Between Competing Accounts of Adjective-Noun Code-Switching. Frontiers in Psychology 11 Crossref logo
Zeller, Jan Patrick
2020. Code-Switching Does Not Equal Code-Switching. An Event-Related Potentials Study on Switching From L2 German to L1 Russian at Prepositions and Nouns. Frontiers in Psychology 11 Crossref logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 16 april 2021. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.