Cover not available
Article published In:
Methodologies for intra-sentential code-switching research
Edited by Amaia Munarriz-Ibarrola, M. Carmen Parafita Couto and Emma Vanden Wyngaerd
[Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 8:1] 2018
► pp. 98–133

Experimental contributions of eye-tracking to the understanding of comprehension processes while hearing and reading code-switches

| Department of Spanish and Portuguese Studies, University of Florida
| Department of Hispanic Studies, Graduate Program of Linguistics, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras
| Department of Spanish, Italian and Portuguese, Penn State University | Center for Language Science, Penn State University
Researchers who study code-switching using lab-based approaches face a series of methodological challenges; these include, but are not limited to, using adequate techniques and tasks that allow for processing that reflects real-language usage and selecting stimuli that reflect the participants’ code-switching community norms. We present two illustrative eye-tracking studies that consider these challenges. Study 1 tests whether experience with code-switching leads to differential processing of Spanish determiner-English noun code-switches (e.g., una cookie ‘a cookie’). Study 2 examines auxiliary-verb code-switches involving the progressive structure (e.g., están cooking ‘are cooking’) and perfect structure (e.g., han cooked ‘have cooked’) while participants read either for comprehension or provide grammaticality judgments. The results of both studies highlight the advantages that eye-tracking provides when its use is accompanied by an appropriate bilingual sample, by stimuli that reflect actual bilingual language use, and by secondary tasks that do not invoke metalinguistic processes.
Keywords: code-switching, sentence processing, eye-tracking methodology
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
    • 1.1Methodological challenges in the study of the comprehension of code-switched language
    • 1.2Eye-tracking as an implicit and ecological measure of comprehension
  • 2.Illustrative studies
    • 2.1Study 1: Auditory comprehension of code-switched speech
      • 2.1.1Participants
      • 2.1.2Materials and design
      • 2.1.3Procedure
      • 2.1.4Results
        • 2.1.4.1Early time window
        • 2.1.4.2Mid time windows
        • 2.1.4.3Late time window
    • 2.2Study 2: Reading comprehension of code-switched text
      • 2.2.1Participants
      • 2.2.2Materials and design
      • 2.2.3Procedure
      • 2.2.4Results
        • 2.2.4.1Omnibus analysis
        • 2.2.4.2Comprehension task
        • 2.2.4.3Grammaticality judgment task
  • 3.General discussion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 17 May 2017
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.16011.val
References (85)
References
Altarriba, J., Kroll, J. F., Sholl, A., & Rayner, K. (1996). The influence of lexical and conceptual constraints on reading mixed-language sentences: Evidence from eye fixations and naming times. Memory and Cognition, 241, 477–492. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Altmann, G T M. (2011). The mediation of eye movements by spoken language. In S. P. Liversedge, I. D. Gilchrist, & S. Everling (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of eye movements (pp. 979–1004). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Altmann, G T M., & Kamide, Y. (1999). Incremental interpretation at verbs: Restricting the domain of subsequent reference. Cognition, 731, 247–264. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Badiola, L., Delgado, R., Sande, A., & Stefanich, S. (2017). Code-switching attitudes and their effects on acceptability judgment tasks. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 8(1). DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Balukas, C., & Koops, C. (2015). Spanish-English bilingual voice onset time in spontaneous code-switching. International Journal of Bilingualism, 191, 423–443. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Blackburn, A. (2013). A study of the relationship between code switching and the bilingual advantage: Evidence that language use modulates neural indices of language processing and cognitive control. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX.Google Scholar
Brown-Schmidt, S., & Konopka, A. E. (2008). Little houses and casa pequeñas: Message formulation and syntactic form in unscripted speech with speakers of English and Spanish. Cognition, 1091, 274–280. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2015). Processes of incremental message planning during conversation. Psychonomics Bulletin Review, 221, 833–843. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Brown-Schmidt, S., & Tanenhaus, M. K. (2008). Real-time investigation of referential domains in unscripted conversation: A targeted language game approach. Cognitive Science, 321, 643–684. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bullock, B., & Toribio, A. J. (2009). Themes in the study of code-switching. In B. E. Bullock & A. J. Toribio (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of linguistic code-switching (pp. 1–17). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bultena, S., Dijkstra, T., & Van Hell, J. G. (2015a). Language switch costs in comprehension depend on language dominance: Evidence from self-paced reading. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 181, 453–469. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2015b). Switch cost modulations in bilingual sentence processing: Evidence from shadowing. Language, Cognition, and NeuroScience, 301, 586–605. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Callahan, L. (2003). Spanish/English code-switching in a written corpus. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Chan, M. C., Chau, H., & Hoosain, R. (1983). Input/output switch in bilingual code switching. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 121, 407–416. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Clifton, C., Jr., & Staub, A. (2011). Syntactic influences on eye movements in reading. In S. P. Liversedge, I. D. Gilchrist, & S. Everlling (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of eye movements (pp. 895–909). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dell, G. S., & Chang, F. (2013). The P-chain: Relating sentence production and its disorders to comprehension and acquisition. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 3691. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Deuchar, M., Davies, P., Herring, J. R., Parafita Couto, M. C., & Carter, D. (2014). Building bilingual corpora: Welsh-English, Spanish-English and Spanish-Welsh. In E. M. Thomas & I. Mennen (Eds.), Advances in the study of bilingualism (pp. 93–110). Bristol, UK: Multilingualism Matters. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dorleijn, M., & Nortier, J. (2009). Code-switching and the internet. In B. Bullock & A. J. Toribio (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of linguistic code-switching. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dussias, P. E. (2003). Spanish-English code-mixing at the auxiliary phrase: Evidence from eye-movement data. Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana, 21, 7–34.Google Scholar
Dussias, P. E., Guzzardo Tamargo, R. E., Valdés Kroff, J. R., & Gerfen, C. (2014). Looking into comprehension of Spanish-English code-switched sentences: Evidence from eye movements. In F. -H. Liu & J. Huang (Eds.), Peaches and plums (pp. 335–351). Taipei, Taiwan: Academia Sinica.Google Scholar
Dussias, P. E., Valdés Kroff, J. R., & Gerfen, C. (2014). Using the visual world to explore spoken language processing in second language speakers. In J. Jegerski & B. Van Patten (Eds.), Research methods in second language psycholinguistics (pp. 93–126). London, UK: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Ebert, S., & Koronkiewicz, B. (2017). Monolingual stimuli as a foundation for analyzing code-switching data. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 8(1). DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fairchild, S., & Van Hell, J. G. (2015). Determiner-noun code-switching in Spanish-English heritage speakers. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Federmeier, K. D., McLennan, D. B., De Ochoa, E., & Kutas, M. (2002). The impact of semantic memory organization and sentence context information on spoken language processing by younger and older adults: An ERP study. Psychophysiology, 391, 133–146. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. A., & Bever, T. G. (1965). The psychological reality of linguistic segments. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 41, 414–420 DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fricke, M., Kroll, J. F., & Dussias, P. E. (2016). Phonetic variation in bilingual speech: A lens for studying the production-comprehension link. Journal of Memory and Language, 891, 110–137. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gardner-Chloros, P. (2009). Code-swtiching. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Garnsey, S. M., Pearlmutter, N. J., Myers, E., & Lotocky, M. A. (1997). The contributions of verb bias and plausibility to the comprehension of temporarily ambiguous sentences. Journal of Memory and Language, 931, 58–93. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gennari, S. P., & MacDonald, M. C. (2009). Linking production and comprehension processes: The case of relative clauses. Cognition, 1111, 1–23. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Giancaspro, D. (2015). Code-switching at the auxiliary-VP boundary: A comparison of heritage speakers and L2 learners. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 51, 379–407. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Grainger, J., & Beauvillain, C. (1987). Language blocking and lexical access in bilinguals. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, A391, 295–319. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Green, D. (2011). Language control in different contexts: The behavioural ecology of bilingual speakers. Frontiers in Psychology, 21, 1–4. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Griffin, Z., & Bock, J. K. (2000). What the eyes say about speaking. Psychological Science, 111, 274–279. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Grosjean, F. (2001). The bilingual’s language modes. In L. N. Janet (Ed.), One mind, two languages: Bilingual language processing (pp. 1–22). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Gullberg, M., Indefrey, P., & Muysken, P. (2009). Research techniques for the study of code-switching. In B. Bullock & A. J. Toribio (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of linguistic code-switching (pp. 21–39). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gullifer, J. W., Kroll, J. F., & Dussias, P. E. (2013). When language switching has no apparent cost: Lexical access in sentence context. Frontiers in Psychology, 41, 1–13. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Guzzardo Tamargo, R. E., & Dussias, P. E. (2013). Processing of Spanish-English code-switches by late bilinguals. In S. Baiz, N. Goldman, & R. Hawkes (Eds.), BUCLD 37: Proceedings of the 37th annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 134–146). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
Guzzardo Tamargo, R. E., Valdés Kroff, J. R., & Dussias, P. E. (2016). Using code-switching as a tool to study the link between production and comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 891, 138–161. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hamers, J. F., & Blanc, M H A. (2000). Bilinguality and bilingualism (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hanna, J. E., Tanenhaus, M. K., & Trueswell, J. C. (2003). The effects of common ground and perspective in domains of referential interpretation. Journal of Memory and Language, 491, 43–61. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Herring, J. R., Deuchar, M., Parafita Couto, M. C., & Moro Quintanilla, M. (2010). “I saw the madre”: Evaluating predictions about code-switched determiner-noun sequences using Spanish-English and Welsh-English data. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 131, 553–573. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hofweber, J., Marinis, T., & Treffers-Daller, J. (2016). Effects of dense code-switching on executive control. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 61, 648-668. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Huettig, F., Rommers, J., & Meyer, A. S. (2011). Using the visual world paradigm to study language processing: A review and critical evaluation. Acta Psychologica, 1371, 151–171. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jake, J., Myers-Scotton, C., & Gross, S. (2002). Making a minimalist approach to code-switching work: Adding the matrix language. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 51, 69–91. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, E., Goodglass, H., Weintraub, S., & Segal, O. (1983). Boston Naming Test. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.Google Scholar
Keating, G. D. (2014). Eye-tracking with text. In J. Jegerski & B. Van Patten (Eds.), Research methods in second language psycholinguistics (pp. 69–92). London, UK: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Kolers, P. A. (1966). Reading and talking bilingually. American Journal of Psychology, 791, 357–376. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kootstra, G. J., Van Hell, J. G., & Dijkstra, T. (2012). Priming of code-switching in sentences: The role of lexical repetition, cognates, and proficiency. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 151, 797–819. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lance, D. M. (1975). Spanish-English code-switching. In E. Hernández-Chávez & A. Beltramo (Eds.), El lenguaje de los chicanos. Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Lawrence, M. A. (2011). ez: Easy analysis and visualization of factorial experiments. R package version 3.0–0. [URL]
Lew-Williams, C., & Fernald, A. (2007). Young children learning Spanish make rapid use of grammatical gender in spoken word recognition. Psychological Science, 181, 193–198. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lipski, J. M. (1978). Code switching and the problem of bilingual competence. In M. Paradis (Ed.), Aspects of bilingualism (pp. 250–264). Columbia, SC: Hornbeam Press.Google Scholar
MacDonald, M. C. (2013). How language production shapes language form and comprehension. Frontiers in Psychology, 41. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
MacNamara, J., & Kushnir, S. L. (1971). Linguistic independence of bilinguals: The input switch. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 101, 480–487. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Meuter, R. F., & Allport, A. (1999). Bilingual language switching in naming: Asymmetrical costs of language selection. Journal of Memory and Language, 401, 25–40. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Montes-Alcalá, C. (2000). Written code-switching: Powerful bilingual images. In R. Jacobson (Ed.), Code-switching worldwide II (pp. 193–219). Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
(2007). Blogging in two languages: Code-switching in bilingual blogs. In J. Holmquist, A. Lorenzino, & L. Sayahi (Eds.), Selected proceedings of the Third Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics (pp. 162–170). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Moreno, E. M., Federmeier, K. D., & Kutas, M. (2002). Switching languages, switching palabras (words): An electrophysiological study of code switching. Brain and Language, 801, 188–207. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Myers-Scotton, C., & Jake, J. L. (2014). Nonfinite verbs and negotiating bilingualism in codeswitching: Implications for a language production model. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 171, 511–525. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ng, S., Gonzalez, C., & Wicha, N Y Y. (2014). The fox and the cabra: An ERP analysis of reading code switched nouns and verbs in bilingual short stories. Brain Research, 15571, 127–140. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Otheguy, R., & Lapidus, N. (2003). An adaptive approach to noun gender in New York Contact Spanish. In R. Cameron, L. López, & R. Núñez Cedeño (Eds.), A Romance perspective on language knowledge and use (pp. 209–229). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pfaff, C. (1979). Constraints on language mixing: Intrasentential code-switching and borrowing in Spanish/English. Language, 551, 581–618. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en español: Towards a typology of code-switching. Linguistics, 181, 581–618. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1988). Contrasting patterns of code-switching in two communities. In M. Heller (Ed.), Code-switching: Anthropological and sociolinguistic perspectives (pp. 215–244). The Hague, The Netherlands: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2013). Foreword to “Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish Y TERMINO EN ESPAÑOL: Toward a typology of code-swtiching. Linguistics 1980, Volume 18, issue 7. 581–618. Linguistics, 511, 11–14.Google Scholar
Poplack, S., Sankoff, D., & Miller, C. (1988). The social correlates and linguistic processes of lexical borrowing and assimilation. Linguistics, 261, 47–104. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Prior, A., & Gollan, T. H. (2012). Good language-switchers are good task-switchers: Evidence from Spanish-English and Mandarin-English bilinguals. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 171, 682–691. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Proverbio, A. M., Leoni, G., & Zani, A. (2004). Language switching mechanisms in simultaneous interpreters: An ERP study. Neuropsychologia, 421, 1636–1656. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 1241, 372–422. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rayner, K., & Duffy, S. A. (1986). Lexical complexity and fixation times in reading: Effects of word frequency, verb complexity, and lexical ambiguity. Memory and Cognition, 141, 191–201. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rodríguez-Fornells, A., Krämer, U. M., Lorenzo-Seva, U., Festman, J., & Münte, T. F. (2011). Self-assessment of individual differences in language switching. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 388. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sridhar, S. N., & Sridhar, K. K. (1980). The syntax and psycholinguistics of bilingual code mixing. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 341, 407–416. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Stadthagen-Gonzalez, H., López, L., Parafita Couto, M. C., & Párraga, C. A. (2017). Using two-alternative forced choice tasks and Thurstone’s Law of Comparative Judgment for accpetability judgments: Examining the adjacency condition in Spanish/Englich code-switched sentences. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 8(1). DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tanenhaus, M. K., Spivey-Knowlton, M. J., Eberhard, K. M., & Sedivey, J. C. (1995). Integration of visual and spatial information in spoken language comprehension. Science, 2681, 1632–1634. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tanenhaus, M. K., & Trueswell, J. C. (2006). Eye movements and spoken language comprehension. In M. Traxler & M. Gernsbacher (Eds.), Handbook of psycholinguistics (pp. 863–900). (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Elsevier Academic Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Taylor, I. (1971). How are words from two languages organized in bilinguals’ memory? Canadian Journal of Psychology, 251, 28–239. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Torres Cacoullos, R., & Travis, C. E. (2015). Gauging convergence on the ground: Code-switching in the community – Introduction. International Journal of Bilingualism, 191, 365–386. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Trueswell, J. C., Tanenhaus, M. K., & Garnsey, S. M. (1994). Semantic influences on parsing: Use of thematic role information in syntactic ambiguity resolution. Journal of Memory and Language, 331, 285–318. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Valdés Kroff, J. R. (2016). Mixed NPs in Spanish-English bilingual speech: Using a corpus-based approach to inform models of sentence processing. In R. E. Guzzardo Tamargo, C. M. Mazak, & M. C. Parafita Couto (Eds.), Spanish-English code-switching in the Caribbean and the US. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Valdés Kroff, J. R., Dussias, P. E., Gerfen, C., Perrotti, L., & Bajo, M. T. (2017). Experience with code-switching modulates the use of grammatical gender during sentence processing. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 7(2), 163–198. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Valdés Kroff, J. R., & Fernández-Duque, M. (in press). Experimentally inducing Spanish-English code-switching: A new conversation paradigm. In K. Bellamy, M. Child, P. González González, A. Muntendam, & M. C. Parafita Couto (Eds.), Multidisciplinary approaches to bilingualism in the Hispanic and Lusophone world (pp. 209–231). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins.
Van Hell, J. G., Fernandez, C. B., Kootstra, G. J., Litcofsky, K. A., & Ting, C. Y. (2017). Electrophysiological and experimental-behavioral approaches to the study of intra-sentential code-switching. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 8(1). DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Weinreich, U. (1963). Languages in contact: Findings and problems. The Hague, The Netherlands: Mouton & Co.Google Scholar
Yim, O., & Bialystok, E. (2012). Degree of conversational code-switching enhances verbal task switching in Cantonese-English bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 151, 873–883. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zentella, A. C. (1997). Growing up bilingual: Puerto Rican children in New York. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Cited by (30)

Cited by 30 other publications

Dumrukcic, Nina & Sandra Kotzor
2024. Überachiever or Developerin: Eye movements during the processing of translingual hybrid noun-formations. Heliyon 10:3 ► pp. e24896 ff. DOI logo
Muntendam, Antje & M. Carmen Parafita Couto
2024. Code-Switching at the Interfaces. Languages 9:8 ► pp. 258 ff. DOI logo
Blair, Mackensie & Giovanna Morini
2023. From one language to the other: Examining the role of code-switching on vocabulary learning in adult second-language learners. Second Language Research 39:4 ► pp. 1027 ff. DOI logo
Han, Xuran, Li Wei & Roberto Filippi
2023. Modulating effects of interactional contexts on bilinguals’ cognitive control: Evidence for the Adaptive Control Hypothesis. International Journal of Bilingualism 27:5 ► pp. 548 ff. DOI logo
Jiang, Siyi, Lvheng Ma & Baoguo Chen
2023. Dynamic engagement of cognitive control in intra-sentential code-switching during comprehension. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 26:1 ► pp. 62 ff. DOI logo
Ruan, Yufang, Krista Byers-Heinlein, Adriel John Orena & Linda Polka
2023. Mixed-language input and infant volubility: Friend or foe?. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 26:5 ► pp. 1051 ff. DOI logo
Valdés Kroff, Jorge R. & Paola E. Dussias
2023. Production, processing, and prediction in bilingual codeswitching. In Speaking, Writing and Communicating [Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 78], ► pp. 195 ff. DOI logo
Hui, Nga-Yan, Manson Cheuk-Man Fong & William Shiyuan Wang
2022. Bilingual Prefabs: No Switching Cost Was Found in Cantonese–English Habitual Code-Switching in Hong Kong. Languages 7:3 ► pp. 198 ff. DOI logo
Abbas, Nawras, Tamar Degani & Anat Prior
2021. Equal Opportunity Interference: Both L1 and L2 Influence L3 Morpho-Syntactic Processing. Frontiers in Psychology 12 DOI logo
Gosselin, Leah & Laura Sabourin
2021. Lexical-semantic processing costs are not inherent to intra-sentential code-switching: The role of switching habits. Neuropsychologia 159 ► pp. 107922 ff. DOI logo
Gross, Megan C., Haliee Patel & Margarita Kaushanskaya
2021. Processing of Code-Switched Sentences in Noise by Bilingual Children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64:4 ► pp. 1283 ff. DOI logo
Salig, Lauren K., Jorge R. Valdés Kroff, L. Robert Slevc & Jared M. Novick
2021. Moving From Bilingual Traits to States: Understanding Cognition and Language Processing Through Moment-to-Moment Variation. Neurobiology of Language 2:4 ► pp. 487 ff. DOI logo
Salig, Lauren K., Jorge R. Valdés Kroff, L. Robert Slevc & Jared M. Novick
2024. Linking frequency to bilingual switch costs during real-time sentence comprehension. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 27:1 ► pp. 25 ff. DOI logo
Tomić, Aleksandra & Jorge R. Valdés Kroff
2021. Chapter 7. Code-switching. In Prediction in Second Language Processing and Learning [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 12], ► pp. 140 ff. DOI logo
Tomić, Aleksandra & Jorge R. Valdés Kroff
2022. Expecting the unexpected: Code-switching as a facilitatory cue in online sentence processing. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 25:1 ► pp. 81 ff. DOI logo
Beatty-Martínez, Anne L., Christian A. Navarro-Torres & Paola E. Dussias
2020. Codeswitching: A Bilingual Toolkit for Opportunistic Speech Planning. Frontiers in Psychology 11 DOI logo
Kaan, Edith, Souad Kheder, Ann Kreidler, Aleksandra Tomić & Jorge R. Valdés Kroff
2020. Processing Code-Switches in the Presence of Others: An ERP Study. Frontiers in Psychology 11 DOI logo
Kootstra, Gerrit Jan, Ton Dijkstra & Janet G. van Hell
2020. Interactive Alignment and Lexical Triggering of Code-Switching in Bilingual Dialogue. Frontiers in Psychology 11 DOI logo
Lipski, John M.
2020. Pronouns, Interrogatives, and (Quichua-Media Lengua) Code-Switching: The Eyes Have It. Languages 5:2 ► pp. 11 ff. DOI logo
Treffers-Daller, Jeanine
2020. Turkish-German code-switching patterns revisited. In Advances in Contact Linguistics [Contact Language Library, 57], ► pp. 238 ff. DOI logo
Valdés Kroff, Jorge R., Patricia Román & Paola E. Dussias
2020. Are All Code-Switches Processed Alike? Examining Semantic v. Language Unexpectancy. Frontiers in Psychology 11 DOI logo
Dussias, Paola E., Jorge R. Valdés Kroff, Anne L. Beatty‐Martínez & Michael A. Johns
2019. What Language Experience Tells us about Cognition. In The Handbook of the Neuroscience of Multilingualism, ► pp. 467 ff. DOI logo
Johns, Michael A, Jorge R Valdés Kroff & Paola E Dussias
2019. Mixing things up: How blocking and mixing affect the processing of codemixed sentences. International Journal of Bilingualism 23:2 ► pp. 584 ff. DOI logo
Pablos, Leticia, M. Carmen Parafita Couto, Bastien Boutonnet, Amy de Jong, Marlou Perquin, Annelies de Haan & Niels O. Schiller
2019. Adjective-noun order in Papiamento-Dutch code-switching. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 9:4-5 ► pp. 710 ff. DOI logo
Pablos, Leticia, M. Carmen Parafita Couto, Bastien Boutonnet, Amy de Jong, Marlou Perquin, Annelies de Haan & Niels O. Schiller
2021. Adjective-noun order in Papiamento-Dutch code-switching. In Psycholinguistic Approaches to Production and Comprehension in Bilingual Adults and Children [Benjamins Current Topics, 117], ► pp. 211 ff. DOI logo
Beatty-Martínez, Anne L., Jorge R. Valdés Kroff & Paola E. Dussias
2018. From the Field to the Lab: A Converging Methods Approach to the Study of Codeswitching. Languages 3:2 ► pp. 19 ff. DOI logo
Blanco-Elorrieta, Esti & Liina Pylkkänen
2018. Ecological Validity in Bilingualism Research and the Bilingual Advantage. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 22:12 ► pp. 1117 ff. DOI logo
Ebert, Shane & Bryan Koronkiewicz
2018. Monolingual stimuli as a foundation for analyzing code-switching data. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 8:1 ► pp. 25 ff. DOI logo
Munarriz-Ibarrola, Amaia, Maria del Carmen Parafita Couto & Emma Vanden Wyngaerd
2018. Methodologies for intra-sentential code-switching research. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 8:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Dean, Christopher & Jorge Valdés Kroff
2017. Cross-Linguistic Orthographic Effects in Late Spanish/English Bilinguals. Languages 2:4 ► pp. 24 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 21 october 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.