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Epistemological issue with keynote article “The relevance of first language attrition to theories of bilingual development” by Monika S. Schmid and Barbara Köpke
[Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7:6] 2017
► pp. 637–667
Keynote epistemological paper

The relevance of first language attrition to theories of bilingual development

ORCID logo | University of Essex
ORCID logo | Université de Toulouse

Research on second language acquisition and bilingual development strongly suggests that when a previously monolingual speaker becomes multilingual, the different languages do not exist in isolation: they are closely linked, dependent on each other, and there is constant interaction between these different knowledge systems. Theoretical frameworks of bilingual development acknowledge this insofar as they usually draw heavily on evidence of how the native language influences subsequent languages, and how and to what degree this influence can eventually be overcome. The fact that such crosslinguistic transfer is not a one-way street, and that the native language is similarly influenced by later learned languages, on the other hand, is often disregarded.

We review the evidence on how later learned languages can re-shape the L1 in the immediate and the longer term and demonstrate how such phenomena may be used to inform, challenge and validate theoretical approaches of bilingual development.

Keywords: bilingual development, language attrition, crosslinguistic influence, usage-based perspective, nativist approaches
Article outline
  • Introduction
  • 1.Background
  • 2.The scope of attrition effects
  • 3.Online effects of linguistic co-activation in the L1
  • 4.The mechanisms underlying language attrition
    • 4.1Entrenchment and competition: the Usage-Based perspective
    • 4.2Interfaces and feature-reassembly: Nativist approaches
    • 4.3Summary
  • 5.Factors driving the attritional process
    • 5.1Crosslinguistic similarity
    • 5.2Exposure and co-activation
    • 5.3The role of AoA
  • Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 10 November 2017
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.17058.sch
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García-Amaya, Lorenzo
2022. An investigation into utterance-fluency patterns of advanced LL bilinguals. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 12:2 ► pp. 163 ff. DOI logo
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2020. Anaphora resolution in L1 Italian in a Swedish-speaking environment before and after L1 re-immersion: A study on attrition. Lingua 233 ► pp. 102746 ff. DOI logo
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2022. (In)felicitous use of subjects in Greek and Spanish in monolingual and contact settings. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 7:1 DOI logo
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2021. How permeable are native and non-native syntactic processing to crosslinguistic influence?. Journal of Memory and Language 121 ► pp. 104281 ff. DOI logo
Gyllstad, Henrik & Lari-Valtteri Suhonen
2017. Is attrition a type of learning?. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7:6 ► pp. 700 ff. DOI logo
Gürel, Ayşe
2017. Is every bilingual an L1 attriter?. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7:6 ► pp. 696 ff. DOI logo
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2020. Towards a comprehensive model of heritage language development. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23:1 ► pp. 27 ff. DOI logo
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2020. Is there a paradox in adult L1 grammatical attrition?. Second Language Research 36:2 ► pp. 171 ff. DOI logo
Hendriks, Jennifer
2024. Chapter 4. The dynamics of lifelong acquisition in dialect contact and change. In Lifespan Acquisition and Language Change [Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics, 14], ► pp. 84 ff. DOI logo
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2024. L1 grammatical attrition in late Spanish-English bilinguals in the UK: aspectual interpretations of present tense in Spanish. The Language Learning Journal 52:2 ► pp. 145 ff. DOI logo
Huang, Ting, Rasmus Steinkrauss & Marjolijn Verspoor
2022. Learning an L2 and L3 at the same time: help or hinder?. International Journal of Multilingualism 19:4 ► pp. 566 ff. DOI logo
Iverson, Michael & David Miller
2017. Language attrition and maintenance. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7:6 ► pp. 704 ff. DOI logo
Janabi, Marrit, Elisabeth Duursma, Margot Bochane, Stefani Ribeiro Knijnik & Hans Bogaardt
2022. Native language development of Dutch–English bilingual children in Australia. Journal of Monolingual and Bilingual Speech 4:1 DOI logo
Joy, Rhonda, Henry Schulz, Beverly FitzPatrick & Stephanie Hancock
2021. English Language Arts Performance of Grade 6 Students in an Intensive French Program. The Canadian Modern Language Review 77:1 ► pp. 23 ff. DOI logo
Karayayla, Tuğba
2021. A usage-based approach to productive use of inflectional patterns and level of lemma sophistication in adult heritage speakers’ performance. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 11:6 ► pp. 753 ff. DOI logo
Karayayla, Tuğba & Monika S. Schmid
2019. First Language Attrition as a Function of Age at Onset of Bilingualism: First Language Attainment of Turkish–English Bilinguals in the United Kingdom. Language Learning 69:1 ► pp. 106 ff. DOI logo
KASAP, Suleyman
2021. Mother Tongue Attitude Scale ( MTAS). International Journal of Kurdish Studies 7:1 ► pp. 103 ff. DOI logo
Kasparian, Kristina & Karsten Steinhauer
2017. On missed opportunities and convenient “truths”. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7:6 ► pp. 709 ff. DOI logo
Kaufman, Dorit
2021. Chapter 21. Trajectory of children’s verb formation in Hebrew as a heritage language. In All Things Morphology [Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, 353], ► pp. 395 ff. DOI logo
Keijzer, Merel
2017. The relevance of L1 attrition to usage-based theories of language development. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7:6 ► pp. 715 ff. DOI logo
Kinn, Kari
2020. Stability and attrition in American Norwegian nominals: a view from predicate nouns. The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 23:1 ► pp. 3 ff. DOI logo
Kornder, Lisa & Ineke Mennen
2021. Longitudinal Developments in Bilingual Second Language Acquisition and First Language Attrition of Speech: The Case of Arnold Schwarzenegger. Languages 6:2 ► pp. 61 ff. DOI logo
Kotzor, Sandra, Swetlana Schuster & Aditi Lahiri
2021. Still ‘native’? Morphological processing in second-language-immersed speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism 25:5 ► pp. 1389 ff. DOI logo
Kupisch, Tanja, Fatih Bayram & Jason Rothman
2017. Terminology matters II. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7:6 ► pp. 719 ff. DOI logo
Kupisch, Tanja, Tammer Castro, Martin Krämer & Marit Westergaard
2023. Phonological influence in bilectal speakers of Brazilian and European Portuguese. International Journal of Bilingualism ► pp. 136700692311563 ff. DOI logo
Köpke, Barbara
2021. Language attrition: A matter of brain plasticity?. Language, Interaction and Acquisition 12:1 ► pp. 110 ff. DOI logo
Köpke, Barbara & Dobrinka Genevska-Hanke
2018. First Language Attrition and Dominance: Same Same or Different?. Frontiers in Psychology 9 DOI logo
Köpke, Barbara, Ruairidh K.R. Howells, Francesca Cortelazzo, Patrice Péran, Xavier de Boissezon & Vincent Lubrano
2021. Functional and structural differences in brain networks involved in language processing and control in highly proficient early and late bilinguals. Journal of Neurolinguistics 59 ► pp. 100988 ff. DOI logo
Laméris, Tim Joris, Maki Kubota, Tanja Kupisch, Jennifer Cabrelli, Neal Snape & Jason Rothman
2024. Language change in Japanese–English bilingual returnee children over the course of five years: Evidence from accent-rating. Second Language Research DOI logo
Lehtinen, Nana, Anna Kautto & Kati Renvall
2023. Frequent native language use supports phonemic and semantic verbal fluency in L1 and L2: An extended analysis of verbal fluency task performance in an L1 language attrition population. International Journal of Bilingualism DOI logo
Lehtinen, Nana, Anna Kautto & Kati Renvall
2024. Efficacy of clustering and switching strategies in verbal fluency tasks in a Finnish-English language attrition population. The Language Learning Journal 52:2 ► pp. 218 ff. DOI logo
Liu, Ying, Ruying Qi & Bruno Di Biase
2020. Cross-linguistic influence of L2 on L1 in late Chinese-English bilinguals. Journal of Second Language Studies 3:2 ► pp. 290 ff. DOI logo
MacWhinney, Brian
2017. Are these approaches incompatible?. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7:6 ► pp. 730 ff. DOI logo
Martinez-Nieto, Lourdes & Maria Adelaida Restrepo
2022. Production and comprehension of grammatical gender by Spanish heritage speakers: Evidence from accusative clitic pronouns. International Journal of Bilingualism ► pp. 136700692110573 ff. DOI logo
Matos, Joana & Cristina Flores
2024. More insights into the interaction between age, exposure, and attitudes in language attrition and retention from the perspective of bilingual returnees. International Journal of Bilingualism 28:1 ► pp. 24 ff. DOI logo
Mayr, Robert, David Sánchez & Ineke Mennen
2020. Does Teaching Your Native Language Abroad Increase L1 Attrition of Speech? The Case of Spaniards in the United Kingdom. Languages 5:4 ► pp. 41 ff. DOI logo
Meisel, Jürgen M.
2017. On first language attrition in second language learners. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7:6 ► pp. 734 ff. DOI logo
Meulman, Nienke, Simone A. Sprenger, Monika S. Schmid & Martijn Wieling
2023. GAM-based individual difference measures for L2 ERP studies. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 2:3 ► pp. 100079 ff. DOI logo
Mickan, Anne, James M. McQueen & Kristin Lemhöfer
2019. Bridging the Gap Between Second Language Acquisition Research and Memory Science: The Case of Foreign Language Attrition. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 13 DOI logo
Miller, David & Jason Rothman
2020. You win some, you lose some: Comprehension and event-related potential evidence for L1 attrition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23:4 ► pp. 869 ff. DOI logo
Miller, David, Cecilia Solis-Barroso & Rodrigo Delgado
2021. The foreign language effect in bilingualism: Examining prosocial sentiment after offense taking. Applied Psycholinguistics 42:2 ► pp. 395 ff. DOI logo
Montrul, Silvina
2017. Developmental continuity in morphosyntactic attrition. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7:6 ► pp. 739 ff. DOI logo
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2020. Attrition, addition, and age. Second Language Research 36:2 ► pp. 213 ff. DOI logo
Nagy, Naomi
2017. The relevance of first language attrition to sociolinguistics, and vice versa. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7:6 ► pp. 744 ff. DOI logo
Natvig, David
2022. Lost in Transmission: The Role of Attrition and Input in Heritage Language Development, edited by Bernhard Brehmer and Jeanine Treffers-Daller. Heritage Language Journal 19:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Ni, Chuanbin & Xiaobing Jin
2020. Could L2 Lexical Attrition Be Predicted in the Dimension of Valence, Arousal, and Dominance?. Frontiers in Psychology 11 DOI logo
Nickels, Lyndsey, Solène Hameau, Vishnu K. K. Nair, Polly Barr & Britta Biedermann
2019. Ageing with bilingualism: benefits and challenges. Speech, Language and Hearing 22:1 ► pp. 32 ff. DOI logo
Ortega, Lourdes
2020. The Study of Heritage Language Development From a Bilingualism and Social Justice Perspective. Language Learning 70:S1 ► pp. 15 ff. DOI logo
Otwinowska, Agnieszka, Marta Marecka, Alba Casado, Joanna Durlik, Jakub Szewczyk, Marcin Opacki & Zofia Wodniecka
2021. Does L2 Proficiency Impact L2-L1 Transfer While Reading L1 Collocations? Evidence From Behavioral and ERP Data. Frontiers in Psychology 12 DOI logo
Pace, Amy, Rufan Luo, Dani Levine, Aquiles Iglesias, Jill de Villiers, Roberta M. Golinkoff, Mary S. Wilson & Kathy Hirsh‐Pasek
2021. Within and Across Language Predictors of Word Learning Processes in Dual Language Learners. Child Development 92:1 ► pp. 35 ff. DOI logo
Perevozchikova, Tatiana
2023. Possessive pronouns in Russian-German language contact: variation or change?. Linguistics Vanguard 9:s2 ► pp. 169 ff. DOI logo
Perez-Cortes, Silvia & David Giancaspro
2022. (In)frequently asked questions: On types of frequency and their role(s) in heritage language variability. Frontiers in Psychology 13 DOI logo
Perpiñán, Silvia
2017. Language change at the individual level. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7:6 ► pp. 750 ff. DOI logo
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Perpiñán, Silvia & Adriana Soto-Corominas
2021. Indirectstructural crosslinguistic influence in early Catalan–Spanish bilinguals in adulthood: Predicate selection in Catalan existential constructions. Applied Psycholinguistics 42:6 ► pp. 1463 ff. DOI logo
Peters, Uwe
2023. The philosophical debate on linguistic bias: A critical perspective. Philosophical Psychology ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Puig-Mayenco, Eloi, Ian Cunnings, Fatih Bayram, David Miller, Susagna Tubau & Jason Rothman
2018. Language Dominance Affects Bilingual Performance and Processing Outcomes in Adulthood. Frontiers in Psychology 9 DOI logo
Rodríguez-Ordóñez, Itxaso & Lorena Sainzmaza-Lecanda
2021. Contact Linguistics and Heritage Languages. In The Cambridge Handbook of Heritage Languages and Linguistics, ► pp. 471 ff. DOI logo
Román, Patricia & Irene Gómez-Gómez
2022. Changes in Native Sentence Processing Related to Bilingualism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology 13 DOI logo
Rothman, Jason, Jorge González Alonso & Eloi Puig-Mayenco
2019. Third Language Acquisition and Linguistic Transfer, DOI logo
Sakata, Jon T. & David Birdsong
2021. Vocal Learning and Behaviors in Birds and Human Bilinguals: Parallels, Divergences and Directions for Research. Languages 7:1 ► pp. 5 ff. DOI logo
Sanchez, Liliana
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2017. The dynamic nature of bilingualism. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7:6 ► pp. 754 ff. DOI logo
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2021. Lexical Access in L1 Attrition—Competition versus Frequency: A Comparison of Turkish and Moroccan Attriters in the Netherlands. Applied Linguistics 42:5 ► pp. 878 ff. DOI logo
Schmid, Monika S.
2020. On attrition, spaceships and viruses. Second Language Research 36:2 ► pp. 199 ff. DOI logo
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2020. The Roles of Age, Attitude, and Use in First Language Development and Attrition of Turkish–English Bilinguals. Language Learning 70:S1 ► pp. 54 ff. DOI logo
Schmid, Monika S. & Gülsen Yılmaz
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Serratrice, Ludovica
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Shaktawat, Divyanshi
2024. The Effect of Indian Contact and Glaswegian Contact on the Phonetic Backward Transfer of Glaswegian English (L2) on Hindi and Indian English (L1). Languages 9:4 ► pp. 118 ff. DOI logo
Silva, Cristiane & Pablo Arantes
2022. A qualitative study on the variability in intonation learning and attrition in brazilian portuguese bilingual speakers of spanish l2. Cadernos de Estudos Linguísticos 64 ► pp. e022022 ff. DOI logo
Song, Jieun, Byungjun Kim, Minjeong Kim & Paul Iverson
2023. The Korean Speech Recognition Sentences: A Large Corpus for Evaluating Semantic Context and Language Experience in Speech Perception. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 66:9 ► pp. 3399 ff. DOI logo
Sorokina, Anastasia & Raymond Mugno
2024. Embracing bilingualism: L1 retention amidst L2 acquisition. The Language Learning Journal 52:2 ► pp. 186 ff. DOI logo
Soto, Concepción & Monika S. Schmid
2024. Carrot or parrot? An eye-tracking study on spoken word recognition in a language attrition context. The Language Learning Journal 52:2 ► pp. 199 ff. DOI logo
Soto-Corominas, Adriana
2021. Acquisition of quantified partitivity in Catalan-Spanish bilingualism. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 11:6 ► pp. 873 ff. DOI logo
Steinhauer, Karsten & Kristina Kasparian
2020. Brain Plasticity in Adulthood—ERP Evidence for L1‐attrition in Lexicon and Morphosyntax After Predominant L2 Use. Language Learning 70:S2 ► pp. 171 ff. DOI logo
Stringer, David
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Stringer, David
2021. Commitment in L3 relationships: Sacred vows or polyamory?. Second Language Research 37:3 ► pp. 495 ff. DOI logo
Tsimpli, Ianthi Maria
2017. Crosslinguistic influence is not necessarily attrition. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7:6 ► pp. 759 ff. DOI logo
Westergaard, Marit, Terje Lohndal & Björn Lundquist
2023. Variable V2 in Norwegian heritage language. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 13:2 ► pp. 133 ff. DOI logo
Zhang, Shi
2020. Does extensive L2 exposure trigger L1 attrition of perfective and durative aspect marking in Mandarin Chinese?. In Lost in Transmission [Studies in Bilingualism, 59], ► pp. 256 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
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[no author supplied]
2022. Language Loss in Adults and Children. In The Mysteries of Bilingualism, ► pp. 59 ff. DOI logo

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