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Epistemological issue with keynote article “Early, late or very late? Timing acquisition and bilingualism” by Ianthi Maria Tsimpli
[Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 4:3] 2014
► pp. 283–313
epistemological-paper

Early, late or very late?

Timing acquisition and bilingualism

Research on child bilingualism accounts for differences in the course and the outcomes of monolingual and different types of bilingual language acquisition primarily from two perspectives: age of onset of exposure to the language(s) and the role of the input (Genesee, Paradis, & Crago, 2004; Meisel, 2009; Unsworth et al., 2014). Some findings suggest that early successive bilingual children may pattern similarly to simultaneous bilingual children, passing through different trajectories from child L2 learners due to a later age of onset in the latter group. Studies on bilingual development have also shown that input quantity in bilingual acquisition is considerably reduced, i.e., in each of their two languages, bilingual children are likely exposed to much less input than their monolingual peers (Paradis & Genesee, 1996; Unsworth, 2013b). At the same time, simultaneous bilingual children develop and attain competence in the two languages, sometimes without even an attested age delay compared to monolingual children (Paradis, Genesee & Crago, 2011). The implication is that even half of the input suffices for early language development, at least with respect to ‘core’ aspects of language, in whatever way ‘core’ is defined.
My aim in this article is to consider how an additional, linguistic variable interacts with age of onset and input in bilingual development, namely, the timing in L1 development of the phenomena examined in bilingual children’s performance. Specifically, I will consider timing differences attested in the monolingual development of features and structures, distinguishing between early, late or ‘very late’ acquired phenomena. I will then argue that this three-way distinction reflects differences in the role of narrow syntax: early phenomena are core, parametric and narrowly syntactic, in contrast to late and very late phenomena, which involve syntax-external or even language-external resources too. I explore the consequences of these timing differences in monolingual development for bilingual development. I will review some findings from early (V2 in Germanic, grammatical gender in Greek), late (passives) and very late (grammatical gender in Dutch) phenomena in the bilingual literature and argue that early phenomena can differentiate between simultaneous and (early) successive bilingualism with an advantage for the former group, while the other two reveal similarly (high or low) performance across bilingual groups, differentiating them from monolinguals. The paper proposes that questions about the role of age of onset and language input in early bilingual development can only be meaningfully addressed when the properties and timing of the phenomena under investigation are taken into account.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Timing in monolingual development: An outline
  • 3.Timing factors: Macro- and micro-parameters as (very) early phenomena
  • 3.1Macro- and their micro-parameters in bilingualism
  • 4.When syntax is not enough: Late phenomena in acquisition
    • 4.1Late phenomena in bilingualism
    • 4.2Grammatical gender: Timing goes wild!
  • 5.Concluding remarks
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 8 August 2014
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.4.3.01tsi
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2019. Chapter 2. Portuguese as a heritage language in contact with German and French. In Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory 15 [Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory, 15], ► pp. 36 ff. DOI logo
Kaltsa, Maria, Ianthi Maria Tsimpli & Froso Argyri
2019. The development of gender assignment and agreement in English-Greek and German-Greek bilingual children. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 9:2 ► pp. 253 ff. DOI logo
Lemmerth, Natalia & Holger Hopp
2019. Gender processing in simultaneous and successive bilingual children: Cross-linguistic lexical and syntactic influences. Language Acquisition 26:1 ► pp. 21 ff. DOI logo
Makarova, Veronika
2019. Ex-neuter-gender nouns in Canadian Doukhobor Russian. Russian Linguistics 43:3 ► pp. 273 ff. DOI logo
Prentza, Alexandra, Maria Kaltsa, Ianthi Maria Tsimpli & Despina Papadopoulou
2019. The acquisition of Greek gender by bilingual children: The effects of lexical knowledge, oral input, literacy and bi/monolingual schooling. International Journal of Bilingualism 23:5 ► pp. 901 ff. DOI logo
Scherger, Anna-Lena
2019. Elicited Subject-Verb Agreement in German Early L2 Children with Developmental Language Disorders. Journal of the European Second Language Association 3:1 ► pp. 46 ff. DOI logo
Scherger, Anna-Lena
2022. The role of age and timing in bilingual assessment: non-word repetition, subject-verb agreement and case marking in L1 and eL2 children with and without SLI. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 36:1 ► pp. 54 ff. DOI logo
Schulz, Petra & Angela Grimm
2019. The Age Factor Revisited: Timing in Acquisition Interacts With Age of Onset in Bilingual Acquisition. Frontiers in Psychology 9 DOI logo
Slabakova, Roumyana
2019. The Bottleneck Hypothesis updated. In Three Streams of Generative Language Acquisition Research [Language Acquisition and Language Disorders, 63], ► pp. 319 ff. DOI logo
van Osch, Brechje, Elisabet García González, Aafke Hulk, Petra Sleeman & Suzanne Aalberse
2019. The Development of Subject Position in Dutch-Dominant Heritage Speakers of Spanish: From Age 9 to Adulthood. Languages 4:4 ► pp. 88 ff. DOI logo
Walkden, George & Anne Breitbarth
2019. Complexity as L2-difficulty: Implications for syntactic change. Theoretical Linguistics 45:3-4 ► pp. 183 ff. DOI logo
Douglas, Jamie
2018. Māori subject extraction. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 3:1 DOI logo
EGGER, EVELYN, AAFKE HULK & IANTHI MARIA TSIMPLI
2018. Crosslinguistic influence in the discovery of gender: the case of Greek–Dutch bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21:4 ► pp. 694 ff. DOI logo
GRANFELDT, JONAS
2018. The development of gender in simultaneous and successive bilingual acquisition of French – Evidence for AOA and input effects. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21:4 ► pp. 674 ff. DOI logo
Heil, Jeanne & Shane Ebert
2018. Chapter 14. Extra-syntactic factors in the that-trace effect. In Contemporary Trends in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics [Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 15], ► pp. 309 ff. DOI logo
MEISEL, JÜRGEN M.
2018. Early child second language acquisition: French gender in German children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21:4 ► pp. 656 ff. DOI logo
Meisel, Jürgen M.
2021. Diversity and divergence in bilingual acquisition. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 40:1 ► pp. 65 ff. DOI logo
Meisel, Jürgen M.
2024. Bilingual acquisition as the locus of syntactic change. Probus 36:1 ► pp. 31 ff. DOI logo
Meisel, Jürgen M.
2024. Chapter 2. Linguistic approaches to language acquisition. In Perspectives on Input, Evidence, and Exposure in Language Acquisition [Language Acquisition and Language Disorders, 69], ► pp. 16 ff. DOI logo
Puig-Mayenco, Eloi, Ian Cunnings, Fatih Bayram, David Miller, Susagna Tubau & Jason Rothman
2018. Language Dominance Affects Bilingual Performance and Processing Outcomes in Adulthood. Frontiers in Psychology 9 DOI logo
Torregrossa, Jacopo & Christiane Bongartz
2018. Teasing Apart the Effects of Dominance, Transfer, and Processing in Reference Production by German–Italian Bilingual Adolescents. Languages 3:3 ► pp. 36 ff. DOI logo
FLORES, CRISTINA, ANA LÚCIA SANTOS, ALICE JESUS & RUI MARQUES
2017. Age and input effects in the acquisition of mood in Heritage Portuguese. Journal of Child Language 44:4 ► pp. 795 ff. DOI logo
Grohmann, Kleanthes K., Elena Papadopoulou & Charalambos Themistocleous
2017. Acquiring Clitic Placement in Bilectal Settings: Interactions between Social Factors. Frontiers in Communication 2 DOI logo
Leivada, Evelina & Kleanthes K. Grohmann
2017. Chapter 9. Language acquisition in bilectal environments. In Acquiring Sociolinguistic Variation [Studies in Language Variation, 20], ► pp. 235 ff. DOI logo
Martohardjono, Gita & Elaine C. Klein
2017. The Development of Morphosyntax in Child and Adult Second Language Acquisition. In The Handbook of Psycholinguistics, ► pp. 653 ff. DOI logo
Biberauer, Theresa & Ian Roberts
2016. Parameter typology from a diachronic perspective. In Theoretical Approaches to Linguistic Variation [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 234], ► pp. 259 ff. DOI logo
Engemann, Helen
2016. Learning to think for speaking about space in child bilingualism. Revue française de linguistique appliquée Vol. XXI:2 ► pp. 49 ff. DOI logo
ENGEMANN, Helen
2023. Structural complexity reduction in English–French bilingual children’s event encoding. Journal of Child Language ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
PARADIS, JOHANNE, YASEMIN TULPAR & ANTTI ARPPE
2016. Chinese L1 children's English L2 verb morphology over time: individual variation in long-term outcomes. Journal of Child Language 43:3 ► pp. 553 ff. DOI logo
ROESCH, ANNE DOROTHEE & VASILIKI CHONDROGIANNI
2016. “Which mouse kissed the frog?”Effects of age of onset, length of exposure, and knowledge of case marking on the comprehension ofwh-questions in German-speaking simultaneous and early sequential bilingual children. Journal of Child Language 43:3 ► pp. 635 ff. DOI logo
ROTHMAN, JASON, DREW LONG, MICHAEL IVERSON, TIFFANY JUDY, ANNE LINGWALL & TUSHAR CHAKRAVARTY
2016. Older age of onset in child L2 acquisition can be facilitative: evidence from the acquisition of English passives by Spanish natives. Journal of Child Language 43:3 ► pp. 662 ff. DOI logo
Rothman, Jason, Ianthi Maria Tsimpli & Diego Pascual y Cabo
2016. Formal linguistic approaches to heritage language acquisition. In Advances in Spanish as a Heritage Language [Studies in Bilingualism, 49], ► pp. 13 ff. DOI logo
UNSWORTH, SHARON
2016. Early child L2 acquisition: Age or input effects? Neither, or both?. Journal of Child Language 43:3 ► pp. 608 ff. DOI logo
Flores, Cristina Maria Moreira
2015. Understanding heritage language acquisition. Some contributions from the research on heritage speakers of European Portuguese. Lingua 164 ► pp. 251 ff. DOI logo
Kaltsa, Maria, Ianthi Maria Tsimpli & Jason Rothman
2015. Exploring the source of differences and similarities in L1 attrition and heritage speaker competence: Evidence from pronominal resolution. Lingua 164 ► pp. 266 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2022. Bilingualism, Language Development and Processing across the Lifespan [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 15], DOI logo

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