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Article published In:
Language and Linguistics
Vol. 23:3 (2022) ► pp.371–410

香港粵語「咗」的語法特點

與北京話「了1」的比較

| Peking University
| The Chinese University of Hong Kong

本文詳細分析香港粵語的體助詞「咗」的語法特點。較之北京話的「了1」，「咗」在現實句裡使用範圍更大，在非現實句裡使用範圍更小，在複雜短語裡須緊附於首個謂詞上，更容易用來表達持續性事件。我們推測，「咗」異於「了1」的這些特點主要有三個動因。第一，粵語是語序最偏VO型的漢語方言，「動後限制」較弱，它不懼動詞後帶複雜成分，相對地抗拒句末時體詞。第二，「咗」很可能源自附著義動詞「著」，這導致它排斥作表示客體損失義的動相補語，更容易用於表述持續性事件的謂語中。第三，「咗」的時體義略異於「了1」，這也會造成二者的使用差異。這項比較研究在漢語方言的整體格局方面亦有兩項發現。一方面，漢語的完整體標記分為「著」系和「了」系兩大組，它們有成系統的語法差異；另一方面，南北漢語在語序類型和時體範疇上的差異導致不同方言的完句條件有區別，漢語的完句研究不該集中於普通話，應該回歸到方言口語中。

Keywords: 咗, 完整體, 香港粵語, 了1 , 語序類型, 完句
Article outline
  • 1.引言
  • 2.語法表現
    • 2.1現實句：使用範圍更大
      • 2.1.1強制性更高
      • 2.1.2分佈範圍廣
    • 2.2非現實句：使用範圍更小
    • 2.3句法位置：緊附於首個謂詞
    • 2.4語義範圍：更易用於持續性事件的表達
  • 3.動因推測
    • 3.1語序類型：強VO型
      • 3.1.1謂中時體詞和謂語複雜度
      • 3.1.2句末時體詞和完句效應
    • 3.2詞源語義：動詞「著」
      • 3.2.1「著」系完整體標記的語法表現
      • 3.2.2「了」系完整體標記的語法表現
      • 3.2.3小結：詞源意義和語法表現
    • 3.3其他動因：時體特徵
  • 4.結語
  • 謝辭
  • 笔记
  • 參考文獻
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at [email protected].

Published online: 13 July 2022
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00110.fan
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