Article published in:
Language and Linguistics
Vol. 23:3 (2022) ► pp. 521–568

上古漢語「且」的來源及發展

| National Tsing Hua University

本文從字詞對應關係切入，探討上古漢語遞進標記「且」與未來時標記「且」之關係，提出二者屬於同音同形字，來源並不相同。前者源自「」的篇章指示用法，而後者則由表前往之動詞「徂」虛化而成。遞進標記「且」其基本功能為註記「與此同時還有另一需要注意的事況」，後來又發展出註記「超乎預期」的轉折標記與註記「說話人還要提供更多、更進一步訊息」的追加標記。未來時標記「且」其基本功能是註記「行為或事況發生在參照點之後」，後來又發展出註記「選擇關係」的選擇標記。二者循著各自的演變路徑發展。

Keywords: 且, 遞進, 轉折, 未來時, 選擇
Article outline
  • 1.前言
  • 2.文獻回顧
    • 2.1「且」的功能及演變
    • 2.2「且」與「將」之比較
  • 3. 與 的來源
    • 3.1相關語義或功能的字詞對應
    • 3.2從指示到遞進「且1」
    • 3.3從前往到未來「且2」
  • 4. 「且」的語義功能及其發展
    • 4.1 「且」的語義功能與用法
    • 4.2從遞進到轉折
    • 4.3從遞進到追加
  • 5. 「且」的語義功能及其發展
    • 5.1 「且」的語義功能與用法
    • 5.2從未來時到選擇
  • 6.結語
  • 筆記
  • 參考文獻
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.

Article language: Undefined

Published online: 13 June 2022
https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00114.yew
References

參考文獻

Archaeological team of Jinsha Railway, Hubei Province (湖北省荊沙鐵路考古隊)
(ed.) 1991 Baoshan Chujian 包山楚簡 [The Chu inscribed bamboo slips from Baoshan]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House.Google Scholar
Biing, Shang-Bair (邴尚白)
2009 Geling chujian yanjiu. 葛陵楚簡研究 [Research on the Chu bamboo slips of Geling]. Taipei: National Taiwan University Press.Google Scholar
Bybee, Joan L. & Pagliuca, William
1987 The evolution of future meaning. In Ramat, Anna Giacalone & Carruba, Onofrio & Bernini, Giuliaono (eds.), Papers from the 7th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, 109–122. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bybee, Joan L. & Perkins, Revere D. & Pagliuca, William
1994 The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect, and modality in the languages of the world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Chang, Li-Li (張麗麗)
2018 Zhuanzheju changjian yuqi fuci de xingcheng 轉折句常見語氣副詞的形成 [The formation of the modal adverbs occurring frequently in adversative clauses]. Chengda Zhongwen Xuebao 成大中文學報 [Journal of Chinese Literature of National Cheng Kung University] 631. 191–230.Google Scholar
Chen, Chao-jung (陳昭容)
2003 Qinxi wenzi yanjiu: Cong hanzishi de jiaodu kaocha 秦系文字研究：從漢字史的角度考察 [Qin Dynasty characters: From the perspective of Chinese character history]. Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica.Google Scholar
Chen-Jian (陳劍)
2008 Jiagu jinwen jiushi “shang” zhi zi ji xiangguan zhuzi xinshi 甲骨金文舊釋「」之字及相關諸字新釋 [A new explanation of the word shang and its related words in oracles and bronze vessel inscriptions]. In Fudan Daxue Chutu wenxian yu guwenzi yanjiu zhongxin 復旦大學出土文獻與古文字研究中心 [Center for Research on Chinese Excavated Classics and Paleography, Fudan University] (ed.), Chutu wenxian yu guwenzi yanjiu 出土文獻與古文字研究 [Research on Chinese excavated classics and paleography], vol.21, 13–47. Shanghai: Fudan University Press.Google Scholar
Chen, Sipeng (陳斯鵬)
2011 Chuxi jianbo zhong zixing yu yinyi guanxi yanjiu 楚系簡帛中字形與音義關係研究 [Relationship between graphic form and sound and meaning in the bamboo slips and silk documents of Chu]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.Google Scholar
Chen, Wei (陳偉)
2009 Chudi chutu zhanguo jiance [shisi zhong] 楚地出土戰國簡冊[十四種] [Excavated Warring States bamboo strip manuscripts from the Chu region: fourteen collections]. Beijing: Economis Science Press.Google Scholar
Chi Hsiu-Sheng (季旭昇)
2014 Shuowen xinzheng 說文新證 [New evidence regarding the Shuowen]. 2nd edn. Taipei: Yee Wen Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Duan Yucai (段玉裁)
2005 Shuowen Jiezi zhu 說文解字注 [Annotations of Shuowen Jiezi ]. Taipei: Yee Wen Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Feng, Kuan-ping (馮寬平)
2002 “Chuang”, “qie” yuyuan kaoshi 「爿」、「且」語源考釋 [Etymological investigations on chuang and qie ]. Qinghai Minzu Xueyuan Xuebao 青海民族學院學報 [Journal of Qinghai Minzu University] 2002(4). 105–107.Google Scholar
Gao, Heng (高亨)
1980 Shijing jinzhu 詩經今注 [Commentary for Book of Poetry ]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House.Google Scholar
Gao, You (高誘)
(annotated) 1974 Zhanguo ce 戰國策 [Stratagems of the Warring States]. 3rd edn. Taipei: Yee Wen Publishing Company.Google Scholar
(annotated) 1974 Lüshi chunqiu 呂氏春秋 [Lius commentaries of history], Taipei: Yee Wen Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Hsieh, Chia-Ling (謝佳玲)
2006 Hanyu qingtaici de yuyi jieding: Yuliaoku wei ben de yanjiu 漢語情態詞的語意界定：語料庫為本的研究 [The semantic categorization of Chinese modal expressions: A courpus-based analysis]. Zhongguo Yuwen Yanjiu 中國語文研究 [Studies in Chinese Linguistics] 211. 45–63.Google Scholar
Hsieh, Su-Ni (謝㑉霓)
2009 Cong Xianqin guwenzi cailiao kan “qie”, “cuo” er zi de yanbian licheng 從先秦古文字材料看「且」、「」二字的演變歷程 [A study of the transformation from qie to qie based on the unearthed written materials used before Qin dynasty]. Fengjia Renwen Shehui Xuebao 逢甲人文社會學報 [Feng Chia Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences] 191. 117–141.Google Scholar
Hsu, Chin hsiung (許進雄)
(ed.) 2009 Jianming Zhongguo wenzixue 簡明中國文字學 [Concise philology of Chinese characters]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Hu, Anshun (胡安順)
(ed.) 2018 Shuowen bushou duanzhu shuyi 說文部首段注疏義 [Explanation for the radicals of shuowen in Duan’s annotation]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Indexing and Archiving Team of Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts (睡虎地秦墓竹簡整理小組)
1990 Shuihudi qinmu zhujian 睡虎地秦墓竹簡 [Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House.Google Scholar
Karlgren, Berhard
1930 Some fecundity symbols in ancient China. Bulletin of The Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities 21. 1–66.Google Scholar
Lan, Ying (藍鷹) & Hong, Bo (洪波)
2001 Shanggu Hanyu xuci yanjiu 上古漢語虛詞研究 [Studies on the functional words in Old Chinese]. Chengdu: Sichuan People’s Publishing House.Google Scholar
Liu, Cheng-Hui (劉承慧)
2019 Yuti jiaodu de xianqin Hanyu yufa yanbian fenxi―Cong Zuozhuan、Xunzi zhong de “suiran”、“ranze” taiqin 語體角度的先秦語法演變分析 ―從《左傳》、《荀子》中的「雖然」、「然則」談起 [Grammatical change motivated by register in Pre-Qin Chinese: Suiran and ranze in Zuozhuan and Xunzi ]. Hanxue Yanjiu 漢學研究 [Chinese Studies] 37(2). 1–24.Google Scholar
Lu, Zongda (陸宗達)
1987 “Qie”he ta de tongyuanci shizheng 「且」和它的同源詞釋證 [The interpretation and demonstration of qie and its cognates]. Cishu Yanjiu 辭書研究 [Lexicographical Studies] 1987(1). 85–90.Google Scholar
Lü, Shuxiang (呂叔湘)
1956 Zhongguo wenfa yaolue 中國文法要略 [A sketch of Chinese grammar]. Revised edn. Shanghai: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar
(ed.) 1980 Xiandai Hanyu babai ci 現代漢語八百詞 [Eight hundred words in Modern Chinese]. Beijing: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Lyons, John
1995 Linguistic semantics: An introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ma, Chiying (馬持盈)
(annotated) 1978 Shijing jinzhu jinyi 詩經今註今譯 [Commentary and translation for Book of Poetry ]. 5th edn. Taipei: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Mao, Heng (毛亨) & Zheng, Xuan (鄭玄) & Kong, Yingda (孔穎達)
1989 Maoshi Zhengyi 毛詩正義 [The exact implication of Maoshi ]. Taipei: Yee Wen Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Mei, Kuang (梅廣)
2015 Shanggu Hanyu yufa gangyao 上古漢語語法綱要 [Outline of Archaic Chinese grammar]. Taipei: San Min Book Company.Google Scholar
Meisterernst, Barbara
2004 The future tense in classical and Han-period Chinese. In Takashima, Ken-ichi & Jiang, Shauyu (eds.), Meaning and form: Essays in pre-modern Chinese grammar, 121–145. München: LINCOM Europa.Google Scholar
Ōnishi, Katsuya (大西克也)
2002 Cong fangyan de jiaodu kan shijian fuci “jiang”, “qie” zai Zhanguo Qin-Han chutu wenxian zhong de fenbu 從方言的角度看時間副詞「將」、「且」在戰國秦漢出土文獻中的分布 [A look at the distribution of the temporal adverbs jiang and qie in the text of excavated materials of Warring States and Qin-Han periods from the viewpoint of dialects]. In Editorial Committee of Essays in memory of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Wang Li (紀念王力先生百年誕辰學術論文集編委會) (ed.), Jinian Wang Li xiansheng bainian danchen xueshu lunwenji 紀念王力先生百年誕辰學術論文集 [Essays in memory of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Wang Li], 152–158. Beijing: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Pei, Xuehai (裴學海)
1996 Gushu xuzi jishi 古書虛字集釋 [A collection of the annotations of functional words in ancient books]. Shanghai: Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House.Google Scholar
Pulleyblank, Edwin G.
1995 Outline of classical Chinese grammar. Vancauver: UBC Press.Google Scholar
Qiu, Xigui (裘錫圭)
2013 Wenzixue gaiyao 文字學概要 [Philology summary]. Revised edn. Beijing: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Shi, Yuzhi (石毓智) & Bai, Jiehong (白解紅)
2007 Jianglaishi de gainian jiegou ji qi cihui laiyuan 將來時的概念結構及其詞彙來源 [The conceptual structure of future markers and their lexical resources]. Waiyu Jiaoxue Yu Yanjiu 外語教學與研究 [Foreign Language Teaching and Research] 2007(1). 33–42.Google Scholar
Tian, Wei (田煒)
2016 Xizhou Jinwen zici guanxi yanjiu 西周金文字詞關係研究 [Studies on the relationship between Chinese characters and words in bronze vessel inscriptions of the Western Zhou]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House.Google Scholar
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs
2003 From subjectification to intersubjectification. In Hickey, Raymond (ed.), Motives for language change, 124–139. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wang, Hui (王輝)
2006 Shangzhou Jinwen 商周金文 [Bronze vessel inscriptions of Shang and Zhou Dynasties]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House.Google Scholar
Wang, Li (王力)
1999 Gudai Hanyu 古代漢語 [A course on classical Chinese]. Revised edn. vol. 21. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Wei, Pei-chuan (魏培泉)
2015 Shanggu Hanyu fuci “qi” “jiang” de gongneng yu laiyuan 上古漢語副詞「其」、「將」的功能與來源 [On the functions and historical sources of the adverb qí and jiāng in Old Chinese]. In Zhang, Xiancheng (張顯成) (ed.), Guhanyu yufa yanjiu xinlun 古漢語語法研究新論 [In new horizon in classical Chinese grammar], 244–257. Chongqin: Southwest China Normal University Press.Google Scholar
Wu, Hsuehju (巫雪如)
2015 Shanggu Hanyu weilaishi biaoji “jiang” chongtan 上古漢語未來時標記「將」重探 [A re-investigation of the future marker jiang in Old Chinese]. Yuyan ji Yuyanxue 語言暨語言學 [Language and Linguistics] 16(2). 249–277.Google Scholar
Xie, Huiquan (解惠全) & Cui, Yonglin (崔永琳) & Zheng, Tianyi (鄭天一)
2008 Gushu xuci tongjie 古書虛詞通解 [An overall interpretation on function words in ancient books]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Yang, Bojun (楊伯峻) & He, Leshi (何樂士)
1989 Guhanyu yufa ji qi fazhan 古漢語語法及其發展 [A historical grammar of Ancient Chinese]. Beijing: Language and Culture Press.Google Scholar
Yang, Shuda (楊樹達)
1954 Ci quan 詞詮 [Annotations on grammatical words]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
Yew, Boon Hock (游文福)
2013 Xianqin de dingxing fuhe [xiang V] yu “xiang” de yuyi gongneng 先秦的定型複合［相V］與「相」的語義功能 [On the patterned-compounding [xiāng V] and semantics functions of xiāng in Pre-Qin Chinese]. Qinghua Xuebao 清華學報 [Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies] 43(1). 97–126.Google Scholar
2016 Shanggu Hanyu weiyi juzhi dongci yu weiyi shijian 上古漢語位移居止動詞與位移事件 [The motion verbs and motion events in Old Chinese]. Hsinchu: National Tsing Hua University. (Doctoral dissertation.)
2018 Liangzhou jinwen cuo de gongneng ji qi fenhua 兩周金文「」的功能及其分化 [The functions of cuó and their divergence in bronze vessel inscriptions of the Western and Eastern Zhou]. Qinghua Zhongwen Xuebao 清華中文學報 [Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Literature] 191. 5–51.Google Scholar
Yi, Qiang (伊強)
2017 Qinjian xuci ji jushi kaocha 秦簡虛詞及句式考察 [A study of the functional words and sentence patterns in Qin dynasty bamboo slips]. Wuhan: Wuhan University Press.Google Scholar
Zhang, Bo (張博)
2003 Hanyu shici xiangying xuhua de yuyi tiaojian 漢語實詞相應虛化的語義條件 [Semantic conditions for the grammaticalization of Chinese content words]. Zhongguo Yuyan Xuebao 中國語言學報 [Chinese Linguistics: The Journal of Linguistics Society of China] 111. 230–241.Google Scholar
Zhang, Yisheng (張誼生)
2014 Xiandai Hanyu fuci yanjiu 現代漢語副詞研究 [Studies on the adverbs in Modern Chinese]. Revised edn. Beijing: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Zhang, Yujin (張玉金)
2011 Chutu Zhanguo wenxian xuci yanjiu 出土戰國文獻虛詞研究 [Study on function words in the unearthed literature of the Warring States period]. Beijing: People’s Publishing House.Google Scholar
Zhou, Fa-kao (周法高)
1961 Zhongguo gudai yufa: Zaoju bian shang 中國古代語法：造句編上 [A historical grammar of ancient Chinese, part I: Syntax]. Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica.Google Scholar
Zhou, Shoujin (周守晉)
2005 Chutu Zhanguo wenxian yufa yanjiu 出土戰國文獻語法研究 [A grammatical study on the text of excavated materials of the Warring States]. Beijing: Peking University Press.Google Scholar
Zhou, Zhenfu (周振甫)
(annotated) 2002 Shijing yizhu 詩經譯注 [Translation and commentary for Book of Poetry ]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Google Scholar
上古漢語「且」的來源及發展 [On the sources and developments of qie 且 in Old Chinese]