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西北漢語助詞「著」的比較研究

論語言接觸性演變的一種新模式

| Peking University

漢語的助詞「著」是一個用於表達持續性事件的非完整體標記，北京話裡它緊附於謂詞上形成「V著O」式，用例如「墻上掛著畫」「他騎著車上學去了」。在中國太行山以西的北方漢語方言（簡稱「西北漢語」）裡，助詞「著」有一系列迥異於北京話「著」的語法表現。首先，西北漢語的「著」在標示非完整體時經常遠離謂詞而位於賓語之後，如「<寧夏中寧> 我寫作業著呢我正在寫作業」。而且，這種「VO著」式可表達的非完整體意義遠多於北京話的「V著O」式，如「<烏魯木齊>路堵死底呢路是堵死的狀態」。其次，甘肅、青海、新疆的西北漢語裡助詞「著」還可以插在兩個VP之間承擔「連鎖標記」的功能，如「<西寧>家抱住娃娃著餵奶著她正抱著孩子餵奶呢」，這種「VP1+著+VP2」式的連鎖結構偏離了漢語為「連動型語言」的基本模式。由於「著」的這些特異現象既不見於古漢語文獻，也不見於其他地區的漢語，我們便比較了中國西北民族語（蒙語、藏語、突厥語）的相應表達式，最終證實：西北漢語「著」的各種特異表現源於漢語跟西北民族語接觸引發的創新性演變，其演變機制代表了語言接觸性演變的一種新模式「妥協性創新」。簡言之，兩種語言如果類型迥異，在接觸中就偏向創造一種「各讓一步、達到雙贏」的新形式。

Keywords: 助詞「著」, 西北漢語, 非完整體, 連鎖結構, 語言接觸, 妥協性創新
Article outline
  • 1.引言：西北漢語「著」的特異性
    • 1.1現象觀察
    • 1.2以往研究
  • 2.非完整體標記：功能覆蓋面廣
    • 2.1所標記的非完整體類型之廣泛性
      • 2.1.1北京話和西北漢語的「著」共享的非完整體功能
      • 2.1.2西北漢語「著」獨有的非完整體功能
    • 2.2可搭配的VP類型之多樣性及句法強制性
    • 2.3與否定詞「沒/不」共現
    • 2.4句法性質：一般性的非完整體標記
  • 3.連鎖標記：遠離漢語的句法模式
    • 3.1言說內容關係的動賓式用「著」
    • 3.2各種語義關係的連動式用「著」
    • 3.3狀中式、動趨式、使役式用「著」
    • 3.4小結
  • 4.與民族語接觸引發的演變
    • 4.1體助詞「著」的歷史來源：西北漢語的創新
    • 4.2與西北民族語的比較
  • 5.接觸性演變的新機制「妥協性創新」
    • 5.1句法位置的變異：妥協性創新
    • 5.2非完整體範疇內的「功能擴展」
    • 5.3不同語義範疇間的「功能轉移」
    • 5.4小結
  • 6.餘論：關於接觸性演變的證據
  • Acknowledgement
  • 笔记
  • List of abbreviations
  • References
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at [email protected].

Article language: Chinese

Published online: 30 May 2024
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https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00166.fan
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