Article published In:
Language and Linguistics: Online-First ArticlesA typology of alternative questions in Chinese and other East Asian languages
This paper presents a typological study of the coding strategies of alternative questions (AQs) in Chinese and its
linguistic neighbours in Asia. An AQ is a type of question in which the speaker asks the hearer to decide which of two or more
alternatives holds. Previous studies have noted that some languages use a general disjunctive conjunction to connect the
alternatives while others use an AQ-dedicated conjunction, like haishi
還是 in Mandarin. Our investigation finds that this latter kind of
conjunction is preferred in southern varieties of Chinese, while some northern Chinese dialects tend to drop the conjunction and
add a modal particle to each alternative. The divergence reflects a more general picture of AQ-type distribution across and beyond
East Asia, where languages in the north and the west with OV order prefer to add a question marker to each alternative without
using conjunctions, while languages in the east and the south with VO order prefer to use a conjunction and allow the items to be
non-question-marked. In the transition zone from OV to VO, two atypical AQ types emerge in Sinitic languages. One type uses modal
particles or the copula verb shi
是 as the connector; the other type simply juxtaposes the alternatives without any marking, or adds a modal
particle or shi
是 to each
option. With data from and beyond East Asian languages, we argue that many of the AQ-dedicated conjunctions developed from
non-assertion markers in the sentence-initial position, which is more likely to happen in VO languages.
Keywords: alternative question, disjunction, typology, Sinitic languages
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Alternative questions in Sinitic languages
- 2.1The implicitly-connecting strategy
- 2.2The explicitly-connecting strategy
- 2.2.1Conjunctions as the connector
- 2.2.2Modal particles as the connector
- 2.2.3Copula verb shi 是 as the connector
- 2.3The distribution of alternative question types in Sinitic languages
- 3.Alternative questions in broader East Asian languages
- 3.1Alternative question types in broader East Asian languages
- 3.2The typological distribution of AQ types in East Asian languages
- 4.Towards an explanation of the typology
- 4.1Why can AQs have diverse forms of expression?
- 4.2Question-aimed conjunction or connective-function question marker?
- 5.Conclusion
- Notes
- Abbreviations
-
References
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.
For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at [email protected].
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