Cover not available
Article published In:
Language, Interaction and Acquisition
Vol. 7:2 (2016) ► pp.238–274

Mélanges interpropositionnels chez les enfants bilingues franco-allemands

Est-ce vraiment du code-switching ?

| Wuppertal University

The literature on the mixing of two languages in children bilingual from birth distinguishes code switching on different levels, switching within the same sentence or utterance (‘intra-sentential switching’, ‘intra-utterance switching’ following Genesee, Boivin & Nicoladis, 1996 : 428–429) and mixing between sentences or utterances in the same conversation (‘inter-sentential switching’, ‘inter-utterance switching’). This article presents a longitudinal study on inter-sentential switching, still rarely investigated, in four bilingual French-German children between the age of two and four years. The main goal is to detect the characteristics of such switching, to increase our understanding as to whether they are comparable to intra-sentential switching in terms of frequency and motivation. Inter-sentential switching is much more frequent than intra-sentential switching. Analysis of the data shows that inter-sentential switching is frequent in the weaker language of children classified as imbalanced bilinguals during the study. In contrast, inter-sentential switching is nearly absent in children who are balanced bilinguals. Results also show that inter-sentential switching does not generally follow the characteristics of code-switching, but rather depends on emotional and cognitive factors.

Keywords: code-switching, genre grammatical, mélange interphrastique, bilinguisme précoce, bilinguisme (non)-équilibré

Article language: French

Published online: 21 February 2017
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/lia.7.2.04sch
References
Abdelilah-Bauer, B
(2006) Le défi des enfants bilingues. Grandir et vivre en parlant plusieurs langues. Paris: Éditions La Découverte.Google Scholar
Akoda, M
(2009a) Rahmenbedingungen für Kinder in gemischtsprachigen Familien: eine Fragebogenstudie. Mémoire de maîtrise, Bergische Universität Wuppertal.Google Scholar
(2009b) Rahmenbedingungen für Kinder in gemischtsprachigen Familien: eine Fragebogenstudie. Manuscrit non publié, Bergische Universität Wuppertal.Google Scholar
Arencibia Guerra, L
(2008) Sprachdominanz bei bilingualen Kindern mit Deutsch und Französisch, Italienisch oder Spanisch als Erstsprachen. Thèse de doctorat, Bergische Universität Wuppertal.Google Scholar
Arencibia Guerra, L., & Müller, N
(2009) Code-switching bei bilingualen Kindern. In C. Röhner, C. Henrichwark, & M. Hopf (Eds.), Europäisierung der Bildung — Konsequenzen und Herausforderungen für die Grundschulpädagogik (pp. 103–107). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.Google Scholar
Arias, J., Quintana, N., Rakow, R., & Rieckborn, S
(2005) Sprachdominanz: Konzepte und Kriterien. Manuscrit., Université d’Hambourg.Google Scholar
Auer, P
(1986) Kontextualisierung. Studium Linguistik, 191, 22–47.Google Scholar
(1999) From code-switching via language mixing to fused lects: Toward a dynamic typology of bilingual speech. International Journal of Bilingualism, 3(4), 309–332. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bentahila, A. & Davies, E.E
(1983) The syntax of Arabic-French code-switching. Lingua, 591, 301–330. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Berk-Seligson, S
(1986) Linguistic constraints on intra-sentential code-switching: A study of Spanish/Hebrew bilingualism. Language in Society, 151, 313–348. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bernardini P., & Schlyter, S
(2004) Growing syntactic structure and code-mixing in the weaker language: The Ivy Hypothesis. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 71, 49–69. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bialystok, E
(2007) Cognitive effects of bilingualism: How linguistic experience leads to cognitive change. The International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 10(3), 210–224. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Birdsong, D
(2014) Dominance and age in bilingualism. Applied Linguistics, 35(4), 374–392. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Brown, R
(1973) A first language: The early stages. Cambridge, MA: Havard University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cantone, K.F
(2007) Code-switching in bilingual children. Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar
Cantone, K.F., Kupisch, T., Müller, N. & Schmitz, K
(2008) Rethinking language dominance in bilingual children. Linguistische Berichte, 2151, 307–343.Google Scholar
Cantone, K.F., & Müller, N
(2005) Code-switching at the interface of language-specific lexicons and the computational system. International Journal of Bilingualism, 9(2), 205–225. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2008) Un nase or una nase? What gender marking within switched DPs reveals about the architecture of the bilingual language faculty. Lingua, 1181, 810–826. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chini, M
(1998) Genuserwerb des Italienischen durch deutsche Lerner. In H. Wegener (Ed.), Eine zweite Sprache lernen: Empirische Untersuchungen zum Zweitspracherwerb (pp. 39–58). Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
Cordes, J
(2002) Zum unausgewogenen doppelten Erstspracherwerb eines deutsch-französisch aufwachsenden Kindes. Mémoire de maîtrise. Universität Hamburg.Google Scholar
De Houwer, A
(1990) The acquisition of two languages from birth: A case study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Döpke, S
(1992) One parent one language. An interactional approach. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2000) The interplay between language-specific development and cross-linguistic influence. In S. Döpke (Ed.), Cross-linguistic structures in simultaneous bilingualism (pp. 79–103). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Eichler, N
(2011) Code-Switching bei bilingual aufwachsenden Kindern. Eine Analyse der gemischtsprachlichen Nominalphrasen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Genus. Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
Eichler, N., Hager, M., & Müller, N
(2012) Code-switching within the DP and gender assignment in bilingual children: French, Italian, Spanish and German. Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur, 122(3), 227–258.Google Scholar
Eichler, N., Jansen, V., & Müller, N
(2013) Gender in French-German, Italian-German, Spanish-German and Italian-French children. International Journal of Bilingualism, 17(5), 550–572. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ezeizabarrena, M.-J., & Aeby, S
(2010) Les phénomènes de code-switching dans les conversations adulte-enfant(s) en basque-espagnol: Une approche syntaxique. Corpus, 91, 53–80.Google Scholar
Gawlitzek-Maiwald, I., & Tracy, R
(1996) Bilingual Bootstrapping. Linguistics, 341, 901–926. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Genesee, F
(1989) Early bilingual development: One language or two? Journal of Child Language, 161, 161–179. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Genesee, F., Boivin, I., & Nicoladis, E
(1996) Talking to strangers: A study of bilingual children’s communicative competence. Applied Psycholinguistics, 171, 427–442. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Genesee. F., Nicoladis, E., & Paradis, J
(1995) Language differentiation in early bilingual development. Journal of Child Language, 221, 611–631. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Goodz, N.S
(1994) Interactions between parents and children in bilingual families. In F. Genesee (Ed.), Educating second language children (pp. 61–81). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Grosjean, F
2001 The bilingual’s language modes. In J. Nichol (Ed.), One mind, two languages: Bilingual language processing (pp. 1–22). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
(2010) Bilingual: Life and reality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gumperz, J.J
(1982) Discourse strategies. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hager, M
(2014) Der Genuserwerb bei mehrsprachig aufwachsenden Kindern - Eine longitudinale Untersuchung bilingualer und trilingualer Kinder der Sprachenkombinationen deutsch-französisch/italienisch/spanisch, französisch-italienisch/spanisch und deutsch-spanisch-katalanisch. Thèse de doctorat. Bergische Universität Wuppertal. Retrived from [URL]Google Scholar
Harris, J.W
(1991) The exponence of gender in Spanish. Linguistic Inquiry, 221, 27–62.Google Scholar
Hauser-Grüdl, N., Arencibia Guerra, L., Witzmann, F., Leray, E., & Müller, N
(2010) Cross-linguistic influence in bilingual children: can input frequency account for it? Lingua, 1201, 2638–2650. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jansen, V., Müller, J., & Müller, N
(2012) Code-switching between an OV and a VO language: Evidence from German-Italian, German-French and German-Spanish children. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 21, 337–378. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kielhöfer, B., & Jonekeit, S
(1983) Zweisprachige Kindererziehung. Tübingen: Stauffenburg.Google Scholar
Köpcke, K.-M
(1982) Untersuchungen zum Genussystem der deutschen Gegenwartssprache. Tübingen: Niemeyer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1983) Die kognitive Organisation der Genuszuweisung zu den einsilbigen Nomen der deutschen Gegenwartssprache. Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik, 111, 166–182. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kupisch, T
(2008) Dominance, mixing, and cross-linguistic influence: On their relation in bilingual development. In P. Guijarro-Fuentes, P. Larrañaga, & J. Clibbens (Eds.), First language acquisition of morphology and syntax: Perspectives across languages and learners (pp. 209–234). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lanza, E
(1992) Can bilingual two-year-olds code-switch? Journal of Child Language, 191, 633–658. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1997) Language mixing in infant bilingualism: A sociolinguistic perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lindholm, K.J., & Padilla, A.M
(1978) Language mixing in bilingual children. Journal of Child Language, 51, 327–335. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
MacSwan, J
(2000) The architecture of the bilingual language faculty: evidence from intrasentential code switching. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 3(1), 37–54. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Markmann, J
(2013) Mögliche Auswirkungen des Geschlechts auf gemischtsprachliche Äußerungen von bilingualen Kindern mit einer romanischen Sprache als Erstsprache. Mémoire de bachelor. Bergische Universität Wuppertal.Google Scholar
McClure, E
(1977) Aspects of code-switching in the discourse of bilingual Mexican-American children. Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics, 19771, 93–115.Google Scholar
Meisel, J.M
(1989) Early differentiation of languages in bilingual children. In K. Hyltenstam & L. Obler (Eds.), Bilingualism across the lifespan: Aspects of acquisition, maturity, and loss (pp. 13–40). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1994) Code-switching in young bilingual children. The acquisition of grammatical constraints. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 161, 413–439. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Müller, N
(1987) Der Genuserwerb im Französischen und Deutschen: Eine empirische Untersuchung eines bilingualen Kindes. Mémoire de maîtrise. Université d’Hambourg.Google Scholar
Müller, N., Arnaus Gil, L., Eichler, N., Geveler, J., Hager, M., Jansen, V., Patuto, M., Repetto, V., & Schmeißer, A
(2015) Code-switching: Spanisch, Italienisch, Französisch. Eine Einführung. Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
Müller, N., & Cantone, K.F
(2009) Language mixing in young bilingual children: Code-switching? In B.E. Bullock & A.J. Toribio (Eds.), The handbook of code-switching (pp. 199–220). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Müller, N., Cantone, K.F., Kupisch, T., & Schmitz, K
(2002) Zum Spracheneinfluss im bilingualen Erstspracherwerb: Italienisch – Deutsch. Linguistische Berichte, 1901, 157–206.Google Scholar
Müller, N., & Kupisch, T
(2003) Zum simultanen Erwerb des Deutschen und Französischen bei (un)ausgeglichen bilingualen Kindern. Vox Romanica, 621, 145–169.Google Scholar
Müller, N., Kupisch, T., Schmitz, L., & Cantone, K.F
(2011) Einführung in die Mehrsprachigkeitsforschung: Französisch, Italienisch. Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
Patuto, M., Hager, M., Arnaus Gil, L., Eichler, N., Jansen, V., Schmeißer, A., & Müller, N
(2014) Child-external and -internal factors in bilingual code-switching: Spanish, Italian, French and German. In A. Koll-Stobbe & S. Knospe (Eds.), Language contact around the globe. Proceedings of the LCTG3 conference (pp. 191–209). Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Petersen, J
(1988) Word-internal code-switching constraints in a bilingual child’s grammar. Linguistics, 261, 479–493. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Poplack S
(1980) Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish Y TERMINO EN ESPAÑOL: toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics, 181, 581–618. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pruden, S., Hirsh‑Pasek, K., & Michnick Golinkoff, R
(2006) The social dimension in language development: A rich history and a new frontier. In P. Marshall & N. Fox (Eds.), The development of social engagement: Neurobiological perspectives (pp. 118–152). Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Redlinger, W., & Park, T
(1980) Language mixing in young bilinguals. Journal of Child Language, 71, 337–352. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ronjat, J
(1913) Le développement du langage observé chez un enfant bilingue. Paris: Champions.Google Scholar
Schlyter, S
(1993) The weaker language in bilingual Swedish-French children. In K. Hyltenstam & A. Viberg (Eds.), Progression and regression in language: Sociocultural, neuropsychological and linguistic perspectives (pp. 289–308). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
(1999) Évolution des types de mélanges entre deux et quatre ans chez quelques enfants bilingues. In V. Castellotti & D. Moore (Eds.), Cahiers du Français Contemporain: Alternance des langues et construction de savoirs (pp. 117–136). Fontenay-aux-Roses: ENS Éditions.Google Scholar
Schmeißer, A., Hager, M., Arnaus Gil, L., Jansen, V., Geveler, J., Eichler, N., Patuto, M., & Müller, N
(2016) Related but different: The two concepts of language dominance and language proficiency. In C. Silva-Corvalán & J. Treffers-Daller (Eds.), Language dominance in bilinguals: Issues of operationalization and measurement (pp. 36–65). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Séguin, H
(1969) Les marques du genre dans le lexique du français écrit contemporain : Compilation des cas et essai de classement. Mémoire de D.E.S., University de Montréal.Google Scholar
Sivakumar, A
(2015) Soziolinguistische Faktoren des Code-switching : Eine empirische Untersuchung von mit Deutsch und Spanisch aufwachsenden Kindern in Bonn und Madrid. Mémoire de bachelor. Bergische Universität Wuppertal.Google Scholar
Thordardottir, E
(2011) The relationship between bilingual exposure and vocabulary development. International Journal of Bilingualism, 15(4), 426–445. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tucker, G.R., Lambert, W.E., & Rigault, A.A
(1977) The French speaker’s skill with grammatical gender: An example of rule-governed behavior. The Hague: Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Volterra, V., & Taeschner, T
(1978) The acquisition and development of language by bilingual children. Journal of Child Language, 51, 311–326. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cited by

Cited by 5 other publications

Arnaus Gil, Laia & Amelia Jiménez-Gaspar
2022. The Role of Internal and External Factors for Code-Switching: A Study of Early Multilingualism in Germany with Special Reference to Catalan as a Heritage Language. Languages 7:4 ► pp. 258 ff. DOI logo
Ezeizabarrena, Maria-José & Iñaki Garcia Fernandez
2018. Length of Utterance, in Morphemes or in Words?: MLU3-w, a Reliable Measure of Language Development in Early Basque. Frontiers in Psychology 8 DOI logo
Poeste, Meike, Natascha Müller & Laia Arnaus Gil
2019. Code-mixing and language dominance: bilingual, trilingual and multilingual children compared. International Journal of Multilingualism 16:4 ► pp. 459 ff. DOI logo
Scalise, Elena, Johanna Stahnke & Natascha Müller
2021. Parameter setting and acceleration. Language, Interaction and Acquisition 12:1 ► pp. 157 ff. DOI logo
Sivakumar, Abira, Natascha Müller & Laia Arnaus Gil
2020. Code-Mixing in the Weak Language: A Case Study of the Simultaneous Acquisition of French, Italian and Spanish. In New Trends in Language Acquisition Within the Generative Perspective [Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics, 49], ► pp. 165 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 3 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.