A multimodal approach to reformulation
Contrastive study of French and French Belgian Sign Language through the productions of speakers, signers and interpreters
Reformulation is remarkably frequent in discourse and has been the subject of much work in spoken languages, both on written and oral data. Because of its metalinguistic nature, combined with its general aim of clarifying an expression, the act of reformulation offers a window to the way speakers process and adjust their expression in discourse. However, to date, the study of reformulation has hardly taken into account the now increasingly recognized multimodal and semiotically composite nature of language. This study aims to revisit the notion of reformulation from a multimodal perspective by comparing the use and semiotic composition of reformulations in the discourse of speakers and signers, as well as in the productions of interpreters. In doing so, we lay the foundations for a comparative study of discourse in signed and spoken language that accounts for the multimodality and semiotic complexity of language practices in different human ecologies.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Reformulation
- 2.1Reformulation, paraphrase and markers
- 2.2Reformulation, description and depiction
- 3.Methodology
- 3.1Data
- 3.2Working definition of reformulation
- 3.3Annotation scheme
- 4.Results
- 4.1Use of reformulations in French, in LSFB and in interpreted data
- 4.2Reformulation markers
- 4.2.1LSFB
- 4.2.2French
- 4.2.3Interpreters
- 4.3Types of reformulations: Source and responsibility
- 4.3.1Self- and other-reformulations
- 4.3.2Interlingual and intralingual reformulations
- 4.4Semiotic modes and articulators used in reformulation structures
- 4.4.1LSFB
- 4.4.2French
- 4.4.3Interpreters
- 5.Discussion
- 6.Conclusions
- Notes
-
References
References (39)
Blakemore, D.
1993 The Relevance of Reformulations.
Language and Literature 2(2): 101–120.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Briz, A.
2001 El uso de o sea en la conversacion. In
Lingüística con Corpus. Catorce aplicaciones sobre el español,
J. De Kock (ed.), 287–318. Salamanca: Ediciones de la Universidad de Salamanca.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Capirci, O., Bonsignori, C. and Di Renzo, A.
2022 Signed Languages: A Triangular Semiotic Dimension.
Frontiers in Psychology 12(802911): 1–15.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Clark, H. H.
1996 Using Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cuenca, M. J.
2003 Two Ways to Reformulate: A Contrastive Analysis of Reformulation Markers.
Journal of Pragmatics 341: 1069–1093.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cuenca, M. J. and Bach, C.
2007 Contrasting the Form and Use of Reformulation Markers.
Discourse Studies 9(2): 149–175.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cuxac, C.
2007 Une manière de reformuler en langue des signes française.
La linguistique 431: 117–128.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Enfield, N. J.
2009 The Anatomy of Meaning: Speech, Gesture, and Composite Utterances. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Eshkol-Taravella, I. and Grabar, N.
2018 Reformulations: de l’étude outillée dans les corpus disponibles vers leur détection automatique.
Langages (4): 5–16.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ferrara, L. and Hodge, G.
2018 Language as Description, Indication, and Depiction.
Frontiers in Psychology 9(716):1–15.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gabarró-López, S.
2018 CorMILS: Pilot Multimodal Corpus of French ― French Belgian Sign Language (LSFB) Interpreters. Institutionen för lingvistik, Stockholms universitet, Sweden, and LSFB-Lab, Université de Namur, Belgium.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gonçalves, M. A. and Valentim, H.
2017 Marqueurs discursifs et reformulation en portugais.
Pragmalingüística 11: 18–33.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gülich, E. and Kotschi, T.
1983 Les marqueurs de la reformulation paraphrastique. In
Cahiers de linguistique française: Vol. 5. Connecteurs pragmatiques et structure du discours; actes du 2ème Colloque de Pragmatique de Genève (7–9 mars 1983),
J. Moeschler (ed.), 305–351. Genève: Université de Genève.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hodge, G. and Ferrara, L.
2014 Showing the Story: Enactment as Performance in Auslan Narratives. In
Selected Papers from the 44th conference of the Australian Linguistic Society,
L. Gawne and
J. Vaughan (eds), 372–397. Melbourne: University of Melbourne.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Holmström, I. and Schönström, K.
2018 Deaf Lecturers’ Translanguaging in a Higher Education Setting. A Multimodal Multilingual Perspective.
Applied Linguistics Review 9(1): 90–111.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kendon, A.
2014 Gesture. Visible Action as Utterance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ladd, P.
2003 Understanding Deaf Culture: In Search of Deafhood. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Martinot, C.
2010 Reformulation et acquisition de la complexité linguistique.
Travaux de linguistique (2): 63–96.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Metzger, M.
1995 Constructed Dialogue and Constructed Action in American Sign Language. In
Sociolinguistics in Deaf Communities,
C. Lucas (ed.), 255–271. Washington: Gallaudet University Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Meurant, L.
2015 Corpus LSFB. First Digital Open Access Corpus of Movies and Annotations of French Belgian Sign Language (LSFB). University of Namur, LSFB-Lab. Available at
[URL]
Meurant, L. and Sinte, A.
2016 La reformulation en langue des signes de Belgique francophone (LSFB). Narration, explication, conversation.
L’Information grammaticale 1491: 32–44.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Meurant, L., Lepeut, A., Tavier, A., Gabarró-López, S. and Sinte, A.
ongoing.
The Multimodal FRAPé Corpus: Towards Building a Comparable LSFB and Belgian French Corpus. University of Namur: Laboratory of French Belgian Sign Language (LSFB-Lab).
Murillo, S.
2016 Sobre la reformulación y sus marcadores.
Cuadernos AISPI: Estudios de lenguas y literaturas hispánicas 81: 237–258.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Notarrigo, I.
2017 Marqueurs de (dis)fluence en langue des signes de Belgique francophone. PhD Thesis, University of Namur.
Pierce, C. S.
1955 Philosophical Writings of Peirce. Dover: Justus Buchler.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Pons Bordería, S.
2013 Un solo tipo de reformulación.
Cuadernos AISPI: Estudios de lenguas y literaturas hispánicas 21: 151–169.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Quinto-Pozos, D. and Reynolds, W.
2012 ASL Discourse Strategies: Chaining and Connecting-Explaining across Audiences.
Sign Language Studies 12(2): 41–65.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rabatel, A.
2007 Répétitions et reformulations dans L’Exode: coénonciation entre Dieu, ses représentants et le narrateur. In
Usages et analyses de la reformulation. Recherches linguistiques,
M. Kara (ed.), 75–96. Metz: Université de Metz.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rabatel, A.
2010 Les reformulations pluri-sémiotiques en contexte de formation. Besançon: Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rossari, C.
1994 Les opérations de reformulation: analyse du processus et des marques dans une perspective contrastive français-italien. Berne: Lang.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Roulet, E.
1987 Complétude interactive et connecteurs reformulatifs.
Cahiers de linguistique française 81: 111–140.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Schegloff, E., Jefferson, G. and Sacks, H.
1977 The Preference for Self-Correction in the Organization of Repair in Conversation.
Language 53(2): 361–382.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Steuckardt, A.
2009 Décrire la reformulation: le paramètre rhétorique.
Cahiers de praxématique 521: 159–172.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Tannen, D.
1989 Talking Voices: Repetition, Dialogue, and Imagery in Conversational Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Tsuchiya, K. and Handford, M.
2014 A Corpus-Driven Analysis of Repair in a Professional ELF Meeting: Not ‘letting it pass’.
Journal of Pragmatics 641: 117–131.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ursi, B., Etienne, C., Oloff, F., Mondada, L. and Traverso, V.
2018 Diversité des répétitions et des reformulations dans les interactions orales : défis analytiques et conception d’un outil de détection automatique.
Langages 2121: 87–104.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Vandenitte, S.
2021 Construire l’action pour rendre les référents visibles en LSFB. Une étude pilote des mouvemets corporels dépictifs.
Travaux du Cercle belge de linguistique. Available at
[URL]
Wittenburg, P., Brugman, H., Russel, A., Klassmann, A. and Sloetjes, H.
2006 ELAN: A Professional Framework for Multimodality Research.
Proceedings of Fifth International Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC 2006). Genoa, Italy, 24–26 May 2006. European Language Resources Association. 1556–1559.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Woroch, J.
2010 La reformulation comme fondement de l’interprétation de conference. PhD Thesis, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu.
Cited by (1)
Cited by 1 other publications
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 5 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.