A famous element in Singapore’s food culture is the hawker centre, consisting of a large collection of individually-run stalls
selling various kinds of foods and drinks. These centres, which dot the island and its public housing estates, were built on
government initiative beginning in the 1970s, with the prime objective of sedentarising the large number of erstwhile itinerant
street hawkers, based on a discourse of promoting ‘cleanliness’ inherent to the entire nation-building narrative of the country.
The sedentarised hawkers, now divorced from their earlier way of life and often from their earlier neighbourhoods, had to start
naming their businesses overtly. Some did so by including references to the geographical location of their earlier area of street
hawking. The linguistic landscape of stall signboards in a hawker centre exhibits various attempts to come to terms with this
immobilised itineracy.
Bennet, E. (2014). Public must accept rise in hawker food prices. The Straits Times, 15 August 2014. [URL]
Ben-Rafael, E., Shohamy, E., Amara, M. H., & Trumper-Hecht, N. (2006). Linguistic land- scape as symbolic construction of the public space: The case of Israel. In D. Gorter (Ed.), Linguistic landscape Linguistic landscape: A new approach to multilingualism, (pp. 7–27). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Bletzer, K. V. (2003). Latino naming practices of small-town businesses in rural Southern Florida. Ethnology, 42(3), 209–235.
Blommaert, J. (2013). Ethnography, superdiversity, and linguistic landscapes: Chronicles of complexity. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Chow, J. (2015). An emotional ode and a celebration of Our Singapore. Asia One 10 July 2015, retrieved 26 February 2018 from [URL]
Chua, B. H. (2016). Taking the street out of street food. In L. Kong & V. Sinha (Eds.), Food, foodways and foodscapes: Culture, community and consumption in post-colonial Singapore, (pp. 23–40). Singapore: World Scientific.
Davies, G. (1992). The two ways in which retailers can be brands. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 20(2), 24–34.
Duruz, J. (2016). The taste of retro: Nostalgia, sensory landscapes, and cosmopolitanism in Singapore. In L. Kong & V. Sinha (Eds.), Food, foodways and foodscapes: Culture, community and consumption in post-colonial Singapore, (pp. 133–158). Singapore: World Scientific.
Edmond, L. J. (2017). An evolving mainstream: A linguistic landscapes analysis of migration and assimilation in Cary, NC. Second Language Studies, 35(2), 31–64.
Gentile, D. (2015). All restaurants use these 22 name stereotypes. Thrillist 19 February 2015, retrieved 7 February 2018 from [URL]
Ghani, A. (2011). Success matters: How Singapore hawker centres came to be. IPS Update, May 2011.
Gordin, V., Trabskaya, J., & Zelenskaya, E. (2016). The role of hotel restaurants in gastronomic place branding. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 10(1), 81–90.
Gorter, D. (2016). Revitalization of a minority language in a multilingual context: changing linguistic landscapes. Paper presented at the 8th Linguistic Landscapes Workshop, University of Manchester.
Gupta, A. F. (1994). The step-tongue: Children’s English in Singapore. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Hart, D. M., & Rogerson, C. M. (1989). Hawkers in South Africa’s small urban centres: Planning and policy. Development Southern Africa, 6(3), 295–310.
Health Promotion Board. (2010). Report of the National nutrition survey 2010. Health Promotion Board, Singapore. [URL]
Johorkaki. 2018. Hill Street Fried Kway Teow in Chinatown Complex Food Centre 禧街炒粿条. Johor Kaki Food Travel 1 March 2018, retrieved 4 March 2018 from [URL]
Khanna, R. (2012). Singapore’s hawker stalls. Passage, May/June 2012, 11.
Kong, L. (2007). Singapore hawker centres: People, places, food. Singapore: National Environment Agency.
Kong, L. & Sinha, V. (Eds.). (2016). Food, foodways and foodscapes: Culture, community and consumption in post-colonial Singapore. Singapore: World Scientific.
Leow, G. (2016). Hawker Guide: Ghim Moh Market and Food Centre. Hungry Go Where 11 May 2016, retrieved 6 April 2018 from [URL]
Lou, J. J. (2007). Revitalizing Chinatown into a heterotopia: A geosemiotic analysis of shop signs in Washington, DC’s Chinatown. Space and Culture, 10(2), 145–169.
Lu, T., Wu, N., & Luo, P. (2009). Sedentarisation of Tibetan nomads. Conservation Biology, 23(5), 1074.
MacGregor, L. (2003). The language of shop signs in Tokyo. English Today, 19(1), 18–23.
Mathur, N. (2014). The Street Vendors Bill: Opportunities and challenges. Economic and Political Weekly, 49(10).
Mealey, J. (2017). Choosing a restaurant name: Tips for naming a restaurant. The Balance 14 July 2017, retrieved 7 February 2018 from [URL]
Muller, C. (1998). Endorsed branding: The next step in restaurant-brand management. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 39(3), 90–96.
OSU, Overseas Singaporean Unit. (2017). Singapore Day. Overseas Singaporean Unit website 23 August 2017, retrieved 26 February 2018 from [URL]
Pavlenko, A. (2010). Linguistic landscape of Kyiv, Ukraine: A diachronic study. In E. Shohamy, E. Ben-Rafael, & M. Barni (Eds.), Linguistic landscape in the city, (pp. 133–152). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Peck, A., & Banda, F. (2014). Observatory’s linguistic landscape: Semiotic appropriation and the reinvention of space. Social Semiotics, 24(3), 302–323.
Ptackova, J. (2011). Sedentarisation of Tibetan nomads in China: Implementation of the Nomadic settlement project in the Tibetan Amdo area, Qinghai and Sichuan Provinces. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice, 1(4), 1–11.
Schlick, M. (2003). The English of shop signs in Europe. English Today, 19(1), 3–17.
Scollon, R., & Wong Scollon, S. (2003). Discourses in place: Language in the material world. London: Routledge.
Seetoh, K. F. (2013). Our hawker centres – a UNESCO world heritage cultural icon. World Streetfood Congress 2013 Street food stories, retrieved 7 February 2018 from [URL]
Sinha, V. (2016). Mapping Singapore’s culinary landscape: Is anyone cooking? In L. Kong & V. Sinha (Eds.), Food, foodways and foodscapes: Culture, community and consumption in post-colonial Singapore, (pp. 159–184). Singapore: World Scientific.
Szala, J. (2017). The new rules for naming your restaurant. QSR January 2017, retrieved 7 February 2018 from [URL]
Tan, D. G. L. (1993). Values, nation building and control: The Singapore mass media in the next lap. Unpublished MA thesis, Edith Cowan University, Perth.
Tan, X. R. A. (2016). Bloggers, critics and photographers in the mediation of food consumption. In L. Kong & V. Sinha (Eds.), Food, foodways and foodscapes: Culture, community and consumption in post-colonial Singapore, (pp. 185–207). Singapore: World Scientific.
Thio, K. L. (1963). A study of twenty Singapore hawkers. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Malaya, Singapore.
Turnbull, C. M. (1996). A history of Singapore: 1819-1988. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 3rd edition.
VisitSingapore.com. (2018). Eat & Drink. [URL] 2018, retrieved 26 February 2018 from [URL]
Wee Sile, A. (2016). Singapore’s hawker stall families balance tradition, innovation to maintain food heritage. CNBC.com 20 June 2016, retrieved 25 February 2018 from [URL]
Wong, D. C. (1996). A theory of petty trading: The Jamaican higgler. The Economic Journal, 106(435), 507–518.
Wong, S. (2016). 9 hawker centres in land-scarce S’pore demolished to make way for something else. Mothership.sg 9 April 2016, retrieved 4 March 2018 from [URL]
Wu, Q. H. [吴庆辉]. (2014-08-27). 皇家山脚水仙门. 联合晚报. Retrieved 4 March 2018 from [URL]
Cited by (8)
Cited by eight other publications
Yan, Xi
2024. A study of the commodification of multilingualism in four cafés in China. Chinese Semiotic Studies 20:1 ► pp. 39 ff.
Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong, Mie Hiramoto, Jakob R. E. Leimgruber & Jun Jie Lim
2023. The Corpus of Singapore English Messages (CoSEM). World Englishes 42:2 ► pp. 371 ff.
Lim, Shaun Tyan Gin & Francesco Perono Cacciafoco
2023. What Is Your Legacy? A Pilot Study of Naming Practices of Legacy Hawker Stalls in a Singaporean Hawker Center. Social Sciences 12:6 ► pp. 341 ff.
Leimgruber, Jakob R. E. & Víctor Fernández-Mallat
2021. Language attitudes and identity building in the linguistic landscape of Montreal. Open Linguistics 7:1 ► pp. 406 ff.
Starks, Donna & Nhan Phan
2021. An exploration of stasis and change: a park in the Old Quarter Hanoi as a palimpsest. Social Semiotics 31:4 ► pp. 550 ff.
Bolton, Kingsley, Werner Botha & Siu‐Lun Lee
2020. English in Asian Linguistic Landscapes. In The Handbook of Asian Englishes, ► pp. 833 ff.
2019. Linguistic Landscape and Authenticity in a Japanese Supermarket in Singapore. Open Linguistics 5:1 ► pp. 532 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 24 october 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.