In this chapter I reflect on the contributions to this volume with respect to two guiding criteria: Relevance to classroom applications and Advantages and challenges of methodology. I examine the goals, focus, and research questions investigated in the descriptive, quasi-experimental and experimental studies presented in this collection. I analyze their methodological characteristics in terms of cost, ethics, participant availability, experimental control, teacher collaboration, student motivation, and generalizability. I argue that all the ISLA studies presented in this volume are relevant to L2 pedagogy. Echoing the words of the editors, I also argue that placing experimental and descriptive research into a dichotomous relationship where the former is characterized as not relevant to the classroom and the latter as lacking validity is problematic. Such a categorization fails to acknowledge the different purposes of both types of research and the different contributions each can make to L2 pedagogy.
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