Cover not available
Article published In:
Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
Vol. 38:1 (2015) ► pp.124–162

Strata of standardization

The Phong Nha dialect of Vietnamese (Quảng Bình Province) in historical perspective

| International Research Institute MICA (CNRS — Hanoi University of Science and Technology — Grenoble INP), Vietnam
| CNRS, France (retired)
| Department of Linguistics, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
The present research, based on first-hand data, is intended as a contribution to the study of the present-day diversity of lesser-described Vietnamese dialects, and of the range of evolutionary paths to which they testify. The Vietnamese dialect of the hamlet of Phong Nha (commune of Sơn Trạch, county of Bố Trạch, Quảng Bình) is one of the “heterodox” dialects of Vietnamese, which are known to present considerable interest for the historical study of Vietnamese and of the Vietic group at large. These dialects are the product of the southerly expansion of Vietnamese over related (Vietic) languages, a process which involved various interferences. Comparative evidence reveals strata of standardization: some words are phonologically identical to Standard Vietnamese; others are of Southern Vietic stock, as demonstrated by the absence of telltale historical changes that took place in Vietnamese, such as the spirantization of medial stops; still others appear to be the result of hybridization.
Keywords: diphthongization, vowel systems, Vietnamese, historical phonology, dialectology, spirantization, Vietic languages, Qung Bình
Published online: 10 July 2015
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/ltba.38.1.04mic
References (68)
Alves, Mark. 2007. A look at North-Central Vietnamese. In SEALS XII: Papers from the 12th meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (2002), Ratree Wayland, John Hartmann & Paul Sidwell (eds), 1–7. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Alves, Mark & Nguyễn Duy Hương. 2007. Notes on Thanh-Chương Vietnamese in Nghệ-An Province. In SEALS VIII: Papers from the 8th meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (1998), Mark Alves, Paul Sidwell & David Gil (eds),1–9. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Banens, Maks. 2000. Vietnam: A Reconstitution of its 20th Century Population History. Tokyo: Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University. <[URL]>Google Scholar
Brunelle, Marc. 2003. Tone coarticulation in Northern Vietnamese. Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences , 2673–2676. Barcelona.
. 2009. Northern and Southern Vietnamese tone coarticulation: A comparative case study. Journal of Southeast Asian Linguistics 11: 49–62.Google Scholar
Cadière, Léopold. 1902. Phonétique annamite (dialecte du Haut-Annam) [Annamese phonetics (Haut-Annam dialect)] [Publications de l’Ecole Française d’Extrême-Orient III]. Paris: Ernest Leroux.Google Scholar
Cao Xuân Hạo. 2007. Thêm mấy giải pháp âm vị học cho các vận mẫu có nguyên âm ngắn của tiếng Việt (Additional solutions for the phonemic analysis of Vietnamese rhymes containing short vowels). Tiếng Việt: mấy vấn đề ngữ âm, ngữ pháp, ngữ nghĩa (Vietnamese: Issues of Phonetics, Grammar and Semantics), 103–115. T.P. Hồ Chí Minh: NXB Giáo dục.Google Scholar
Dixon, Robert M.W. 2007. Field linguistics: A minor manual. Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 60(1): 12–31.Google Scholar
Emeneau, Murray Barnson. 1951. Studies in Vietnamese (Annamese) Grammar. (University of California Publications in Linguistics). Berkeley CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ferlus, Michel. In preparation. Proto-Viet-Muong (Proto-Vietic).
. 1979. Formation des registres et mutations consonantiques dans les langues mon-khmer (Development of phonation-type registers and consonant shifts in Mon-Khmer languages). Mon-Khmer Studies 81: 1–76.Google Scholar
. 1982. Spirantisation des obstruantes médiales et formation du système consonantique du vietnamien (Spirantization of medial obstruents and development of the Vietnamese consonant system). Cahiers de Linguistique - Asie Orientale 11(1): 83–106. Updated version available from <[URL]> DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 1991. Le dialecte vietnamien de Vinh. 24th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics. Ramgamhaeng University, Bangkok. <[URL]>
. 1995. Particularités du dialecte vietnamien de Cao Lao Hạ (Quảng Bình, Vietnam) (Peculiarities of the Vietnamese dialect of Cao Lao Hạ (Quảng Bình, Vietnam)). Dixièmes Journées de Linguistique d’Asie Orientale. Paris. [URL]>Google Scholar
. 1996. Langues et peuples viet-muong (Viet-Muong languages and peoples). Mon-Khmer Studies 261: 7–28.Google Scholar
. 1997a. Compte rendu d’exposé: Evolution vers le monosyllabisme dans quelques langues de l’Asie du Sud-Est (Evolution towards monosyllabism in some languages of Southeast Asia; short report on talk given at the Société de Linguistique de Paris). Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 92(1). XVII–XVIII. Full handout available from: <[URL]>Google Scholar
. 1997b. Problèmes de la formation du système vocalique du vietnamien (Issues in the development of the Vietnamese vowel system). Cahiers de linguistique - Asie Orientale 26(1): 37–51. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 1998. Les systèmes de tons dans les langues viet-muong (Tone systems in Viet-Muong languages). Diachronica 15(1): 1–27. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 1999. Les disharmonies tonales en viet-muong et leurs implications historiques (Irregular tone correspondences among Vietic languages and their historical implications). Cahiers de Linguistique - Asie Orientale 28(1): 83–99. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2001. Les hypercorrections dans le thổ de Làng Lỡ (Nghệ An, Vietnam) ou les pièges du comparatisme (Hypercorrections in the Thổ dialect of Làng Lỡ (Nghệ An, Vietnam): An example of pitfalls for comparative linguistics). Quinzièmes Journées de Linguistique de l’Asie Orientale. Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris. <[URL]>Google Scholar
. 2003. L’intérêt linguistique du Hưng Hóa Ký Lược (Monographie de la province de Hưng Hóa) de Phạm Thận Duật (The usefulness of Phạm Thận Duật’s Hưng Hóa Ký Lược (Monograph of Hưng Hóa province) for linguistic research). Dix-septièmes Journées de Linguistique de l’Asie Orientale. Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris. <[URL]>
. 2004. The Origin of Tones in Viet-Muong. In Papers from the Eleventh Annual Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 2001, Somsonge Burusphat (ed.), 297–313. Tempe AZ: Arizona State University Programme for Southeast Asian Studies Monograph Series Press.Google Scholar
. 2014. Arem, a Vietic language. Mon-Khmer Studies 431: 1–15.Google Scholar
Ge Jianxiong (葛剑雄). 1997. Zhōngguó yímín shǐ 中国移民史 (A History of Migrations in China), 6 Vols1. Fújiàn rénmín chūbǎnshè 福建人民出版社 (Fujian People’s Publishing House).Google Scholar
Gedney, William J. 1972. A checklist for determining tones in Tai dialects. In Studies in Linguistics in honor of George L. Trager, Estelle Smith (ed.), 423–437. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Gourou, Pierre. 1936. Les paysans du delta tonkinois. Etude de géographie humaine ( The Peasants of the Tonkin Delta: A Study in Human Geography ). Paris: Publications de l’Ecole Française d’Extrême-Orient.Google Scholar
Gsell, René. 1980. Remarques sur la structure de l’espace tonal en vietnamien du sud (parler de Saïgon) (Observations about the structure of the tone space in Southern Vietnamese (Saigon dialect)). Cahier d’études vietnamiennes, Département de Langues et Civilisations de l’Asie Orientale de l’Université Paris 7 4.Google Scholar
Hardy, Andrew. 2003. Red Hills: Migrants and the State in the Highlands of Vietnam. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Haudricourt, André-Georges. 1952. Les voyelles brèves du vietnamien (The short vowels of Vietnamese). Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 48(1): 90–93.Google Scholar
. 1965. Les mutations consonantiques des occlusives initiales en môn-khmer (Consonant shifts in Mon-Khmer initial stops). Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 60(1): 160–72.Google Scholar
. 1972. Two-way and three-way splitting of tonal systems in some Far Eastern languages (Translated by Christopher Court). In Tai Phonetics and Phonology, Jimmy G. Harris & Richard B. Noss (eds), 58–86. Bangkok: Central Institute of English Language, Mahidol University.Google Scholar
. 1973. La linguistique panchronique nécessaire à la linguistique comparée, science auxiliaire de la diachronie sociologique et ethnographique (On the necessity of panchronic linguistics for comparative linguistics, itself an auxiliary science of sociological-ethnographical (/anthropological) diachronic sociology). Ethnies 31: 23–26. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 1991. Compte rendu d’exposé : La monosyllabisation et l’apparentement des langues du Sud-Est asiatique (Monosyllabicization and family relationships among languages of Southeast Asia; short report on talk given at the Société de Linguistique de Paris). Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 86(1): XX–XXI.Google Scholar
Hayes, La Vaughn H. 1982. The mutation of *r in pre-Thavưng. Mon-Khmer Studies 111: 83–100.Google Scholar
. 1992. Vietic and Việt-Mường: A new subgrouping in Mon-Khmer. Mon-Khmer Studies 211: 211–228.Google Scholar
Henderson, Eugénie J.A. 1985. Feature shuffling in Southeast Asian languages. In Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies presented to André-G. Haudricourt, Suriya Ratanakul, David Thomas & Premsrirat Suwilai (eds), 1–22. Bangkok: Mahidol University.Google Scholar
Hoàng Thị Châu. 1989. Tiếng Việt trên các miền đất nước: Phương ngữ học (Vietnamese in the Various Areas of the Motherland: A Dialectological Study). Hà Nội: NXB Khoa học Xã hội.Google Scholar
. 2004. Phương ngữ học tiếng Việt (Vietnamese Dialectology). Hà Nội: NXB Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội.Google Scholar
Honda, Koichi. 2008. Tone in the Lam River Speech of North-Central Vietnamese: An Acoustically-based Multi-speaker Description and Analysis. PhD dissertation, Australian National University, Canberra.
Kirby, James. 2011. Vietnamese (Hanoi Vietnamese). Journal of the International Phonetic Association 41(3): 381–392. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kohler, Klaus J. 1979. Dimensions in the perception of fortis and lenis plosives. Phonetica 361: 332–343. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 1984. Phonetic explanation in phonology: The feature fortis/lenis. Phonetica 41(3): 150–174. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Langlet, Philippe. 1990. L’ancienne historiographie d’État au Vietnam. Raisons d’être, conditions d’élaboration et caractères au siècle des Nguyen ( State Historiography in Vietnam: Its Motivation, Conditions of Elaboration and Characteristics in the Century of the Nguyen ). Paris: École française d’Extrême-Orient.Google Scholar
Le Failler, Philippe. 2001. Le pilori des chimères. Monopole et prohibition de l’opium en Indochine (From Opium Monopoly to Opium Prohibition in Indochina). Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
. 2014. La Rivière Noire: L’intégration d’une marche frontière au Vietnam (The Black River: Integration of a Frontier Area into Vietnam). Paris: CNRS Editions. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mai Ngọc Chừ, Vũ Đức Nghiệu & Hoàng Trọng Phiến. 2005. Cơ sở ngôn ngữ học và tiếng Việt ( Essentials of General and Vietnamese Linguistics ). Hanoi: NXB Giáo dục.Google Scholar
Martinet, André. 2005. Economie des changements phonétiques : Traité de phonologie diachronique (The Economy of Phonetic Changes: A Treaty in Diachronic Phonology). Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose.Google Scholar
Martini, François. 1958. Notices bibliographiques - Langue vietnamienne: Emeneau, Studies in Vietnamese (Annamese) Grammar, et Lê Văn Lý, Le parler vietnamien [book reviews]. Bulletin de l’Ecole Française d’Extrême-Orient 491: 337–348. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Maspero, Henri. 1912. Etude sur la phonétique historique de la langue annamite: les initiales (Studies in Annamese historical phonetics: Initial consonants). Bulletin de l’Ecole Française d’Extrême-Orient 121: 1–127. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 1918. Etudes d’histoire d’Annam (A study of the history of Annam). Bulletin de l’Ecole française d’Extrême-Orient 181: 1–36. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Michailovsky, Boyd, Mazaudon, Martine, Michaud, Alexis, Guillaume, Séverine, François, Alexandre & Adamou, Evangelia. 2014. Documenting and researching endangered languages: The Pangloss Collection. Language Documentation and Conservation 81: 119–135.Google Scholar
Michaud, Alexis. 2004. Final consonants and glottalization: New perspectives from Hanoi Vietnamese. Phonetica 61(2-3): 119–146. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2012. Monosyllabicization: Patterns of evolution in Asian languages. In Monosyllables: From Phonology to Typology, Nicole Nau, Thomas Stolz & Cornelia Stroh (eds), 115–130. Berlin: Akademie Verlag. <[URL]>Google Scholar
Nguyễn Như Ý. 1999. Đại từ điển tiếng Việt (Comprehensive Vietnamese Dictionary). Hanoi: NXB văn hoá-thông tin.Google Scholar
Nguyễn Tài Cẩn. 1995. Giáo trình lịch sử ngữ âm tiếng Việt (A Course in Vietnamese Historical Phonology). Hanoi: NXB Giáo dục.Google Scholar
. 2000. Bàn thêm về hiện tượng xát hóa (Additional discussion on the phenomenon of spirantization; translated by Jim Owen). In Proceedings of: Pan-Asiatic Linguistics: The Fifth International Symposium on Languages and Linguistics 11: 170–177.Google Scholar
Nguyen, Van Chinh. 2013. Recent Chinese migration to Vietnam. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 22(1). 7–30. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Nguyễn Văn Lợi & Nguyễn Văn Mạnh. 2010. Lễ hội dân gian của người Việt ở Quảng Bình ( Folk Festivals of the Vietnamese People in Quang Binh ). Hanoi: NXB Văn hóa Dân tộc.Google Scholar
Nguyễn Văn Tài. 2005. Ngữ âm tiếng Mường qua các phương ngữ (The Phonetics of the Mường Language across its Various Dialects). Hanoi: NXB Từ điển Bách khoa.Google Scholar
Pain, Frédéric, Ferlus, Michel, Michaud, Alexis & Thu Hà Phạm. 2014. EFEO-CNRS-SOAS Word List for Linguistic Fieldwork in Southeast Asia. Hanoi: International Research Institute MICA. <[URL]>Google Scholar
Phan, John. 2012. Mường is not a subgroup: Phonological evidence for a paraphyletic taxon in the Viet-Muong sub-family. Mon-Khmer Studies 401: 1–18.Google Scholar
. 2013. Lacquered Words: The Evolution of Vietnamese under Sinitic Influences from the 1st Century BCE to the 17th Century CE. PhD dissertation Cornell University.
de Rhodes, Alexandre. 1651. Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum. Rome.Google Scholar
Shimizu, Masaaki. 2011. The order of spirantisation and voicing in the history of Vietnamese initials - Evidence from Chu Nom materials. 829–843. Hanoi, Vietnam: University of Social Sciences and Humanities, VNU.Google Scholar
Thomas, David & Headley, Robert. 1970. More on Mon-Khmer subgroupings. Lingua 251: 398–418. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Thompson, Laurence C. 1984. A Vietnamese reference grammar. Mon-Khmer Studies 13-141: 1–367.Google Scholar
Trần Trí Dõi. 2000. Nghiên cứu ngôn ngữ các dân tộc thiểu số ở Việt Nam (Linguistic Research about the Ethnic Minorities of Vietnam). Hanoi: NXB Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội.Google Scholar
. 2003. Chính sách ngôn ngữ văn hoá dân tộc ở Việt Nam ( Policies Concerning Ethnic Languages and Cultures in Vietnam ). NXB Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội.Google Scholar
Cited by (2)

Cited by two other publications

Pham, Andrea Hoa
2019. Chapter 3. Vietnamese dialects. In Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Vietnamese Linguistics [Studies in Language Companion Series, 211], ► pp. 31 ff. DOI logo
Fernandes, Gonçalo & Carlos Assunção
2017. First codification of Vietnamese by 17th-century missionaries: the description of tones and the influence of Portuguese on Vietnamese orthography. Histoire Epistémologie Langage 39:1 ► pp. 155 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 8 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.