Word translation is among the most sophisticated skills that bilinguals can perform. Brysbaert and Duyck (2010) have argued that the Revised Hierarchical Model (RHM; Kroll & Stewart, 1994), a verbal model for word translation in beginning and proficient bilinguals, should be abandoned in favor of connectionist models such as the Bilingual Interactive Activation Plus model (BIA+; Dijkstra & Van Heuven, 2002). However, the partially implemented BIA+ model for bilingual word recognition has neither been applied to bilinguals of different proficiency levels nor extended to the complex process of word translation. After considering a number of aspects of the RHM, a new localist-connectionist model, called Multilink, is formulated to account for the performance of bilinguals differing in their L2 proficiency in different tasks: lexical decision, language decision, and word translation.
2014. Models of Lexical Access and Bilingualism. In Foundations of Bilingual Memory, ► pp. 85 ff.
Chaouch-Orozco, Adel, Jorge González Alonso & Jason Rothman
2021. Individual differences in bilingual word recognition: The role of experiential factors and word frequency in cross-language lexical priming. Applied Psycholinguistics 42:2 ► pp. 447 ff.
Dijkstra, Ton, Femke Haga, Alex Bijsterveld & Ida Sprinkhuizen-Kuyper
2012. Lexical competition in localist and distributed connectionist models of L2 acquisition. In Memory, Language, and Bilingualism, ► pp. 48 ff.
Ferrer-Xipell, Roser
2020. A review of the theories of lexical access and storage in bilinguals. Revista de Logopedia, Foniatría y Audiología 40:3 ► pp. 138 ff.
Jouravlev, Olessia & Debra Jared
2020. Native language processing is influenced by L2-to-L1 translation ambiguity. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 35:3 ► pp. 310 ff.
Kootstra, Gerrit Jan, Ton Dijkstra & Marianne Starren
2015. Second Language Acquisition. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, ► pp. 349 ff.
Lai, Weisong V., R.Y.L Tay & S.J. Rickard Liow
2022. Dyadic conversation training in Mandarin for bilinguals with aphasia and their communication partners. Aphasiology 36:9 ► pp. 1096 ff.
2023. The depth of semantic processing modulates cross‐language pattern similarity in Chinese–English bilinguals. Human Brain Mapping 44:5 ► pp. 2085 ff.
Marte, Manuel Jose, Claudia Peñaloza & Swathi Kiran
2023. The cognate facilitation effect on lexical access in bilingual aphasia: Evidence from the Boston Naming Test. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 26:5 ► pp. 1009 ff.
Mathias, Brian, Andrea Waibel, Gesa Hartwigsen, Leona Sureth, Manuela Macedonia, Katja M. Mayer & Katharina von Kriegstein
2021. Motor Cortex Causally Contributes to Vocabulary Translation following Sensorimotor-Enriched Training. The Journal of Neuroscience 41:41 ► pp. 8618 ff.
Mulder, Kimberley, Ton Dijkstra, Robert Schreuder & Harald R. Baayen
2014. Effects of primary and secondary morphological family size in monolingual and bilingual word processing. Journal of Memory and Language 72 ► pp. 59 ff.
Palma, Pauline & Debra Titone
2020. Bilingual Lexical Access and Reading. In Bilingual Lexical Ambiguity Resolution, ► pp. 159 ff.
2022. The processing of bilingual (switched) compound verbs: Competition of words from different categories for lexical selection. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 25:5 ► pp. 755 ff.
Rigobon, Valeria M., Nuria Gutiérrez, Ashley A. Edwards, Daniel Abes, Laura M. Steacy & Donald L. Compton
2023. Does Spanish knowledge contribute to accurate English word spelling in adult bilinguals?. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 26:5 ► pp. 924 ff.
Tiffin-Richards, Simon P
2024. The effect of word transpositions on grammaticality judgements in first and second language sentence reading. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 77:1 ► pp. 204 ff.
Tiffin-Richards, Simon P.
2024. Cognate facilitation in bilingual reading: The influence of orthographic and phonological similarity on lexical decisions and eye-movements. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition► pp. 1 ff.
Tulkens, Stéphan, Dominiek Sandra & Walter Daelemans
2018. Metameric. The Mental Lexicon 13:3 ► pp. 333 ff.
Vanlangendonck, Flora, David Peeters, Shirley-Ann Rueschemeyer & Ton Dijkstra
2020. Mixing the stimulus list in bilingual lexical decision turns cognate facilitation effects into mirrored inhibition effects. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23:4 ► pp. 836 ff.
Wen, Yun & Walter J. B. van Heuven
2017. Chinese translation norms for 1,429 English words. Behavior Research Methods 49:3 ► pp. 1006 ff.
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