Index

• accuracy, 43, 50, 52–53, 103–5, 109, 157, 162, 283, 285, 289, 294–95, 297–98, 300

• accusative, 31–33, 43, 91–93, 95–97, 100, 105, 108–10, 137

• acquisition, 17–24, 27–32, 42–50, 54–65, 84–88, 103–6, 111–16, 118–23, 138–42, 148–51, 158–63, 165–66, 169–71, 186–95, 197–221, 225–27, 232–38, 253–61, 263–85, 295–303

• acquisition criteria, 34, 79, 87, 178, 207, 210, 235

• adjunct, 8, 11, 13, 38, 42–43, 64–65, 68, 206, 220, 222

• African languages,8

• agent, 10–12, 30–31, 35–42, 66, 68–71, 73–75, 82, 84–85, 93, 95, 99–100, 108, 198, 212–13, 219

• agentivity, 93, 100, 108–10

• agent role, 8, 10–11, 30–31, 37–39, 41, 66, 68–69, 73–75, 206

• agglutinating morphology, 27, 117

• agglutinative, 7, 27, 32, 117, 193

• animacy, 30–31, 93–94, 98, 100, 102, 106, 109–10, 113–14

• Arabic, 6–7, 21, 23–24, 28, 60, 166, 189, 254

• argument structure, 9–10, 12, 31, 38, 40, 65–67, 73, 75, 77, 79, 84–86, 93, 95–96, 99–100, 137

• attention, 5, 9–11, 18, 24, 29, 36, 61–62, 67, 69, 77, 235, 237

• attribute, 30, 35, 38, 64, 106, 109, 119, 152, 213, 215, 219

• Australian languages, 23, 45–46, 58, 60, 112–13, 141–42, 173–74, 188, 190, 254–55, 301–2

• autistic, 7, 254

• Awtuw, 100, 112

• Bantu,8

• benefactive, 16, 33–34, 36, 40–42, 44–45, 47, 49, 53, 64, 69, 209

• beneficiary, 10–11, 66, 70, 80, 85, 98, 108

• BFLA, 46, 115–16, 118, 121–22, 124, 126, 139, 165–66, 168–69, 171, 192–95, 201, 203–4, 207, 224–25

• bilingual, 17–18, 22–23, 27–28, 46, 57–61, 112–13, 115, 121–22, 140–42, 163–75, 179–201, 205–21, 223–27, 235, 255–56, 301–2

• Bilingual First Language Acquisition, 121, 166, 169

• Canada, 5, 47

• canonical, 13–16, 36–41, 48–49, 53, 70, 96–98, 123–25, 132–35, 138, 202–6, 210, 214–15, 222, 224–25, 258, 260, 263, 266–67, 272–75

• canonical order, 14–16, 37–39, 70, 98, 123–25, 132–35, 138, 202–6, 210, 214–15, 222, 224–25, 258, 260, 263, 266–67, 272–75

• category procedure, 33, 35, 45, 50, 53, 107, 171–72, 176–78, 184–85, 187, 236–37, 248, 283–84

• causative, 9, 12, 33–34, 40–42, 47–49, 61, 63–64, 67, 69, 71, 73–75, 77, 81–82, 84–85, 87

• China, 3–5, 18–19, 21–24, 65, 258, 261–62

• classifier language, 167, 170, 184, 191, 233, 284

• classifiers, 64, 167, 170, 172, 184, 189, 191, 233, 249, 254, 284–85

• cognition, 22, 24, 56–57, 139, 142, 188, 191, 193, 196, 225, 256, 285, 297–98

• cognitive, 22, 24, 130, 139, 142, 188, 191, 193, 196, 225, 285

• cognitive development, 116, 160, 191, 193, 196, 225

• cognitive load,285

• collocation, 145, 167

• competence, 3, 7, 160, 174, 277

• conceptual structure, 9, 36, 67, 123, 205

• Confucius Institute, 4, 20

• constituent structure, 9, 14, 36, 41–42, 65, 67, 92, 95–96, 274

• constructive case, 23, 60, 107, 110, 113, 141

• content questions, 13, 15, 17, 59, 115–43, 193–94, 202, 259

• copula, 115, 118, 120, 127, 129–33, 135, 137–39, 202, 204, 212–13, 215, 241–44, 258–59, 263, 269–70

• copula sentences, 43, 118, 127, 129–31, 150, 195, 204, 213, 215, 258

• corpus, 19, 31, 144–52, 154–56, 158–62, 176–78, 191, 193, 207, 280–99, 303

• countable nouns, 166–67, 233

• count-mass,167

• cross-linguistic, 23, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 122, 142, 144, 146, 149, 187, 189

• cross-linguistically, 23, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 91–93, 122–23, 142, 144, 146, 149, 187, 189

• declarative, 13–15, 117–20, 195–96, 198–200, 202–6, 210, 222, 224, 258–59, 262–63, 265, 267, 269–71, 274

• declaratives, 14–15, 202, 210, 222, 258–59, 262, 269–71

• default mapping, 11–12, 16–17, 40–41, 45, 63, 67–72, 75, 77, 79–81, 84–85, 93

• definite classifiers,172

• definiteness, 78, 87, 93, 120, 123, 126–27, 176–78, 190, 227, 256, 267

• definite quantifiers, 172, 248–52

• demonstrative, 146, 149–54, 158, 160–61, 213, 219, 241–43, 265, 269, 274, 292, 294

• demonstrative system, 150–51, 158

• developmental sequence, 27, 29, 44, 46, 120, 130, 132–34, 138–39, 153–54, 170–71, 194, 234, 280–81, 284–85, 292

• developmental stage, 33, 40–41, 44–48, 55–56, 60, 96–97, 108, 115–16, 122–24, 138–40, 189–90, 192, 196–98, 203–5, 235–38, 251–53, 280–81, 283–84, 287, 293–95

• DF, 12–13, 15, 38–39

• differential case theory, 98, 107, 110

• discourse-pragmatic, 5, 8, 16, 36, 52–53, 63, 88, 202

• discourse structure, 5, 10, 36, 38, 52, 67, 88, 123, 141, 210

• DOM, 57, 94, 98–100, 102–6, 109–10, 112

• dominant language, 6, 103, 173–74

• double object, 39, 73, 137

• duplicate, 167–68, 268

• EFL, 2, 18–19, 21–22, 59, 61, 229–58, 261, 285, 293–94, 297, 299

• emergence, 50–51, 53–54, 79–80, 84–85, 87–88, 99–100, 104–6, 108–9, 120, 130–31, 153, 170, 178, 237–38, 246–50

• emergence criterion, 51, 54, 79–80, 84, 87, 104–5, 237, 240, 246–47, 249–50, 256, 273

• English, 1–5, 15–24, 43–51, 57–60, 64–67, 75–76, 85–87, 115–24, 140–42, 146–49, 151–52, 165–77, 180–221, 223–27, 231–36, 239–41, 245–46, 253–81, 283–95, 297–300

• English as a Foreign Language, 258, 261

• ergative-absolutive alignment, 93–94

• ESL, 29, 53–54, 60–61, 142, 145–46, 159, 170–71, 234, 254, 256, 258–60, 276–77, 284–85

• experiencer, 10–12, 24, 66–67, 69, 71, 93, 98, 105, 107, 149–50, 301

• feature unification, 7, 91–92, 95–98, 106, 110

• feedback, 18, 22, 57, 231–32, 238–40, 253

• FLA, 18, 166, 169, 197–98, 225, 250

• focus, 3, 7–8, 12–15, 17–19, 21–23, 35–36, 50–51, 57–59, 115–16, 122–23, 138–39, 141, 150, 152, 193–94, 196–97, 202, 231–60, 294–95, 301–2

• formula, 12, 14–15, 34–35, 37, 40, 93–94, 123–25, 127, 134–35, 198, 203–4, 236–37, 241–44, 272–77

• formulaic pattern,19

• formulaic use, 214, 273

• France,4

• French, 4, 47, 140, 146–47, 149, 154, 297

• functional assignment, 8–9, 97, 110, 137, 139, 209

• functional marking, 91–93, 96–98, 100, 105, 110

• functional structure, 9–10, 13, 36–41, 65–66, 77, 92–93, 95–96, 100, 107, 137, 139

• functional uncertainty, 38–39, 86

• fusional,7

• generic, 31, 33, 36, 44–45, 167–68, 173, 176, 187, 189, 197–98, 200–201, 208–9, 221–22, 224, 259

• genitive, 24, 33, 35, 101

• German, 4, 6, 65, 91, 95–97, 105–6, 111, 140, 146–47, 149, 154–55

• GF, 11–12, 39, 69, 85

• goal, 10, 12, 66, 71–73, 80, 85, 95–98, 100, 107–10, 160

• grammaticised, 7–9, 12, 36, 44, 49, 104, 123, 182, 191, 200

• grammaticised discourse functions, 7–9, 12, 123

• heritage language, 28, 97, 103, 110, 113

• heritage speakers, 7, 20, 103–4, 113

• Hindi, 1–2, 17, 19, 91, 93–94, 100–114, 303

• Hungarian, 147, 149, 154

• Icelandic, 6, 21, 93, 106, 114

• implicational scaling,44

• indefinite, 168, 172, 177, 182–83, 185–86, 235, 247–53

• indefinite classifiers,172

• indefinite quantifiers, 172, 177, 182–83, 185–86, 235, 248–53

• Indonesia, 2–3, 18, 21, 231–32, 239, 254, 256, 301

• Indonesian, 3, 17, 22, 58, 62, 147, 149, 154, 156, 170, 231–57

• in-situ languages, 13, 15, 117–18, 122, 139

• instruction, 12, 18, 20, 22, 24, 58, 60, 231–32, 238–40, 248, 250–51, 253–54, 256, 294, 296

• instrument, 10–11, 66, 136

• intermediate stage, 11, 15, 17, 63, 70, 85, 192, 203

• interrogative, 115–16, 120–23, 129, 132, 140, 194, 202, 241–44, 258–59, 262, 275–77

• isolating, 7, 69–70, 117

• Italian, 4, 7, 18, 21, 23–24, 27, 57, 59, 69–70, 85–86, 142, 232, 253–55

• iteration, 18, 165, 169, 172, 176, 178–87

• iterative, 18, 165, 169, 172, 176, 178–87

• Japan, 2–5, 19, 21–22, 46–47, 126, 140, 142, 146–47, 149, 159, 161, 205–6, 208, 299, 303

• Japanese, 3–4, 6–7, 17–19, 21–22, 27–51, 53–62, 64–66, 75–76, 85–87, 115–62, 191–97, 199–201, 203–11, 213–27, 235, 253–55, 280–85, 287–95, 297–99, 301–3

• Japan Foundation, 4, 22, 47

• JFL (Japanese Forign Language), 17, 148–49

• JSL (Japanese as a second language), 28–32, 35, 37–39, 42–43, 50, 54, 56, 58, 145–46, 148–49, 151

• Korean, 1, 30–31, 44, 47, 49–50, 62, 146–49, 151–52, 154, 158, 160–61

• K-Pop,1

• L2, 3–7, 9–12, 17–18, 20–21, 27–37, 43–51, 53–57, 59, 61–91, 93–100, 102–13, 115–16, 120–27, 136–41, 144–62, 231–36, 253–55, 280–81, 283–88, 294–303

• language education, 1–5, 18–19, 21–22, 53, 56, 59–61, 161, 255–56, 280–81, 286, 296, 301, 303

• language generation, 4, 6–7, 9, 17, 21, 23, 36, 60, 107, 189, 198

• lemma, 6, 18–19, 33–35, 40, 124–25, 134–35, 171–72, 176, 178–79, 183–85, 198, 203–5, 215, 236–37, 239–40, 271–75, 283–84

• lexical development, 10, 12, 40, 45, 48, 54–55, 63–89, 115, 189–90, 204, 231–32, 239–41, 251–53, 255, 301–2

• Lexical Functional Grammar, 5, 30, 116, 157, 194, 202, 283

• Lexical Mapping Hypothesis, 7–12, 16–17, 31, 35–37, 39–40, 42, 44, 48, 63–65, 67, 69–71, 75, 84–85

• Lexical Mapping Theory, 7–9, 44, 58, 63, 65, 67, 141, 302

• lexical plural, 168, 171, 178, 180, 231–32, 234–35, 237, 240, 245–51, 253, 283, 290–94

• LFG, 5, 7–10, 12–13, 30–32, 34, 36–37, 39, 43–44, 65–67, 73, 95, 106, 109–11, 157

• listener, 5, 9–11, 36, 55, 67, 69

• listener's attention, 5, 9–11, 36, 67, 69

• locative, 10, 12, 20, 41, 57, 66, 70–72, 79–80, 85, 108, 198

• longitudinal, 29, 34–35, 42–43, 45–48, 55–56, 58, 63–65, 106, 122–24, 129, 138–39, 144–47, 149, 152–54, 157–59, 169, 171, 234–35, 260, 274–77

• Malay, 7, 18, 44, 62, 165–87, 189–91, 227, 235, 253, 256–57

• Malaysia, 2, 165, 172–74, 187, 235, 254, 257, 302

• Mandarin Chinese, 1–2, 4, 17, 19, 73, 86–87, 189, 255, 259, 261, 276

• manga, 1, 24, 112

• mapping, 7–13, 16–17, 31, 34–37, 39–42, 44–45, 47–51, 63–89, 91–93, 95–99, 103, 105, 108, 110, 141

• markedness, 10, 188

• markedness hierarchy,10

• Mean Length of Utterance,180

• middle stage,12

• MLU, 180, 182, 197, 199, 207–9, 212, 247

• morpheme, 16, 29–30, 49–50, 86, 88, 169–70, 172, 188, 190–91, 193, 234–35, 249–50, 255, 283–84, 288–89

• morphological stage, 32–35, 45–46, 53, 156, 165, 236, 247–48, 250, 283–84, 288, 290

• morphological structure, 10, 98, 145, 166, 183, 188, 224, 283–84, 288, 290, 295

• morphology, 27–30, 32–35, 46–47, 49, 53–54, 57–58, 111–12, 187–89, 209, 215, 224, 252, 283–84, 287–88, 297–300

• multiple arguments, 63, 71, 73, 79, 85, 110

• multiple constraints hypothesis, 106, 110, 113, 276, 298

• narrative, 19, 160, 162, 280, 285, 288, 290–97, 299

• nominative-accusative alignment, 91, 94

• non-canonical, 34, 36, 38, 44, 48–49, 96–98, 122–23, 125, 138–39, 258, 263–64, 267–69, 271–74

• non-configurational language, 8, 23

• non-configurational languages, 8, 23

• nondefault mapping, 40–42, 45, 47–48, 50–51, 53, 67–71, 73, 75, 81, 84–85, 93

• North America, 4–5

• NP agreement, 170–72, 184, 186, 209, 215, 234–35, 237, 246, 248, 250–51

• numeral classifiers, 172, 191, 233, 284, 297

• object, 8, 10, 15, 39, 64–65, 73, 91–115, 119, 137, 180–81, 192–93, 198, 212–13, 219, 221–22

• OBJθ,13

• OBLθ,13

• particles, 28, 31–33, 35, 38–39, 42–43, 115–20, 135–37, 193–96, 199–202, 205–6, 218, 222–23, 226

• passive, 5, 8–9, 11–12, 33–34, 36, 40–41, 44–47, 50–53, 60, 63–64, 67–69, 71, 73–74, 77, 81–87

• patient, 8, 10–12, 31, 35–42, 66, 68, 70–71, 73–75, 77, 83–85, 91, 95, 108

• perfective, 93–94, 101–2, 104–5, 107, 110, 258

• perfectivity, 93–94, 101–2, 104–5, 107, 110, 258

• performance, 29, 50–54, 154, 158, 161–62, 256, 277, 281, 285, 288, 291, 295, 297–99

• Persian, 169, 189

• phrasal plural, 177–78, 186, 209, 231–33, 235–37, 240, 245, 249–53, 283–84, 290–94

• phrasal procedure, 50, 53, 107, 109, 156–57, 172, 177, 179, 184–87, 208–10, 236–37, 249, 252–53, 283–84

• plural, 18–19, 22, 162, 165–73, 175–91, 227, 231–37, 240, 245–57, 280–85, 287–88, 290–96, 299

• plural agreement, 70, 170–72, 186, 191, 209, 231, 234–35, 237, 246, 248–51, 253

• plurality, 165–67, 169–70, 178, 180–83, 185, 190, 233–34, 243, 251, 255, 284–85

• polar questions, 13, 18, 118, 120, 123, 129, 192–279

• positional marking, 92, 96–98

• possession, 24, 35, 47, 64, 198, 212–13, 219, 235–36, 241–44, 266, 299

• possessions, 24, 35, 47, 64, 198, 212–13, 219, 235–36, 241–44, 266, 299

• possessive, 24, 64, 235–36, 241–44, 266, 299

• predicate-argument relationship, 9, 67

• predicative, 9–10, 28, 31–32, 60, 125, 135, 137, 139, 193, 198, 203, 260, 263

• prefabricated patterns, 19, 258, 265, 267, 273, 275–76

• processing hierarchy, 5–6, 16, 63–64, 70, 99, 157, 283

• Prominence Hypothesis, 7–8, 12–19, 35–39, 115–16, 121–25, 127, 133–34, 138–39, 192, 194–95, 201–6, 213–16, 221–22, 224–25, 258–61

• prosodic envelope, 18, 178–79, 184

• prosodic means, 14, 184, 202–4, 206

• prosodic structure, 9, 187, 213

• psycholinguistic, 5, 7, 9–10, 20, 23, 61, 67, 161, 188–89, 226, 256–57

• PT extensions, 5, 7–10, 19, 27, 98, 259, 281

• quantifiers, 129, 169, 172, 177–78, 182–86, 233–35, 237, 241–44, 248–53, 281, 283–84, 288, 290–92

• question, 8–9, 13–18, 35, 55–56, 59–60, 75, 77–78, 83–84, 93, 107, 115–43, 168–69, 191–227, 258–77, 298–99

• question markers, 93, 98, 195, 258, 263

• question particle, 13, 115–16, 118–20, 135–36, 194–96, 200, 202, 205–6, 218, 222–23, 226

• raising intonation,217

• recipient, 8, 42, 68, 73, 98, 108, 258

• reduplication, 18, 165–68, 171–72, 177–84, 191, 233, 254

• relative prominence, 9, 12, 66, 100, 108, 110

• role information, 10–11, 49, 69, 92, 97

• Russian, 20, 23, 28, 31, 91, 95–97, 105, 111, 146–47, 149, 154

• Samoan, 99, 112

• scaling,44

• second language acquisition, 13–14, 20–24, 27, 56–58, 60–62, 86–88, 111–13, 139–42, 144, 160–62, 189–91, 226–27, 234, 254–57, 275–77, 280–81, 296–99, 301–3

• semantic case, 32–33, 35, 91, 98, 106–7, 110–11, 136, 139, 206

• semantic prominence, 99–100, 108, 110, 112

• Serbian, 7, 23, 60, 91, 95, 97, 112, 165, 189

• Singapore, 2, 141

• single word, 34–35, 37, 70–71, 123–25, 129–30, 134–35, 171–72, 178–79, 198–200, 203–4, 211, 215–18, 222–23, 236–37, 251, 258–59

• SLI, 7, 57

• Spanish, 2, 4, 7, 75–76, 98–99, 103, 106, 109, 112–13, 146–47, 149, 154, 287

• Specific Language Impairment,7

• split ergative, 17, 91–113

• subject, 2–3, 8, 10–12, 15–16, 31, 36–38, 40, 64–65, 73, 91, 93–95, 99–102, 104–11, 153, 193, 201, 221–22, 238, 264–71, 287

• suffix, 33, 62, 88, 166–71, 176–78, 182–83, 185–87, 193, 233, 243, 282

• Swedish, 21–22, 24, 28, 57, 61, 65, 160, 166, 286, 292, 297, 299

• Tagalog, 31, 147

• Thai, 147, 149, 154–55

• thematic hierarchy, 10–11, 66, 69–70, 73, 108, 110

• theme, 10, 12, 18, 31, 35, 40, 55, 66–68, 70–71, 73, 85

• topic, 7–9, 12–16, 32, 35–39, 42–43, 46, 64, 67, 86, 88, 99–100, 200–202, 206–7, 221–22, 259

• topicalisation, 8–9, 12–14, 36, 38, 43, 47, 65, 88, 206

• Topic Hypothesis, 7–9, 12–14, 35, 46, 67, 88, 201–2, 207, 221–22, 259

• transitivity, 31–32, 91, 93–94, 101–2, 104–5, 108, 110, 137

• Turkish, 7, 20, 24, 146–47, 149, 154, 276

• two-word stage, 18–19, 192, 195–98, 203–6, 214–15, 222, 224–25

• typological plausibility, 5, 7, 21, 57, 93, 194, 207, 255, 297

• typology, 6, 13, 17, 112, 114, 117–19, 127, 140, 194

• unaccusative, 11–12, 31, 58, 60, 70

• Unaccusative Hypothesis, 31, 60

• uncountable, 167–68, 233

• unergative,31

• unitisers,167

• unmarked alignment, 70, 75, 84, 95–96, 99

• US, 5, 7, 103, 296

• Vietnam, 3, 21, 23, 235

• Vietnamese, 3, 147, 149, 154, 170, 235–36, 252, 284–85

• weaker language,174

• wh-questions, 141–42, 193, 269, 277

• wh-word, 13, 15, 35, 119–20, 195

• word order, 13–15, 32, 35–39, 43, 96, 98, 116–25, 127–30, 132–35, 138–39, 193–95, 197–99, 203–6, 210, 214–15, 222, 224–25, 258–60, 262–63, 266–75

• XP, 13–16, 38, 124–25, 138, 206

• yes-no questions, 193–95, 199, 201, 203–4, 211–13, 215–16