Table of contents
Introduction1
1. Grammar and rhetoric within a functional view of language9
1.0 Preface9
1.1 Grammar and rhetoric9
1.2 Functionalism and formalism15
1.3 Textual and interpersonal rhetoric19
1.4 Via media: formalist functionalism26
2. Natural language as metalanguage31
2.0 Preface31
2.1 Introduction32
2.2 Metalanguage: examples and definitions33
2.3 The semantic representation of metareference39
2.4 The problem of direct and indirect speech46
2.5 The problem of semantic acceptability in reporting sentences49
2.6 The problem of referential opacity51
2.7 The problem of presuppositions56
2.8 Conclusion57
3. Metalanguage, pragmatics, and performatives59
3.0 Preface59
3.1 The performative hypothesis and the pragmatic analysis60
3.2 Indirect speech and modes of mention61
3.3 A sketch of the pragmatic analysis63
3.4 Comparison of the performative hypothesis and the pragmatic analysis69
3.5 Conclusion76
4. Language and tact79
4.0 Preface79
4.1 Introduction80
4.2 “Direct and indirect illocutions” versus “sense and force”82
4.3 Searle's approach compared with the present one83
4.4 Gordon and Lakoff's conversational postulates87
4.5 Sadock's ‘extended performative hypothesis’88
4.6 Relation between sense and force89
4.7 Explanation of ‘indirectness’ by conversational principles90
4.8 Recapitulation95
4.9 The logical form (sense) of a sentence96
4.10 The pragmatic force of a sentence99
4.11 Negative politeness107
4.12 The tact maxim109
4.13 The hinting strategy112
4.14 Pragmatic space114
4.15 Conclusion116
Footnotes119
References129
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